Name: using in vivo and tissue and cell explant approaches to study the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the embryonic and perinatal aorta
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta at JoVE.com

大動脈の SMC 分離のための彼の実験室のプロトコルを共有を学部長の李を感謝いたします。アメリカ心臓協会、国立衛生研究所 (R21NS088854、R01HL125815、および R01HL133016 D.M.G に) によって提供された資金援助 (D.M.G. に科研費 14GRNT19990019)、イェール大学 (午前にブラウン コックス交わりと起動D.M.G. に資金)。

マウスのすべてのプロトコル、動物介護制度とイェール大学で利用委員会によって承認されています。
 1 体内 胚運命マッピングとクローン解析 注: 我々 は広く細胞モデルの開発と疾患モデルでクローン アーキテクチャの起源を評価するこれらのアプローチを使用している。 7, 8,<sup class="xre...

<ol>
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マウスの大動脈とその主要な枝動脈硬化のモデルなど、大人の病理学の条件の広範な調査とは対照的形態形成と胚および周産期の大動脈の病原性について知られています。ここでは、具体的には平滑筋細胞、胚/周産期大動脈に着目し、体内組織植を介して大動脈を研究するためのプロトコルを提供し、SMC の分離方法します。これらの無料の方法は、胚/周産期の大動脈を研究する様々 ...

多細胞生物の細胞に栄養素と酸素を提供する関数の循環システム、ない外部環境と接触して、これらの細胞からの老廃物や二酸化炭素を削除します。脊椎動物、主循環システムは、ポンプ血血管のシリーズを通して、心で構成されます。動脈や、静脈などの太い血管の壁から成っている 3 つの層: 私) 内膜や血管内皮細胞の内側の層ii) メディア、または交互に円周方向の中間層細長い平滑筋細胞平滑筋細胞と弾性線維板;および iii) 外膜や結合組織、線維芽細胞の外側の層。血管生物学の研究の大半は血管内皮細胞に焦点を当てる、血管新生を新しい内皮細胞ライニング管の形成を調査します。比較では、平滑筋細胞は、比較的ほとんど注目を します。ただし、平滑筋細胞、血管病理、通常の動脈壁の建設に重要な細胞タイプです。
大動脈は心臓の左心室からの心拍出量を受けて体内最大口径動脈です。それは、多様な人間の病気、動脈硬化、動脈瘤、解離などに悩まされています。大人の有機体の大動脈とその主要な枝に激しく調査血管疾患のモデルで。例えば、供給が低比重リポ蛋白受容体またはアポリポ蛋白 E 遺伝子の null マウス高脂肪食を開発、動脈硬化と運命のマッピングの最近の研究を示す既存の平滑筋細胞がの種類の細胞に上昇を与える、動脈硬化性プラーク1。大動脈瘤の病理学的変化があります SMC アポトーシスと細胞外マトリックス2,3を改造します。
大幅に少ないは胎生期および周産期の期間中に SMC の形態形成と病態について知られています。ここでは、胎生期および周産期大動脈平滑筋細胞体内の組織移植片の細胞を研究するためプロトコルを提供します。例えば、プロトコルの最初のセクションは、運命とマウス胎仔のクローン解析を区切ります。セル固有のプロモーターの制御下を表明した Cre リコンビナーゼを容易に特定のセルのマーキングとその子孫4,5,6;ただし、セル固有のラベルの時間的制御はマウスの萌芽期の開発中に挑戦することができます。この文脈において胚平滑筋細胞 (e.g.,Myh11またはActa2)、Cre 記者プロモーターの下で条件付きクレエを表現する私たちを提供タモキシフェンまたはその活性代謝物 4-オハイオ州 - にタモキシフェン妊娠中ダムを注入するための方法胚や生後の子孫の標識細胞を分析するため。さらに、運命のマッピングの研究、主に利用する単一記者 fluorophore1,7と Cre 記者と対照をなしてクローン解析大幅にマルチカラー Cre 記者と強化されています。
プロトコルの 2 番目と 3 番目のセクションでは、分離、それぞれ胚大動脈および新生児期から大動脈平滑筋細胞を培養するための方法を説明します。こうした方法により、特に大動脈弁植の平滑筋細胞のシグナル伝達経路の操作と薬理学的エージェントの直接影響を分析します。したがって、マウスの伝統的な遺伝子操作をよりもはるかに速い方法で興味のティッシュの特定の遺伝子の役割を検査します。さらに、孤立した SMC 研究細胞遊走の解析が容易し、付着性は、技術的には、限定の生体内。
最後に、4 番目のプロトコル セクションは、皮下浸透圧ミニ ポンプ搭載されて妊娠中 (または非妊娠) のマウスにおける薬理学的エージェントの配置を区切ります。このメソッドは、急速な代謝のための連続的な注入を必要とするエージェントによる胚の発育に及ぼす影響の分析を促進します。頻繁に注射の代替多くの代理店のための実用的ではない、それは妊娠中のダムにかなりの不快感を引き起こす可能性があります避ける必要があります。

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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Tamoxifen</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">T5648</td>
			<td style="width:412px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Corn oil</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C-8267</td>
			<td>Vehicle for tamoxifen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">4-OH-tamoxifen</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">H7904</td>
			<td>Active metabolite of tamoxifen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Progesterone</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P8783-5G</td>
			<td>Use at half the concentration of tamoxifen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">OCT compound</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sakura tissue tek</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">4583</td>
			<td>For making cryoblocks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Cryomolds</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Polysciences inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">18986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D9542</td>
			<td>IHC staining of nucleus, final concentration 5 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy3 directly conjugated anti-SMA antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2547</td>
			<td>IHC staining of SMA, final dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Anti-CD31 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">550274</td>
			<td>IHC staining of GFP, final concentration 0.006 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A-11121</td>
			<td>IHC staining of CD31, final concentration 0.0016 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Secondary antibody goat anti-rabbit, Alexa 647</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>a21244</td>
			<td>IHC staining, final concentration 0.004 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Secondary antibody goat anti-rabbit, Alexa 488</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>a11008</td>
			<td>IHC staining, final concentration 0.004 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10567-014</td>
			<td>For cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10437028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Anti-integrin beta3 blocking antibody</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">553343</td>
			<td>Clone 2C9.G2, final concentration 0.02 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corp</td>
			<td>44H14977A</td>
			<td>For digesting aorta</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Elastase</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochemical Corp</td>
			<td>34K15139</td>
			<td>For digesting aorta</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Antibiotic-antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Recombinant human FGF</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G5071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Recombinant human EGF</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G5021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Penicillin/streptomycin (10,000 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15290026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Tissue culture plates</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CLS430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:323px;height:21px;">Alzet osmotic mini-pump</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Durect Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">2001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ECLIPSE 80i Upright Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nikon </td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"> TCS SP5</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Branson Sonifier 450</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Myh11-CreERT2 mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">The Jackson Laboratory </td>
			<td>19079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acta2-CreERT2 mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Obtained from lab of Dr. Pierre Chambon and Daniel Metzger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26R-CreERT2 mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">The Jackson Laboratory </td>
			<td style="width:111px;">8463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26R(mTmG/mTmG) mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">The Jackson Laboratory </td>
			<td> 026862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26R(EYFP/EYFP) mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">The Jackson Laboratory </td>
			<td> 006148 </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26R(Confetti/Confetti) mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">The Jackson Laboratory </td>
			<td>13731</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ROSA26R(Rb/Rb) mice</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Lab of Dr. Irv Weissman</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:412px;">Obtained from lab of Dr. Irv Weissman</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using in vivo and tissue and cell explant approaches to study the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of the embryonic and perinatal aorta

大動脈は体の最大の動脈です。大動脈の壁は、内皮細胞の内側の層、中間層の弾性線維板と平滑筋細胞 (SMCs) 交互になると線維芽細胞と細胞外マトリックスの外側の層で構成されます。病態モデル (例えば、アテローム性動脈硬化) 成人の大動脈での広範な研究とは異なり、はるかに少ない胎生期および周産期の大動脈について知られています。ここでは、我々 は平滑筋細胞に焦点を当てる形態形成の解析や正常な開発および病気の胎生期および周産期大動脈平滑筋細胞の病因のプロトコルを提供します。具体的には、4 つのプロトコルが含まれている: 私)生体内で胚運命マッピングとクローンの解析;ii) 胚大動脈培養;周産期の大動脈; iii) SMC 分離・ iv) 妊娠 (または非妊娠) マウス皮下浸透圧ミニ ポンプ配置。したがって、これらのアプローチは、origin(s)、運命、そして大動脈の生体内における平滑筋細胞のクローン構造の調査を促進します。薬理学的エージェントへの継続的な暴露によって胚大動脈形態形成子宮内で調節できます。さらに、孤立した大動脈組織外植片または大動脈平滑筋細胞は muscularization、増殖、移動などの基本的なプロセスの間に特定の遺伝子ターゲットの役割に洞察力を得るために使用することができます。孤立した平滑筋細胞と器官培養切片の大動脈にこれらの仮説を生成する実験は、薬理学的および遺伝的アプローチを通じて体内のコンテキストで評価できます。

代表的なクローン性解析で平滑筋細胞のEln (細胞外マトリックス蛋白質エラスチン遺伝子) の変異株の胚運ぶまた Eln(+/-) マウスにEln(+/-)、Acta2 クレエT2マウスを交配、マルチカラー ROSA26R(Rb/Rb)記者。手順 1 で説明したプラグがチェックされ、E12.5 で単一タモキシフェン注入 (1.5 mg) で誘導された妊娠中のダム、彼らが ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta at JoVE.com

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

体内と組織や細胞植アプローチを使用して形態形成と胚および周産期の大動脈の病因を研究するには

ここで体内のクローン解析運命マッピング、大動脈植と単離平滑筋細胞の詳細を使用して萌芽期および周産期のマウス大動脈を勉強するためのプロトコル。これらの多様なアプローチは、通常開発の萌芽期および周産期の大動脈の疾患の病態形成の調査を促進します。

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic ...

The overall goal of these procedures is to study the formation of the embryonic and perinatal aortic walls during normal development as well as, perturbations in this process during disease. This method can help answer key questions in the vascular development field such as, what is the source of the cells that contribute to the embryonic and perinatal vascular medium. The main advantage of these techniques is that they allow the evaluation of the smooth muscle pathogenesis and morphogenesis that occur during the embryonic and perinatal stages of development.The implication of these techniques stem towards the therapy of vascular diseases such as, supravalvular aortic stenosis of periodic disease that causes excessive sumo cell production. The mini pump placement procedure will be performed by Dr.Jiasheng Zhang, a research scientist directing a microsurgery core and Yale University. Begin by setting up mating pairs between two to six month old mice with Cre ER and mice with a cre reporter.Using a metal probe, check for vaginal plugs each morning, separating the female from the male when a plug is detected. For early embryonic induction, inject tamoxifen intraperitoneally into the pregnant damp. To mark cells in the mid to late gestational period and to trace their fate or clonality in the post-natal mouse, inject progesterone into the intraperitoneal cavity of the pregnant damp incompetently with tamoxifen in a one to two dose ratio.To harvest the embryos on the appropriate embryonic date, cleanse the abdomen of the pregnant damp with 70%ethanol and use scissors to open the abdomen to remove the uterus. Collect the embryos from the uterus using forceps and a stereo microscope to carefully separate them from the placenta and yolk sac. Fix the embryos in 4%paraformaldehyde at four degrees celsius for two hours.Followed by three washes in PBS to remove the excess fixative. After the third wash, incubate the embryos in 30%sucrose in PBS, in individual 15 milliliter tubes until the embryos sink. Next, fill plastic freezing molds with optimum cutting temperature compound up to two thirds of the maximum volume and place one embryo vertically in each mold.After 10 minutes at room temperature, freeze the tissues upright in a dry ice 70%ethanol bath and set the cryostat temperature to 22 degrees celsius. Section the tissue blocks to generate 10 to 20 micrometer thick transverse tissue slices through the entirety of each aorta, capturing each section on a glass microscope slide as they are obtained. When all of the samples have been acquired, dry the slides at room temperature for 30 minutes prior to 80 degree celsius storage.To stain the tissue samples, thaw the slides at room temperature, protect it from light to avoid fluorophore bleaching and wash the slides in 0.1%PBS twin 20. For clonal analysis, stain the tissues with an appropriate nuclear dye and directly image the other flurophores of the rainbow cre reporter on a fluorescent microscope. For fate mapping, with the mTmG cre reporter, visualize the GFP expression by direct imaging with or without immunostaining.To culture and explant an embryonic aorta, place the embryo in the supine position and secure the extended limbs to a dissection board under a stereo microscope. Using scissors, make a vertical incision from the abdomen through the sternum to the upper thorax. Dissect away the finest tracheal lungs, esophagus, liver and intestine.Use forceps to gently pull the heart ventrally, using scissors to dissect the aorta away from the dorsal aspect of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Cut the aorta at the proximal root and the distal abdominal positions to release it and place the harvested aorta in sterile ice cold PBS in a cell culture hood. After a brief wash, transfer the aorta to one well of a 24 well plate, containing DMEM medium supplemented with 0.5%PBS and place the plate in a cell culture incubator for up to 24 hours.At the end of the incubation, wash the aorta two times with PBS and fix the tissue in 4%paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes. After three more PBS washes, transfer the aorta to a 1.5 milliliter tube containing 30%sucrosine PBS until the tissue sinks. For perinatal aorta smooth muscle cell isolation, use a 23 gauge needle to puncture the left ventricle of a postnatal day 0.5 mouse and use plastic tubing to connect the needle to a sterile PBS containing syringe, held vertically in an elevated position, so the PBS flows into the left ventricle by gravity.When the liver blanches, use forceps to remove the adventitial tissue on the outside of the aorta and harvest the aorta as just demonstrated. Dissociate the aortic tissue in 500 microliters of digestion solution with manual shaking every five to 10 minutes. After 45 minutes, transfer the tube to a sterile cell culture hood and use a 200 microliter pipette to triturate the tissue slurry until a single cell suspension has been obtained.Transfer the cells into a 15 milliliter conical tube and then, add two milliliters of DMEM and collect the cells by centrifugation. Resuspend the pellet in three milliliters of smooth muscle cell culture medium and seed the cells onto a 35 millimeter culture plate. Then, place the plate into a 37 degree celsius incubator, refreshing the cell culture medium every three days.To place a subcutaneous osmotic mini pump, begin by shaving the lower back of an anesthetized mouse with clippers and place the mouse in the prone position on a heated surgical plate. Scrub the back with betadine and isopropyl alcohol and place the mouse under a stereo microscope. Then, use a scalpel to make a 0.5 to one centimeter horizontal skin incision approximately three to five centimeters rostral to the base of the tail, without injuring the underlying muscle.Insert a hemostat into the incision and open and close the hemostat jaws to create a subcutaneous pocket. Insert an osmotic mini pump filled with the agent of interest into the pocket and use 6 o non-absorbable sutures to close the incision. Then, allow the mouse to recover with monitoring until the achievement of sternal recumbency.Embryos mutant for the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein, elastin accumulate excess smooth muscle cells in the inner layers of the aorta, beginning after embryonic day 15.5. Clonal analysis of the smooth muscle cells with the multicolor cre reporter during this process, indicates that the cells are of multiple colors and thus, are polyclonal. Immunostaining explanted aorta sections reveals that elastin mutant embryonic day 15.5 aortas become hyper muscular and stenodic within 18 hours of culture, a process that is attenuated by the addition of an anti antegrin beta three blocking antibody.Smooth muscle cells isolated from the aorta of wild type mice that post natal day 0.5 express smooth muscle cell markers but not CD31. Continuous infusion of an integrin beta three inhibitor into pregnant damps beginning on embryonic day 13.5, significantly attenuates aortic stenosis and hyper muscularization in mice mutant for the extracellular matrix protein, elastin. But do not alter the aortas of wild type mice.Once mastered, the osmotic mini pump placement technique can be completed in less than 10 minutes if it is performed properly. Following these procedures, these approaches can also be extrapolated to study smooth muscle coded, non-vascular such as, tissue of gastrointestinal tract or the lung areas. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to conduct in-vivo embryonic fit mapping and clonal analysis, culture explanted embryonic aortas, perinatal aortic smooth muscle cells and explant subcutaneous osmotic mini pumps.Don't forget that working with mice, tamoxifen and a fixed reducer can be hazardous and that precautions such as, wearing gloves and a lab coat and taking extra care with should always be taking while performing these procedures.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

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