Name: high-throughput screening for protein-based inheritance in s. cerevisiae
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Nous remercions Sohini Chakrabortee, Sandra Jones, David Garcia, Bhupinder Bhullar, Amelia Chang, Richard She et Susan Lindquist ont aidé à développer les dosages utilisés dans ce document, ainsi que les réviseurs pour leurs commentaires judicieux.

1. Initial Overexpression
<ol>
	<li>Transform the yeast cells (in this case, BY4741 MAT a haploids) previously grown in YPD liquid (10 g of yeast extract, 20 g of peptone, and 20 g of glucose per 1 L) with the desired candidate constructs from the FLEXGene ORFeome library (yeast ORFs under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter in the URA3-marked centromericplasmid backbone, pBY01129).</li>
	<li>Use autoclaved toothpicks to pick four separate colonies from these...

<ol>
	<li>Halfmann, R., Alberti, S., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions,+protein+homeostasis,+and+phenotypic+diversity.">Prions, protein homeostasis, and phenotypic diversity.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 20 (3), 125-133 (2010).</li><li>Byers, J. S., Jarosz, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pernicious+pathogens+or+expedient+elements+of+inheritance:+the+significance+of+yeast+prions.">Pernicious pathogens or expedient elements of inheritance: the significance of yeast prions.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (4), 1003992 (2014).</li><li>Jarosz, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-kingdom+chemical+communication+drives+a+heritable,+mutually+beneficial+prion-based+transformation+of+metabolism.">Cross-kingdom chemical communication drives a heritable, mutually beneficial prion-based transformation of metabolism.</a> Cell. 158 (5), 1083-1093 (2014).</li><li>True, H. L., Lindquist, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+yeast+prion+provides+a+mechanism+for+genetic+variation+and+phenotypic+diversity.">A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity.</a> Nature. 407 (6803), 477-483 (2000).</li><li>Suzuki, G., Shimazu, N., Tanaka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+yeast+prion,+Mod5,+promotes+acquired+drug+resistance+and+cell+survival+under+environmental+stress.">A yeast prion, Mod5, promotes acquired drug resistance and cell survival under environmental stress.</a> Science. 336 (6079), 355-359 (2012).</li><li>Hou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAVS+forms+functional+prion-like+aggregates+to+activate+and+propagate+antiviral+innate+immune+response.">MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response.</a> Cell. 146 (3), 448-461 (2011).</li><li>Cai, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion-like+polymerization+underlies+signal+transduction+in+antiviral+immune+defense+and+inflammasome+activation.">Prion-like polymerization underlies signal transduction in antiviral immune defense and inflammasome activation.</a> Cell. 156 (6), 1207-1222 (2014).</li><li>Majumdar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+role+of+amyloid-like+oligomers+of+Drosophila+Orb2+in+the+persistence+of+memory.">Critical role of amyloid-like oligomers of Drosophila Orb2 in the persistence of memory.</a> Cell. 148 (3), 515-529 (2012).</li><li>Khan, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloidogenic+Oligomerization+Transforms+Drosophila+Orb2+from+a+Translation+Repressor+to+an+Activator.">Amyloidogenic Oligomerization Transforms Drosophila Orb2 from a Translation Repressor to an Activator.</a> Cell. 163 (6), 1468-1483 (2015).</li><li>Fioriti, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Persistence+of+Hippocampal-Based+Memory+Requires+Protein+Synthesis+Mediated+by+the+Prion-like+Protein+CPEB3.">The Persistence of Hippocampal-Based Memory Requires Protein Synthesis Mediated by the Prion-like Protein CPEB3.</a> Neuron. 86 (6), 1433-1448 (2015).</li><li>Derkatch, I. L., Bradley, M. E., Hong, J. Y., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions+affect+the+appearance+of+other+prions:+the+story+of+[PIN(+)].">Prions affect the appearance of other prions: the story of [PIN(+)].</a> Cell. 106 (2), 171-182 (2001).</li><li>Alberti, S., Halfmann, R., King, O., Kapila, A., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+survey+identifies+prions+and+illuminates+sequence+features+of+prionogenic+proteins.">A systematic survey identifies prions and illuminates sequence features of prionogenic proteins.</a> Cell. 137 (1), 146-158 (2009).</li><li>Chernoff, Y. O., Lindquist, S. L., Ono, B., Inge-Vechtomov, S. G., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+chaperone+protein+Hsp104+in+propagation+of+the+yeast+prion-like+factor+[psi+].">Role of the chaperone protein Hsp104 in propagation of the yeast prion-like factor [psi+].</a> Science. 268 (5212), 880-884 (1995).</li><li>Patino, M. M., Liu, J. J., Glover, J. R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+for+the+prion+hypothesis+for+inheritance+of+a+phenotypic+trait+in+yeast.">Support for the prion hypothesis for inheritance of a phenotypic trait in yeast.</a> Science. 273 (5275), 622-626 (1996).</li><li>Wickner, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=[URE3]+as+an+altered+URE2+protein:+evidence+for+a+prion+analog+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">[URE3] as an altered URE2 protein: evidence for a prion analog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Science. 264 (5158), 566-569 (1994).</li><li>Sondheimer, N., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rnq1:+an+epigenetic+modifier+of+protein+function+in+yeast.">Rnq1: an epigenetic modifier of protein function in yeast.</a> Mol Cell. 5 (1), 163-172 (2000).</li><li>Balbirnie, M., Grothe, R., Eisenberg, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+amyloid-forming+peptide+from+the+yeast+prion+Sup35+reveals+a+dehydrated+beta-sheet+structure+for+amyloid.">An amyloid-forming peptide from the yeast prion Sup35 reveals a dehydrated beta-sheet structure for amyloid.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 (5), 2375-2380 (2001).</li><li>Glover, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-seeded+fibers+formed+by+Sup35,+the+protein+determinant+of+[PSI+],+a+heritable+prion-like+factor+of+S.+cerevisiae.">Self-seeded fibers formed by Sup35, the protein determinant of [PSI+], a heritable prion-like factor of S. cerevisiae.</a> Cell. 89 (5), 811-819 (1997).</li><li>King, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion-inducing+domain+2-114+of+yeast+Sup35+protein+transforms+in+vitro+into+amyloid-like+filaments.">Prion-inducing domain 2-114 of yeast Sup35 protein transforms in vitro into amyloid-like filaments.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (13), 6618-6622 (1997).</li><li>Shorter, J., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp104+catalyzes+formation+and+elimination+of+self-replicating+Sup35+prion+conformers.">Hsp104 catalyzes formation and elimination of self-replicating Sup35 prion conformers.</a> Science. 304 (5678), 1793-1797 (2004).</li><li>Ferreira, P. C., Ness, F., Edwards, S. R., Cox, B. S., Tuite, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+elimination+of+the+yeast+[PSI+]+prion+by+guanidine+hydrochloride+is+the+result+of+Hsp104+inactivation.">The elimination of the yeast [PSI+] prion by guanidine hydrochloride is the result of Hsp104 inactivation.</a> Mol Microbiol. 40 (6), 1357-1369 (2001).</li><li>Caudron, F., Barral, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+super-assembly+of+Whi3+encodes+memory+of+deceptive+encounters+by+single+cells+during+yeast+courtship.">A super-assembly of Whi3 encodes memory of deceptive encounters by single cells during yeast courtship.</a> Cell. 155 (6), 1244-1257 (2013).</li><li>Wickner, R. B., Edskes, H. K., Shewmaker, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+find+a+prion:+[URE3],+[PSI+]+and+[beta].">How to find a prion: [URE3], [PSI+] and [beta].</a> Methods. 39 (1), 3-8 (2006).</li><li>Chernoff, Y. O., Derkach, I. L., Inge-Vechtomov, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicopy+SUP35+gene+induces+de-novo+appearance+of+psi-like+factors+in+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Multicopy SUP35 gene induces de-novo appearance of psi-like factors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Curr Genet. 24 (3), 268-270 (1993).</li><li>Brown, J. C., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+heritable+switch+in+carbon+source+utilization+driven+by+an+unusual+yeast+prion.">A heritable switch in carbon source utilization driven by an unusual yeast prion.</a> Genes Dev. 23 (19), 2320-2332 (2009).</li><li>Coustou, V., Deleu, C., Saupe, S., Begueret, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+protein+product+of+the+het-s+heterokaryon+incompatibility+gene+of+the+fungus+Podospora+anserina+behaves+as+a+prion+analog.">The protein product of the het-s heterokaryon incompatibility gene of the fungus Podospora anserina behaves as a prion analog.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (18), 9773-9778 (1997).</li><li>Sopko, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+pathways+and+phenotypes+by+systematic+gene+overexpression.">Mapping pathways and phenotypes by systematic gene overexpression.</a> Mol Cell. 21 (3), 319-330 (2006).</li><li>Chakrabortee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsically+Disordered+Proteins+Drive+Emergence+and+Inheritance+of+Biological+Traits.">Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Drive Emergence and Inheritance of Biological Traits.</a> Cell. 167 (2), 369-381 (2016).</li><li>Hu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaching+a+complete+repository+of+sequence-verified+protein-encoding+clones+for+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Approaching a complete repository of sequence-verified protein-encoding clones for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genome Res. 17 (4), 536-543 (2007).</li><li>Swain, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferring+time+derivatives+including+cell+growth+rates+using+Gaussian+processes.">Inferring time derivatives including cell growth rates using Gaussian processes.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 13766 (2016).</li><li>Jarosz, D. F., Lancaster, A. K., Brown, J. C., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evolutionarily+conserved+prion-like+element+converts+wild+fungi+from+metabolic+specialists+to+generalists.">An evolutionarily conserved prion-like element converts wild fungi from metabolic specialists to generalists.</a> Cell. 158 (5), 1072-1082 (2014).</li><li>Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporulation+in+the+budding+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 737-765 (2011).</li><li>Gietz, D., St Jean, A., Woods, R. A., Schiestl, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+for+high+efficiency+transformation+of+intact+yeast+cells.">Improved method for high efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (6), 1425 (1992).</li><li>Formosa, T., Nittis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppressors+of+the+temperature+sensitivity+of+DNA+polymerase+alpha+mutations+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Suppressors of the temperature sensitivity of DNA polymerase alpha mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Mol Gen Genet. 257 (4), 461-468 (1998).</li><li>Christiano, R., Nagaraj, N., Frohlich, F., Walther, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+proteome+turnover+analyses+of+the+Yeasts+S.+cerevisiae+and+S.+pombe.">Global proteome turnover analyses of the Yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. pombe.</a> Cell Rep. 9 (5), 1959-1965 (2014).</li><li>Lancaster, A. K., Nutter-Upham, A., Lindquist, S., King, O. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLAAC:+a+web+and+command-line+application+to+identify+proteins+with+prion-like+amino+acid+composition.">PLAAC: a web and command-line application to identify proteins with prion-like amino acid composition.</a> Bioinformatics. 30 (17), 2501-2502 (2014).</li><li>Halfmann, R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+amyloid+aggregation+by+Semi-Denaturing+Detergent-Agarose+Gel+Electrophoresis.">Screening for amyloid aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.</a> J Vis Exp. 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Les premiers prions de levure ont été identifiées par leurs phénotypes inhabituelles et modèles déconcertants de l’héritage. Les caractéristiques de ces prions ont ensuite servis à construire des algorithmes et des outils informatiques pour dépister les protéines prions supplémentaires. La méthode décrite ici, en revanche, est expérimentale et s’appuie sur la surexpression transitoire pour créer une écurie durable de changement-a état codé dans la conformation des protéines. Toutefois, si l’effi...

Les systèmes biologiques expérience fréquemment des fluctuations transitoires dans l’abondance de la protéine. Ne sait pas si ceux-ci ont un impact durable dans l’élaboration du phénotype d’un organisme ou des générations futures. Les instances plus connus de cette biologie impliquent une classe rare des protéines prions, qui entraînent l’apparition de caractères héréditaires sans modification du génome. Au lieu de cela, ces particules de fectious proteinaceous et entransmettent les phénotypes via des changements qui se perpétues à la conformation de protéine1,2. Ce type d’héritage a été découvert comme étant la cause des modèles héritage inhabituelle d’une maladie neurodégénérative. Toutefois, des études dans les organismes allant des champignons aux mammifères3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 ont révélé depuis que le prion comme éléments peuvent conférer la valeur adaptative. Néanmoins, les prions ont été considérées comme une fascinante mais rare curiosité biologique.
Cette sagesse qui prévaut est tenue en partie parce que la caractérisation de l’héritage à base de protéines a longtemps été limitée par un petit ensemble d’exemples. Les efforts récents de dépistage systématique ont élargi cette photo significativement en identifiant plusieurs nouveaux bona fide prions11 et protéines de près de deux douzaines de domaines12 avec la capacité de conversion conformationnelle de prion comme carburant. Cependant, puisque ces approches portent généralement sur des préjugés séquence des acides aminés, les prions qui ont été découverts partagent les propriétés biochimiques de la fondatrice levure prions [PSI+]13,14, [URE3]15et [RNQ+]11,16. Ceux-ci incluent : domaines 1) modulaires qui sont riches en longs polymères s’étend de l’asparagine (N) et de la glutamine (Q), ensemble 2) dans un amyloïde [PRION+] conformation17,18,19et 3) complet dépendance disaggregase Hsp104 fonction de multiplication fidèle de mère en fille13,20,21. En effet, nombreux bona fide prions, y compris [GAR+], [Het-s] et même l’origine prion (PrP-Sc), qui serait incomprise en vertu de ces critères stricts. Peut-être plus important encore, ils seraient incapables de capturer tout nouveaux mécanismes d’héritage à base de protéines,22. Ainsi, la vraie largeur biologique de ces phénomènes peut être beaucoup plus courante dans la nature que prévu.
Pour étudier cette question, a été employée une stratégie haut-débit, à l’échelle du protéome. Une caractéristique des prions tous, y compris les PrPSc, [GAR+], et [Het-s], est que la surexpression transitoire des causalité protéines augmente fortement le taux de prion acquisition15,23,24,25,26. Nous avons profité de cette fonctionnalité de systématiquement demander, sur l’ensemble de la levure ORFeome, si des États stables basées sur les protéines, épigénétiques pourraient être initiées par transitoirement induire la surexpression de protéines individuelles. Il est bien connu que la surexpression de protéines peut altérer les phénotypes27. Toutefois, la protéine prion est inhabituelle car leur surproduction temporaire produit un changement dans le phénotype c’est héréditaire pour plusieurs centaines de générations après la surexpression initiale. Nous avons déjà pris parti de cette fonctionnalité, ainsi que les patrons de succession inhabituelle d’éléments génétiques basées sur les protéines, à identifier des dizaines de protéines capables de duplications recâblage paysages phénotypiques sans altérer le génome28. Bien que certains ont identifié les protéines étaient anciennement prions, la plupart n’étaient pas, soulignant la puissance de cette approche pour découvrir de nouvelles formes d’héritage à base de protéines.

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			<td height="21" style="width:356px;height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Cat#G3272-25G</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Manganese chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat#M8054-100G</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1510</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-Fluoroorotic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat#F5013-50MG</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BY4741 MATa (his3&#916;1 leu2&#916;0 LYS2 met15&#916;0 ura3&#916;0)</td>
			<td>Winston et al., 1995; Brachmann et al., 1998</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Yeast strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BY4741 MAT&#945; (his3&#916;1 leu2&#916;0 lys2&#916;0 MET15 ura3&#916;0)</td>
			<td>Winston et al., 1995; Brachmann et al., 1998</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Yeast strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hsp70 (K69M)&#160;</td>
			<td>Jarosz et al., 2014b</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FLEXGene library</td>
			<td>Hu et al., 2007</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plasmid library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextrose (glucose)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-3</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Raffinose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R0250-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galactose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP656-500</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1001-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-URA</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1004-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-LYS</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1032-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-MET</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1019-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-LYS-MET</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1035-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-2</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">peptone</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>P20240-5000</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bacto-peptone</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">211677</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glycerol</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>GX0185-2</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">291920</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">agar</td>
			<td>IBI Scientific</td>
			<td>IB49172</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adenine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3159-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1190-500G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U0750-100G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L8000-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L5501-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase I&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EN0601</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">biotinylated DNase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM1906</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">zymolyase 100T (yeast lytic enzyme)</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>N0766555</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>Synergy H1</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate stacker</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>BioStack3</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate filler</td>
			<td>BiotTek</td>
			<td>EL406</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liquid handling robot</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput screening for protein-based inheritance in s. cerevisiae

Le codage de l’information biologique qui est accessible aux générations futures est généralement réalisé par l’intermédiaire de modifications apportées à la séquence d’ADN. Longévifs héritage codé en protéine conformation (au lieu de séquence) a longtemps été considéré comme paradigme, mais rares. Les exemples les mieux caractérisées de tels éléments épigénétiques sont des prions, qui possèdent un comportement auto-assemblage qui permet de piloter la manifestation héréditaire de nouveaux phénotypes. Prions archétypales beaucoup affichent un biais de séquence riche en N/Q frappant et assemblent dans un giron amyloïde. Ces caractéristiques inhabituelles ont informé la plupart des efforts dépistage pour identifier de nouvelles protéines prion. Cependant, au moins trois prions connues (y compris le prion fondateur, PrPSc) héberger pas ces caractéristiques biochimiques. Nous avons donc mis au point une autre méthode pour sonder l’étendue de l’héritage à base de protéines basé sur un terrain d’action de masse : la passagère surexpression de la protéine prion augmente la fréquence à laquelle ils acquièrent une conformation self-création de modèles. Cet article décrit une méthode pour analyser la capacité de la levure ORFeome pour susciter l’héritage à base de protéines. En utilisant cette stratégie, nous avons constaté précédemment que &gt; 1 % des protéines de levure pourrait alimenter l’émergence des traits biologiques qui étaient à long terme, stable et se pose plus fréquemment que la mutation génétique. Cette approche pouvant servir au haut débit à travers toute ORFeomes ou comme un paradigme de dépistage ciblé pour réseaux génétiques spécifiques ou des stimuli environnementaux. A l’instar des écrans génétiques avant définissent de nombreuses voies de signalisation et de développement, ces techniques offrent une méthodologie pour étudier l’influence de l’héritage basées sur les protéines dans les processus biologiques.

Protein overexpression is known to dramatically alter cellular phenotypes27. Indeed, with an initial screening approach, hundreds of new phenotypes were reproducibly recovered from the overexpression of clones from the yeast ORFeome using just ten stressors. However, the assays described above allow for the assessment of whether cells retain any long-term stable phenotypes following this overexpression. One protein capable of encoding such a state is Psp1. Psp1 is ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Ce protocole décrit une méthode de haut-débit pour dépister fonctionnellement héritage basées sur les protéines chez S. cerevisiae.

Criblage à haut débit pour l’héritage basées sur les protéines chez S. cerevisiae

The encoding of biological information that is accessible to future generations is generally achieved via changes to the DNA sequence. Long-lived ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Dosage de l&#39;adhésion et l&#39;invasion Agar chez S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Recherche

Biologie

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

Une méthode à haut débit pour étudier la morphologie globalement organite chez S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

Identification des complexes protéiques avec la protéomique quantitative chez S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

Criblage à haut débit et de biodétection avec fluorescent C. elegans Souches

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes.  However, many compounds identified in ...

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

Criblage à haut débit activité endoglucanase fongique dans les Escherichia coli</em

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Cytométrie en flux à base de purification de<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

Criblage à haut débit pour les petites molécules modulateurs de canaux potassiques entrants Rectifier

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

Criblage à haut débit fonctionnelle utilisant une maison double lueur de dosage de luciférase

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

High Throughput Screening Expression quantitative et purification appliquée à recombinant disulfure riches protéines venin produit dans<em&gt; E. coli</em

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Haut-débit criblage de modulateurs chimique des gènes post-transcriptionnelle réglementées

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...