Name: high-throughput screening for protein-based inheritance in s. cerevisiae
Uploaded: 2017-08-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

Ringraziamo Sohini Chakrabortee, Sandra Jones, David Garcia, Bhupinder Bhullar, Amelia Chang, Richard She e Susan Lindquist per la loro assistenza nello sviluppo i dosaggi utilizzati in questa carta, come pure gli utenti per i loro commenti riflessivo.

1. Initial Overexpression
<ol>
	<li>Transform the yeast cells (in this case, BY4741 MAT a haploids) previously grown in YPD liquid (10 g of yeast extract, 20 g of peptone, and 20 g of glucose per 1 L) with the desired candidate constructs from the FLEXGene ORFeome library (yeast ORFs under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter in the URA3-marked centromericplasmid backbone, pBY01129).</li>
	<li>Use autoclaved toothpicks to pick four separate colonies from these...

<ol>
	<li>Halfmann, R., Alberti, S., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions,+protein+homeostasis,+and+phenotypic+diversity.">Prions, protein homeostasis, and phenotypic diversity.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 20 (3), 125-133 (2010).</li><li>Byers, J. S., Jarosz, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pernicious+pathogens+or+expedient+elements+of+inheritance:+the+significance+of+yeast+prions.">Pernicious pathogens or expedient elements of inheritance: the significance of yeast prions.</a> PLoS Pathog. 10 (4), 1003992 (2014).</li><li>Jarosz, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-kingdom+chemical+communication+drives+a+heritable,+mutually+beneficial+prion-based+transformation+of+metabolism.">Cross-kingdom chemical communication drives a heritable, mutually beneficial prion-based transformation of metabolism.</a> Cell. 158 (5), 1083-1093 (2014).</li><li>True, H. L., Lindquist, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+yeast+prion+provides+a+mechanism+for+genetic+variation+and+phenotypic+diversity.">A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity.</a> Nature. 407 (6803), 477-483 (2000).</li><li>Suzuki, G., Shimazu, N., Tanaka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+yeast+prion,+Mod5,+promotes+acquired+drug+resistance+and+cell+survival+under+environmental+stress.">A yeast prion, Mod5, promotes acquired drug resistance and cell survival under environmental stress.</a> Science. 336 (6079), 355-359 (2012).</li><li>Hou, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAVS+forms+functional+prion-like+aggregates+to+activate+and+propagate+antiviral+innate+immune+response.">MAVS forms functional prion-like aggregates to activate and propagate antiviral innate immune response.</a> Cell. 146 (3), 448-461 (2011).</li><li>Cai, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion-like+polymerization+underlies+signal+transduction+in+antiviral+immune+defense+and+inflammasome+activation.">Prion-like polymerization underlies signal transduction in antiviral immune defense and inflammasome activation.</a> Cell. 156 (6), 1207-1222 (2014).</li><li>Majumdar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+role+of+amyloid-like+oligomers+of+Drosophila+Orb2+in+the+persistence+of+memory.">Critical role of amyloid-like oligomers of Drosophila Orb2 in the persistence of memory.</a> Cell. 148 (3), 515-529 (2012).</li><li>Khan, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amyloidogenic+Oligomerization+Transforms+Drosophila+Orb2+from+a+Translation+Repressor+to+an+Activator.">Amyloidogenic Oligomerization Transforms Drosophila Orb2 from a Translation Repressor to an Activator.</a> Cell. 163 (6), 1468-1483 (2015).</li><li>Fioriti, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Persistence+of+Hippocampal-Based+Memory+Requires+Protein+Synthesis+Mediated+by+the+Prion-like+Protein+CPEB3.">The Persistence of Hippocampal-Based Memory Requires Protein Synthesis Mediated by the Prion-like Protein CPEB3.</a> Neuron. 86 (6), 1433-1448 (2015).</li><li>Derkatch, I. L., Bradley, M. E., Hong, J. Y., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions+affect+the+appearance+of+other+prions:+the+story+of+[PIN(+)].">Prions affect the appearance of other prions: the story of [PIN(+)].</a> Cell. 106 (2), 171-182 (2001).</li><li>Alberti, S., Halfmann, R., King, O., Kapila, A., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+survey+identifies+prions+and+illuminates+sequence+features+of+prionogenic+proteins.">A systematic survey identifies prions and illuminates sequence features of prionogenic proteins.</a> Cell. 137 (1), 146-158 (2009).</li><li>Chernoff, Y. O., Lindquist, S. L., Ono, B., Inge-Vechtomov, S. G., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+the+chaperone+protein+Hsp104+in+propagation+of+the+yeast+prion-like+factor+[psi+].">Role of the chaperone protein Hsp104 in propagation of the yeast prion-like factor [psi+].</a> Science. 268 (5212), 880-884 (1995).</li><li>Patino, M. M., Liu, J. J., Glover, J. R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+for+the+prion+hypothesis+for+inheritance+of+a+phenotypic+trait+in+yeast.">Support for the prion hypothesis for inheritance of a phenotypic trait in yeast.</a> Science. 273 (5275), 622-626 (1996).</li><li>Wickner, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=[URE3]+as+an+altered+URE2+protein:+evidence+for+a+prion+analog+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">[URE3] as an altered URE2 protein: evidence for a prion analog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Science. 264 (5158), 566-569 (1994).</li><li>Sondheimer, N., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rnq1:+an+epigenetic+modifier+of+protein+function+in+yeast.">Rnq1: an epigenetic modifier of protein function in yeast.</a> Mol Cell. 5 (1), 163-172 (2000).</li><li>Balbirnie, M., Grothe, R., Eisenberg, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+amyloid-forming+peptide+from+the+yeast+prion+Sup35+reveals+a+dehydrated+beta-sheet+structure+for+amyloid.">An amyloid-forming peptide from the yeast prion Sup35 reveals a dehydrated beta-sheet structure for amyloid.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 (5), 2375-2380 (2001).</li><li>Glover, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-seeded+fibers+formed+by+Sup35,+the+protein+determinant+of+[PSI+],+a+heritable+prion-like+factor+of+S.+cerevisiae.">Self-seeded fibers formed by Sup35, the protein determinant of [PSI+], a heritable prion-like factor of S. cerevisiae.</a> Cell. 89 (5), 811-819 (1997).</li><li>King, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion-inducing+domain+2-114+of+yeast+Sup35+protein+transforms+in+vitro+into+amyloid-like+filaments.">Prion-inducing domain 2-114 of yeast Sup35 protein transforms in vitro into amyloid-like filaments.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (13), 6618-6622 (1997).</li><li>Shorter, J., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp104+catalyzes+formation+and+elimination+of+self-replicating+Sup35+prion+conformers.">Hsp104 catalyzes formation and elimination of self-replicating Sup35 prion conformers.</a> Science. 304 (5678), 1793-1797 (2004).</li><li>Ferreira, P. C., Ness, F., Edwards, S. R., Cox, B. S., Tuite, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+elimination+of+the+yeast+[PSI+]+prion+by+guanidine+hydrochloride+is+the+result+of+Hsp104+inactivation.">The elimination of the yeast [PSI+] prion by guanidine hydrochloride is the result of Hsp104 inactivation.</a> Mol Microbiol. 40 (6), 1357-1369 (2001).</li><li>Caudron, F., Barral, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+super-assembly+of+Whi3+encodes+memory+of+deceptive+encounters+by+single+cells+during+yeast+courtship.">A super-assembly of Whi3 encodes memory of deceptive encounters by single cells during yeast courtship.</a> Cell. 155 (6), 1244-1257 (2013).</li><li>Wickner, R. B., Edskes, H. K., Shewmaker, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+find+a+prion:+[URE3],+[PSI+]+and+[beta].">How to find a prion: [URE3], [PSI+] and [beta].</a> Methods. 39 (1), 3-8 (2006).</li><li>Chernoff, Y. O., Derkach, I. L., Inge-Vechtomov, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicopy+SUP35+gene+induces+de-novo+appearance+of+psi-like+factors+in+the+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Multicopy SUP35 gene induces de-novo appearance of psi-like factors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Curr Genet. 24 (3), 268-270 (1993).</li><li>Brown, J. C., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+heritable+switch+in+carbon+source+utilization+driven+by+an+unusual+yeast+prion.">A heritable switch in carbon source utilization driven by an unusual yeast prion.</a> Genes Dev. 23 (19), 2320-2332 (2009).</li><li>Coustou, V., Deleu, C., Saupe, S., Begueret, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+protein+product+of+the+het-s+heterokaryon+incompatibility+gene+of+the+fungus+Podospora+anserina+behaves+as+a+prion+analog.">The protein product of the het-s heterokaryon incompatibility gene of the fungus Podospora anserina behaves as a prion analog.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (18), 9773-9778 (1997).</li><li>Sopko, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+pathways+and+phenotypes+by+systematic+gene+overexpression.">Mapping pathways and phenotypes by systematic gene overexpression.</a> Mol Cell. 21 (3), 319-330 (2006).</li><li>Chakrabortee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsically+Disordered+Proteins+Drive+Emergence+and+Inheritance+of+Biological+Traits.">Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Drive Emergence and Inheritance of Biological Traits.</a> Cell. 167 (2), 369-381 (2016).</li><li>Hu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaching+a+complete+repository+of+sequence-verified+protein-encoding+clones+for+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Approaching a complete repository of sequence-verified protein-encoding clones for Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genome Res. 17 (4), 536-543 (2007).</li><li>Swain, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferring+time+derivatives+including+cell+growth+rates+using+Gaussian+processes.">Inferring time derivatives including cell growth rates using Gaussian processes.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 13766 (2016).</li><li>Jarosz, D. F., Lancaster, A. K., Brown, J. C., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evolutionarily+conserved+prion-like+element+converts+wild+fungi+from+metabolic+specialists+to+generalists.">An evolutionarily conserved prion-like element converts wild fungi from metabolic specialists to generalists.</a> Cell. 158 (5), 1072-1082 (2014).</li><li>Neiman, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporulation+in+the+budding+yeast+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Sporulation in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 189 (3), 737-765 (2011).</li><li>Gietz, D., St Jean, A., Woods, R. A., Schiestl, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+method+for+high+efficiency+transformation+of+intact+yeast+cells.">Improved method for high efficiency transformation of intact yeast cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (6), 1425 (1992).</li><li>Formosa, T., Nittis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppressors+of+the+temperature+sensitivity+of+DNA+polymerase+alpha+mutations+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Suppressors of the temperature sensitivity of DNA polymerase alpha mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Mol Gen Genet. 257 (4), 461-468 (1998).</li><li>Christiano, R., Nagaraj, N., Frohlich, F., Walther, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+proteome+turnover+analyses+of+the+Yeasts+S.+cerevisiae+and+S.+pombe.">Global proteome turnover analyses of the Yeasts S. cerevisiae and S. pombe.</a> Cell Rep. 9 (5), 1959-1965 (2014).</li><li>Lancaster, A. K., Nutter-Upham, A., Lindquist, S., King, O. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLAAC:+a+web+and+command-line+application+to+identify+proteins+with+prion-like+amino+acid+composition.">PLAAC: a web and command-line application to identify proteins with prion-like amino acid composition.</a> Bioinformatics. 30 (17), 2501-2502 (2014).</li><li>Halfmann, R., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+amyloid+aggregation+by+Semi-Denaturing+Detergent-Agarose+Gel+Electrophoresis.">Screening for amyloid aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.</a> J Vis Exp. (17), (2008).</li><li>Rogoza, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-Mendelian+determinant+[ISP+]+in+yeast+is+a+nuclear-residing+prion+form+of+the+global+transcriptional+regulator+Sfp1.">Non-Mendelian determinant [ISP+] in yeast is a nuclear-residing prion form of the global transcriptional regulator Sfp1.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (23), 10573-10577 (2010).</li><li>Shorter, J., Lindquist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prions+as+adaptive+conduits+of+memory+and+inheritance.">Prions as adaptive conduits of memory and inheritance.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 6 (6), 435-450 (2005).</li><li>Tanaka, M., Chien, P., Naber, N., Cooke, R., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conformational+variations+in+an+infectious+protein+determine+prion+strain+differences.">Conformational variations in an infectious protein determine prion strain differences.</a> Nature. 428 (6980), 323-328 (2004).</li><li>Tanaka, M., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+protein+transformation+protocol+for+introducing+prions+into+yeast.">An efficient protein transformation protocol for introducing prions into yeast.</a> Methods Enzymol. 412, 185-200 (2006).</li><li>Roberts, B. T., Wickner, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritable+activity:+a+prion+that+propagates+by+covalent+autoactivation.">Heritable activity: a prion that propagates by covalent autoactivation.</a> Genes Dev. 17 (17), 2083-2087 (2003).</li><li>Ozbudak, E. M., Thattai, M., Lim, H. N., Shraiman, B. I., Van Oudenaarden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multistability+in+the+lactose+utilization+network+of+Escherichia+coli.">Multistability in the lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli.</a> Nature. 427 (6976), 737-740 (2004).</li></ol>

I prioni lievito primi sono stati identificati dai loro fenotipi insoliti e perplessi modelli di ereditarietà. Le caratteristiche di questi prioni furono poi utilizzate per costruire algoritmi e strumenti computazionali alla schermata per proteine prioniche aggiuntive. Il metodo descritto qui, al contrario, è sperimentale e si basa sulla sovraespressione transitoria per creare un duraturo cambiamento-a stabile stato codificato nella conformazione della proteina. Tuttavia, se l'efficienza di "semina" Assemblea del prion...

Sistemi biologici spesso esperienza transitorie fluttuazioni in abbondanza di proteine. Se questi hanno un impatto duraturo nel plasmare il fenotipo di un organismo o delle generazioni future rimane poco chiaro. I più noti casi di questa biologia coinvolgono una rara classe di proteine, i prioni, che guidano l'emergere dei tratti ereditari senza alcuna modifica del genoma. Invece, queste particelle di fectious proteinaceous e neltrasmettono fenotipi tramite auto-perpetuante cambiamenti di conformazione della proteina1,2. Questo tipo di ereditarietà è stato scoperto come la causa dei modelli di ereditarietà insoliti di una devastante malattia neurodegenerative. Tuttavia, gli studi negli organismi che variano dai funghi ai mammiferi3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 da allora hanno rivelato che il prione-come gli elementi possono conferire valore adattativo. Ciò nonostante, i prioni sono stati visti come un affascinante ma rara stranezza biologica.
Questa saggezza prevalente si svolge in parte perché la caratterizzazione di base proteica eredità lungo è stata limitata da un piccolo insieme di esempi. I recenti sforzi di screening sistematico hanno ampliato significativamente questa immagine individuando diversi nuovi bona fide prioni11 e quasi due dozzine di proteina domini12 con la capacità di conversione conformazionali del prione-come combustibile. Tuttavia, poiché questi approcci sono generalmente concentrati su pregiudizi di sequenza dell'amminoacido forte, i prioni che sono stati scoperti condividono le proprietà biochimiche del fondatore lievito prioni [PSI+]13,14, [URE3]15e [RNQ+]11,16. Questi includono: 1) modulare domini che sono ricchi di tratti lungo polimerici di asparagina (N) e glutammina (Q), 2) assembly in un amiloide [PRION+] conformazione17,18,19e 3) completano dipendenza da disaggregase funzione di Hsp104 per la propagazione di fedeli da madre a figlia13,20,21. Infatti, molti bona fide prioni, tra cui [GAR+], [Het-s] e anche l'originale del prion (PrPSc), sarebbe saltato sotto tali criteri rigorosi. Forse ancora più importante, sarebbero in grado di catturare qualsiasi nuovi meccanismi di ereditarietà su base proteica22. Quindi, l'ampiezza biologica vera di tali fenomeni può essere molto più comune in natura di quanto si pensasse.
Per studiare questa domanda, una strategia di alto-rendimento, tutto il proteoma è stato impiegato. Un segno distintivo di tutti i prioni, tra cui PrPSc, [GAR+], e [Het-s], è che la sovraespressione transitoria delle proteine causale aumenta fortemente il tasso del prione acquisizione15,23,24,25,26. Abbiamo approfittato di questa funzionalità per sistematicamente chiedere, su tutto il lievito ORFeome, se stati stabili basati su proteine, epigenetici potrebbero essere iniziati inducendo transitoriamente la sovraespressione delle singole proteine. È ben noto che la sovraespressione della proteina può alterare fenotipi27. Tuttavia, proteine prioniche sono insoliti perché loro sovrapproduzione temporanea produce un cambiamento nel fenotipo che è ereditabile per molte centinaia di generazioni dopo la sovraespressione iniziale. Abbiamo precedentemente preso vantaggio di questa funzione, così come i modelli di ereditarietà insoliti di elementi genetici basati su proteine, per identificare decine di proteine che sono in grado di heritably necessità di cablaggio fenotipiche paesaggi senza alterare il genoma28. Anche se alcuni identificati proteine precedentemente erano conosciuti come i prioni, la maggior parte erano non, sottolineando la potenza di questo approccio per scoprire nuove forme di ereditarietà a base di proteine.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:356px;height:21px;">Guanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Cat#G3272-25G</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Manganese chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat#M8054-100G</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1510</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-Fluoroorotic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat#F5013-50MG</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BY4741 MATa (his3&#916;1 leu2&#916;0 LYS2 met15&#916;0 ura3&#916;0)</td>
			<td>Winston et al., 1995; Brachmann et al., 1998</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Yeast strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BY4741 MAT&#945; (his3&#916;1 leu2&#916;0 lys2&#916;0 MET15 ura3&#916;0)</td>
			<td>Winston et al., 1995; Brachmann et al., 1998</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Yeast strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hsp70 (K69M)&#160;</td>
			<td>Jarosz et al., 2014b</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FLEXGene library</td>
			<td>Hu et al., 2007</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plasmid library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextrose (glucose)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-3</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Raffinose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R0250-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galactose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP656-500</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1001-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-URA</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1004-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-LYS</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1032-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-MET</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1019-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CSM-LYS-MET</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>1035-100</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1422-2</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">peptone</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>P20240-5000</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bacto-peptone</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">211677</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glycerol</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>GX0185-2</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">291920</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">agar</td>
			<td>IBI Scientific</td>
			<td>IB49172</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adenine sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3159-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1190-500G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U0750-100G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histidine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H8000-100G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leucine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L8000-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L5501-25G</td>
			<td>Media component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase I&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EN0601</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">biotinylated DNase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM1906</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">zymolyase 100T (yeast lytic enzyme)</td>
			<td>Sunrise Science</td>
			<td>N0766555</td>
			<td>Enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>Synergy H1</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microplate stacker</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>BioStack3</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate filler</td>
			<td>BiotTek</td>
			<td>EL406</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Liquid handling robot</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Biomek FX</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput screening for protein-based inheritance in s. cerevisiae

La codifica di informazioni biologiche che sono accessibile alle generazioni future è generalmente ottenuta tramite modifiche alla sequenza di DNA. Longeva eredità codificati in proteina conformazione (anziché sequenza) lungamente è stato osservato come lo spostamento di paradigma, ma rara. Esempi di tali elementi epigenetici meglio caratterizzati sono i prioni, che possiedono un comportamento auto-assemblante che può guidare la manifestazione ereditabile di nuovi fenotipi. Molti prioni archetipici visualizzare un notevole pregiudizio sequenza N/Q-ricco e assemblare un ovile dell'amiloide. Queste caratteristiche insolite hanno informato la maggior parte degli sforzi di screening per identificare nuove proteine prioniche. Tuttavia, almeno tre prioni noti (tra cui il prione fondatore, PrPSc) non porto queste caratteristiche biochimiche. Abbiamo pertanto sviluppato un metodo alternativo per sondare l'ambito dell'eredità a base di proteine basata su una proprietà di azione di massa: la sovraespressione transiente di proteine prioniche aumenta la frequenza in cui acquisiscono una conformazione di auto-applicazione di modelli. Questo articolo descrive un metodo per analizzare la capacità del lievito ORFeome a suscitare l'ereditarietà a base di proteine. Utilizzando questa strategia, abbiamo trovato in precedenza che &gt; 1% di proteine del lievito potrebbe alimentare l'emergere dei tratti biologici che erano longevi, stabile e ha presentato più di una mutazione genetica. Questo approccio può essere impiegato in elevato throughput attraverso ORFeomes intero o come un paradigma di screening mirato per reti genetiche specifiche o stimoli ambientali. Come schermi genetici avanti definiscono numerose vie di segnalazione e di sviluppo, queste tecniche forniscono una metodologia per indagare l'influenza dell'eredità di base di proteine nei processi biologici.

Protein overexpression is known to dramatically alter cellular phenotypes27. Indeed, with an initial screening approach, hundreds of new phenotypes were reproducibly recovered from the overexpression of clones from the yeast ORFeome using just ten stressors. However, the assays described above allow for the assessment of whether cells retain any long-term stable phenotypes following this overexpression. One protein capable of encoding such a state is Psp1. Psp1 is ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae at JoVE.com

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Questo protocollo descrive una metodologia di alto-rendimento allo schermo funzionalmente per base di proteine di ereditarietà in S. cerevisiae.

High throughput Screening per eredità a base di proteine in S. cerevisiae

The encoding of biological information that is accessible to future generations is generally achieved via changes to the DNA sequence. Long-lived ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

High-throughput Screening for Protein-based Inheritance in S. cerevisiae

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Test di adesione ed invasione di Agar in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Ricerca

Biologia

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

Un high-throughput metodo per studiare la morfologia globale organello in S. cerevisiae

High-throughput methods to examine protein localization or organelle morphology is an effective tool for studying protein interactions and can help ...

Identification of protein complexes with quantitative proteomics in S. cerevisiae

L&#39;identificazione di complessi proteici con la proteomica quantitativa in S. cerevisiae

Lipids are the building blocks of cellular membranes that function as barriers and in compartmentalization of cellular processes, and recently, as ...

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput Screening and Biosensing with Fluorescent C. elegans Strains

High-throughput screening e biopercezione con fluorescente C. elegans Ceppi

High-throughput screening (HTS) is a powerful approach for identifying chemical modulators of biological processes.  However, many compounds identified in ...

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

Throughput Screening elevati di attività Endoglucanase fungine in Escherichia coli</em

Cellulase enzymes (endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and &beta;-glucosidases) hydrolyze cellulose into component sugars, which in turn can be converted ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Flusso Cytometry basata Purificazione<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Zigoti

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels

High-throughput screening per la piccola molecola modulatori di canali di potassio Inward Rectifier

Specific members of the inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel family are postulated drug targets for a variety of disorders, including hypertension, ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

High-throughput screening funzionale utilizzando una casalinga Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

High Throughput Screening espressione quantitativa e purificazione Applicata al ricombinante Disulfide ricchi di Venom proteine ​​prodotte in<em&gt; E. coli</em

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. ...

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Screening ad alto rendimento per i modulatori chimici di Genes post-trascrizionale regolamentati

Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation have a profound impact on genes expression. However, commonly adopted cell-based screening assays ...