Name: stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fractionator and standard microscopy equipment
Uploaded: 2017-09-01T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment at JoVE.

Forfatterne er Keali Röhm, Louisa Frieß og Heike Menzel taknemmelig for deres ekspert teknisk bistand; til Helga Brünner dyrs pleje; og at Chistopher S. Ward til produktion og distribution af optisk disector gitter plugin for ImageJ software.

alle gældende internationale, nationale og/eller institutionelle retningslinjer for pleje og brug af dyr blev fulgt. Protokollen blev godkendt af lokale myndigheder på Regierung von Unterfranken, Wuerzburg, Tyskland.
 1. behandling af væv og Immunhistokemi <ol><li>aflive mus med CO 2 eller enhver anden godkendt metode.</li>
	<li>Perfuse seks 12-uge-forhenværende C56Bl/6N mand mus transcardially med 10 mL af 0,1 M fosfatbufferet saltopløsning (PBS) ved hjælp af en 25-G kanyl...

<ol>
	<li>Ip, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV1/2-induced+overexpression+of+A53T-alpha-synuclein+in+the+substantia+nigra+results+in+degeneration+of+the+nigrostriatal+system+with+Lewy-like+pathology+and+motor+impairment:+a+new+mouse+model+for+Parkinson's+disease.">AAV1/2-induced overexpression of A53T-alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal system with Lewy-like pathology and motor impairment: a new mouse model for Parkinson's disease.</a> Acta Neuropathol Commun. 5 (1), 11 (2017).</li><li>Ip, C. W., Beck, S. 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D., Rohrlich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+sectioned+cells+via+mathematical+reconstruction.">Counting sectioned cells via mathematical reconstruction.</a> J Comp Neurol. 263 (3), 365-386 (1987).</li><li>Weibel, E. R., Gomez, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+principle+for+counting+tissue+structures+on+random+sections.">A principle for counting tissue structures on random sections.</a> J Appl Physiol. 17, 343-348 (1962).</li><li>West, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design-based+stereological+methods+for+counting+neurons.">Design-based stereological methods for counting neurons.</a> Prog Brain Res. 135, 43-51 (2002).</li><li>Keuker, J. I., Vollmann-Honsdorf, G. K., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+use+the+optical+fractionator:+an+example+based+on+the+estimation+of+neurons+in+the+hippocampal+CA1+and+CA3+regions+of+tree+shrews.">How to use the optical fractionator: an example based on the estimation of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of tree shrews.</a> Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 7 (3), 211-221 (2001).</li><li>Mouton, P. 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Grid_Overlay.java Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html</a> (2010)</li><li>. cell_counter.jar Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html</a> (2010)</li><li>Baquet, Z. C., Williams, D., Brody, J., Smeyne, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+model-based+(2D)+and+design-based+(3D)+stereological+methods+for+estimating+cell+number+in+the+substantia+nigra+pars+compacta+(SNpc)+of+the+C57BL/6J+mouse.">A comparison of model-based (2D) and design-based (3D) stereological methods for estimating cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the C57BL/6J mouse.</a> Neuroscience. 161 (4), 1082-1090 (2009).</li><li>Fu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cytoarchitectonic+and+chemoarchitectonic+analysis+of+the+dopamine+cell+groups+in+the+substantia+nigra,+ventral+tegmental+area,+and+retrorubral+field+in+the+mouse.">A cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic analysis of the dopamine cell groups in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and retrorubral field in the mouse.</a> Brain Struct Funct. 217 (2), 591-612 (2012).</li><li>German, D. 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Stereologi starter med væv behandling. Den serielle skæring af SN væv skal udføres omhyggeligt for at forhindre tab af dele under stereological analyse. Derudover er et afgørende skridt til at markere en halvkugle for at skelne højre fra venstre SN, når du udfører Stereologi. Placere et lille hul på den øverste del af hjernestammen genereret de bedste resultater i de præsenterede undersøgelse. Desuden siden arbejdet med de optiske fraktioneringskolonne metode kræver, at væv er skåret i tykke sektioner af c...

Kvantificering af neuronal celle nummer er afgørende i prækliniske Parkinsons sygdom forskning for at fastslå omfanget af neurodegeneration substantia nigra (SN)1,2. Den uvildige stereological estimering af celle nummer i en region af interesse betragtes som guldstandarden3,4,5.
Før fremkomsten af uvildige Stereologi, blev antallet af neuroner i sektioner vurderet ved at manipulere optalte celle profiler at korrigere for de variable sandsynligheder at neuroner kommer til syne i en sektion. En af de mest almindeligt anvendte metoder var korrektion af kvantificerede celletal beskrevet af Abercrombie6. Denne metode har forsøgt at tage i betragtning at celler kan kvantificeres mere end én gang, hvis fragmenter af den samme celle findes i tilstødende tynde sektioner. Derfor, Abercrombie og andre forfattere genereres ligninger, der kræves antagelser om form, størrelse og retning af optalte celler7,8. Disse antagelser var dog normalt ikke indså og derfor førte til systematisk fejl og afvigelse fra det faktiske celle nummer (dvs. bias). Desuden kunne bias ikke reduceres ved yderligere prøveudtagning3.
Til stereological vurdering af celle numre ved hjælp af den optiske fraktioneringskolonne der matematiske principper anvendes direkte anslå celle tal direkte i en defineret, 3-dimensionelle volumen. Fordelen ved denne metode er, at det ikke indebærer antagelser om form, størrelse og retning af celler der tælles. Således, den anslåede celle numre er tættere på de sande værdier og komme tættere stikprøvestørrelsen stiger (dvs, neutral)3. Fordi mange regler skal følges, når du bruger Stereologi for at holde metoden uvildig, klar-til-brug kommercielle Stereologi systemer har udviklet (til gennemsyn, se Schmitz og Hof, 20054). Specialiserede Stereologi systemer gennemføre design-baseret stereological metoder med en på forhånd defineret sonder og prøvetagningsordninger stereological vurderinger, der fører til uafhængighed fra form, størrelse, geografiske fordeling og orientering af de celler skal være analyseret4,9. Dog er kommercielt tilgængelige Stereologi systemer dyre; Dette kan begrænse gennemførelsen i ny forskning.
Formålet med denne undersøgelse var at udvikle en brugbar teknik til design-baseret stereological vurdering af dopaminerge celletal i mus SN, beskæftiger metoden optisk fraktioneringskolonne og ved hjælp af standard mikroskopi udstyr (dvs., lys mikroskop, standard mikroskop software og en motoriseret x, y, z fase). Dette præsenteres en trinvis vejledning om hvordan man behandler mus hjernevæv og skøn SN celle numre ved hjælp af design-baseret upartiske Stereologi. Derudover leveres skabeloner for beregningen af den anslåede celle numre og koefficienter af fejl (CE).
Metoden beskrevet her, er ikke begrænset til analysen af SN, men kan tilpasses til brug i andre anatomisk definerede regioner af hjernen, mus eller rotte. Eksempelvis er upartiske Stereologi blevet brugt til at estimere neuronal celle numre i hippocampus10 og locus coeruleus11. Derudover kan celletyper end neuroner, såsom astrocytter12 og mikroglia13, vurderes som godt. Derfor, denne metode kan være nyttig til forskere, der har til hensigt at iværksætte upartiske Stereologi i deres forskning, men er ikke villig til at bruge en masse penge til at købe en Stereologi system.

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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Paxinos mouse atlas</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">The Mouse Brain George Paxinos Keith B.J.FranklinCopyright @2001 by Academic Press CD Rom designet &#38; created by Paul Halasz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">brain matrix slicer mouse</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Zivic Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BSMAS 001-1</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sucrose /D(+) Saccharose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4621.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isopentane</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3927.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1040931000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32205-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">phosphate buffered saline ingredients:</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31434-1KG-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1048731000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1065801000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1049360500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4503-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X100-100ml</td>
			<td>detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">3,3-Diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochlorid/DAB tablets 10mg pH 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kem En Tec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:216px;">H2O2/ Hydrogen peroxide 30%</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1072090250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">avidin/biotin reagent</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32050</td>
			<td>Standard Ultra Sensitive ABC Staining Kit, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">rabbit anti mouse tyrosine hydroxylase antibody</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ab112</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">biotinylated goat-anti-rabbit IgG H+L</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">vector laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA-1000</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">MBF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BX53 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Visiview</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Visitron Systems GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3.3.0.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axiophot2</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ImageJ software</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 4.7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue-TEK OCT</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">grid overlay plugin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Wayne Rasband</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cell counter plugin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kurt de Vos</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">optical disector macro</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Christopher Ward</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6N male mice</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Charles River, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">SuperFrost Plus coated object slides</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">25G needle Microlance 3</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">300400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">REGLO Analog Infusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ismatec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ISM 829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">StereoInvestigator system</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BX53 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">BX53 microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">self-assorted stereology</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:467px;">Visiview</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axiophot2</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Axiophot2</td>
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stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fractionator and standard microscopy equipment

I prækliniske Parkinsons sygdom forskning er analyse af nigrostriatal tarmkanalen, herunder kvantificering af dopaminerge neuron tab inden for substantia nigra, afgørende. For at anslå det samlede dopaminerge neuron nummer, anses upartiske Stereologi ved hjælp af metoden optisk fraktioneringskolonne i øjeblikket guldstandarden. Fordi teorien bag metoden optisk fraktioneringskolonne er komplekse og Stereologi er vanskeligt at opnå uden specialudstyr, eksisterer flere kommercielt tilgængelige komplet Stereologi systemer, der indeholder den nødvendige software, rent for celle tælle grundene. Da køber en specialiseret Stereologi opsætning ikke er altid muligt, af mange grunde, denne rapport beskriver en metode for stereological vurdering af dopaminerge neuronal celle tæller ved hjælp af standard mikroskopi udstyr, herunder et lysmikroskop, en motoriseret objekttabellen (x, y, z flyet) med software til billedbehandling og en computer til analyse. En trin for trin forklaring gives på hvordan man udfører stereological kvantificering ved hjælp af metoden optisk fraktioneringskolonne, og præ-programmerede filer til beregning af forventede celletal leveres. For at vurdere rigtigheden af denne metode, blev en sammenligning med data fra et kommercielt tilgængelige Stereologi apparat udført. Sammenlignelige celle numre blev fundet ved hjælp af denne protokol og Stereologi enhed, dermed demonstrere præcisionen af denne protokol for uvildig Stereologi.

Ved hjælp af metoden præsenteres, det anslåede antal af TH + dopaminerge neuroner SN varierede mellem 7,363 og 7,987 celler til højre og venstre SN, mellem 7,446 og 7,904 celler. Det gennemsnitlige antal dopaminerge neuroner (± SEM) var således 7,647 ± 83 celler til højre SN og 7,675 ± 66 til venstre SN. Den beregnede CE for hvert dyr var lavere end 0,08 (range: 0.073-0.079) (figur 7). For at sikre sammenligneligheden af denne metode med kommercielt ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment at JoVE.

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Dette arbejde præsenterer en trinvis protokol for den uvildige stereological estimering af dopaminerge neuronal celle numre i mus substantia nigra ved hjælp af standard mikroskopi udstyr (dvs. et lysmikroskop en motoriseret objekttabellen (x, y, z fly), og public domain-software til digital billedanalyse.

Stereological vurdering af dopaminerge Neuron antallet i mus Substantia Nigra ved hjælp af optisk fraktioneringskolonne og Standard mikroskopi udstyr

In pre-clinical Parkinson&#39;s disease research, analysis of the nigrostriatal tract, including quantification of dopaminergic neuron loss within the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Imaging Lugt-Evoked Aktiviteter i musen lugtekolben bruger optisk reflektans og autofluorescens signaler

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

I ovo Elektroporation i Chick midthjernen for at studere genfunktion i dopaminerg Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Omfattende Profilering af Dopamin forordning i substantia nigra og ventrale tegmentale område

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Instrueret Dopaminerg Neuron Differentiering fra menneskelige pluripotente stamceller

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Den neuromuskulære forbindelse: Måling Synapse Størrelse, fragmentering og ændringer i Synaptic Protein Density Brug Konfokal Fluorescens mikroskopi

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Optisk kontrol af en neuronal protein under anvendelse af en genetisk indkodede naturlig aminosyre i neuroner

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

Assay to Measure Nucleocytoplasmic Transport in Real Time within Motor Neuron-like NSC-34 Cells

Analyse til måling af nukleocytoplasmisk transport i realtid inden for motor neuronlignende NSC-34 celler

Nucleocytoplasmic transport refers to the import and export of large molecules from the cell nucleus. Recently, a number of studies have shown a ...

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

Den optiske fraktioneringsteknik til estimering af celle tal i en rotte model for elektrokonvulsiv terapi

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Levende billeder af GLUT4 Protein handel med musen primære hypothalamus neuroner ved hjælp af Deconvolution mikroskopi

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

A Microbiomechanical System for Studying Varicosity Formation and Recovery in Central Neuron Axons

Et Microbiomechanical System for at studere Varicosity dannelse og opsving i centrale Neuron Axons

Axonal varicosities are enlarged structures along the shafts of axons with a high degree of heterogeneity. They are present not only in brains with ...