Name: stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fractionator and standard microscopy equipment
Uploaded: 2017-09-01T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment at JoVE.

Os autores são gratos Keali Röhm, Louisa Frieß e Heike Menzel para sua assistência técnica especializada; a Helga Brünner para o cuidado de animais; e a Chistopher S. Ward para a geração e a distribuição do disector óptica grade plugin para o software ImageJ.

todas as directrizes aplicáveis internacionais, nacionais e/ou institucionais para o cuidado e a utilização de animais foram seguidas. O protocolo foi aprovado pelas autoridades locais no Regierung von Unterfranken, Wuerzburg, Alemanha.
 1. processamento de tecidos e imuno-histoquímica <ol><li>Euthanize ratos com CO 2 ou quaisquer outros métodos aprovaram.</li>
	<li>Perfuse C56Bl/6N 12 semanas seis ratos masculinos transcardially com 10 mL de 0.1 M fosfato salino (PBS) usand...

<ol>
	<li>Ip, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV1/2-induced+overexpression+of+A53T-alpha-synuclein+in+the+substantia+nigra+results+in+degeneration+of+the+nigrostriatal+system+with+Lewy-like+pathology+and+motor+impairment:+a+new+mouse+model+for+Parkinson's+disease.">AAV1/2-induced overexpression of A53T-alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal system with Lewy-like pathology and motor impairment: a new mouse model for Parkinson's disease.</a> Acta Neuropathol Commun. 5 (1), 11 (2017).</li><li>Ip, C. W., Beck, S. K., Volkmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocytes+reduce+nigrostriatal+deficits+in+the+6-hydroxydopamine+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Lymphocytes reduce nigrostriatal deficits in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> J Neural Transm (Vienna). 122 (12), 1633-1643 (2015).</li><li>West, M. J., Slomianka, L., Gundersen, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbiased+stereological+estimation+of+the+total+number+of+neurons+in+thesubdivisions+of+the+rat+hippocampus+using+the+optical+fractionator.">Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in thesubdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator.</a> Anat Rec. 231 (4), 482-497 (1991).</li><li>Schmitz, C., Hof, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design-based+stereology+in+neuroscience.">Design-based stereology in neuroscience.</a> Neuroscience. 130 (4), 813-831 (2005).</li><li>Tieu, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guide+to+neurotoxic+animal+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">A guide to neurotoxic animal models of Parkinson's disease.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 1 (1), e009316 (2011).</li><li>Abercrombie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+nuclear+population+from+microtome+sections.">Estimation of nuclear population from microtome sections.</a> Anat Rec. 94, 239-247 (1946).</li><li>Rose, R. D., Rohrlich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counting+sectioned+cells+via+mathematical+reconstruction.">Counting sectioned cells via mathematical reconstruction.</a> J Comp Neurol. 263 (3), 365-386 (1987).</li><li>Weibel, E. R., Gomez, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+principle+for+counting+tissue+structures+on+random+sections.">A principle for counting tissue structures on random sections.</a> J Appl Physiol. 17, 343-348 (1962).</li><li>West, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design-based+stereological+methods+for+counting+neurons.">Design-based stereological methods for counting neurons.</a> Prog Brain Res. 135, 43-51 (2002).</li><li>Keuker, J. I., Vollmann-Honsdorf, G. K., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+use+the+optical+fractionator:+an+example+based+on+the+estimation+of+neurons+in+the+hippocampal+CA1+and+CA3+regions+of+tree+shrews.">How to use the optical fractionator: an example based on the estimation of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions of tree shrews.</a> Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 7 (3), 211-221 (2001).</li><li>Mouton, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+age+and+lipopolysaccharide+(LPS)-mediated+peripheral+inflammation+on+numbers+of+central+catecholaminergic+neurons.">The effects of age and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated peripheral inflammation on numbers of central catecholaminergic neurons.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 33 (2), e427-e436 (2012).</li><li>Barreto, G. E., Sun, X., Xu, L., Giffard, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte+proliferation+following+stroke+in+the+mouse+depends+on+distance+from+the+infarct.">Astrocyte proliferation following stroke in the mouse depends on distance from the infarct.</a> PLoS One. 6 (11), e27881 (2011).</li><li>Robinson, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstructural+and+microglial+changes+after+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury+in+mice.">Microstructural and microglial changes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in mice.</a> J Neurosci Res. 95 (4), 1025-1035 (2017).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. , (2001).</li><li>. Grid_Overlay.java Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html</a> (2010)</li><li>. cell_counter.jar Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html">https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html</a> (2010)</li><li>Baquet, Z. C., Williams, D., Brody, J., Smeyne, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+model-based+(2D)+and+design-based+(3D)+stereological+methods+for+estimating+cell+number+in+the+substantia+nigra+pars+compacta+(SNpc)+of+the+C57BL/6J+mouse.">A comparison of model-based (2D) and design-based (3D) stereological methods for estimating cell number in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the C57BL/6J mouse.</a> Neuroscience. 161 (4), 1082-1090 (2009).</li><li>Fu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cytoarchitectonic+and+chemoarchitectonic+analysis+of+the+dopamine+cell+groups+in+the+substantia+nigra,+ventral+tegmental+area,+and+retrorubral+field+in+the+mouse.">A cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic analysis of the dopamine cell groups in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and retrorubral field in the mouse.</a> Brain Struct Funct. 217 (2), 591-612 (2012).</li><li>German, D. C., Manaye, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midbrain+dopaminergic+neurons+(nuclei+A8,+A9,+and+A10):+three-dimensional+reconstruction+in+the+rat.">Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (nuclei A8, A9, and A10): three-dimensional reconstruction in the rat.</a> J Comp Neurol. 331 (3), 297-309 (1993).</li><li>Smeyne, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+the+Effects+of+MPTP+and+Paraquat+on+Dopaminergic+Neurons+and+Microglia+in+the+Substantia+Nigra+Pars+Compacta+of+C57BL/6+Mice.">Assessment of the Effects of MPTP and Paraquat on Dopaminergic Neurons and Microglia in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of C57BL/6 Mice.</a> PLoS One. 11 (10), e0164094 (2016).</li></ol>

Stereology começa com o processamento do tecido. O serial corte de tecido SN deve ser realizado com cuidado para evitar a perda de seções durante a análise stereological. Além disso, é um passo essencial para marcar um hemisfério a fim de distinguir a direita da esquerda SN ao executar stereology. Colocação de um pequeno orifício na parte superior do tronco cerebral gerou os melhores resultados no estudo apresentado. Além disso, desde que está com as exigências do método fracionador óptico que o tecido é ...

A quantificação do número de células neuronais é crucial na investigação pré-clínica da doença de Parkinson, para determinar o nível de neurodegeneração dentro da substância negra (SN)1,2. A imparcial stereological estimativa do número de células em uma região de interesse é considerada o padrão-ouro,3,4,5.
Antes do advento do stereology imparcial, o número de neurônios em seções foi avaliado através da manipulação de células contadas perfis para corrigir as probabilidades variáveis que neurônios entram em vista em uma seção. Um dos métodos mais utilizados era a correção da contagem de células quantificados descrito por Abercrombie6. Este método tentou levar em conta que as células possam ser quantificadas mais uma vez se encontram-se fragmentos da mesma célula em seções finas adjacentes. Portanto, Abercrombie e outros autores geraram equações que exigia a suposições sobre a forma, tamanho e orientação de células contadas7,8. No entanto, essas suposições foram geralmente não percebeu e, portanto, levou a erros sistemáticos e divergência do número real da célula (isto é, preconceito). Além disso, o preconceito não poderia ser reduzido por amostragem adicionais3.
Para a stereological estimativa do número de células usando o fracionador óptico, princípios matemáticos são aplicados para estimar diretamente o número de células diretamente em um volume definido, 3-dimensional. A vantagem deste método é que não envolve pressupostos sobre a forma, tamanho e orientação das células sendo contadas. Assim, o número de células estimado aproximam-se para os verdadeiros valores e se aproximar à medida que o tamanho da amostra aumenta (ou seja, imparcial)3. Porque muitas regras devem ser seguidas ao usar stereology para manter o método imparcial, foram desenvolvidos sistemas prontos para uso comercial stereology (para revisão, consulte Schmitz e Hof, 2005,4). Sistemas especializados stereology implementam métodos stereological design baseado com um priori definido sondas e esquemas de amostragem para as avaliações stereological que levam à independência da forma, tamanho, distribuição espacial e a orientação do células a ser analisados4,9. No entanto, sistemas stereology comercialmente disponíveis são caros; Isto pode limitar a implementação em novas pesquisas.
O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma técnica útil para a estimativa stereological baseada em projeto de contagem de células dopaminérgicas no mouse SN, empregando o método fracionador óptico e usando equipamentos de microscopia padrão (ou seja, luz microscópio, microscópio padrão software e uma motorizada x, y, z estágio). Por isso, é apresentado um guia passo a passo sobre como processar o tecido de cérebro de rato e como estimar o número de células do SN usando stereology imparcial baseado em projeto. Além disso, os modelos para o cálculo dos números de célula estimado e coeficientes de erro (CE) são fornecidos.
O método descrito aqui não é limitado à análise da SN, mas pode ser adaptado para uso em outras regiões anatomicamente definidas do cérebro do rato ou rato. Por exemplo, stereology imparcial tem sido usada para estimar os números de celular neuronal no hipocampo10 e o locus coeruleus11. Além disso, tipos de células que não sejam os neurônios, tais como astrócitos12 e microglia13, podem ser avaliados também. Portanto, esse método pode ser útil para os cientistas que pretendem implementar stereology imparcial em suas pesquisas, mas não estão dispostos a gastar muito dinheiro para comprar um sistema stereology.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1019">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Paxinos mouse atlas</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">The Mouse Brain George Paxinos Keith B.J.FranklinCopyright @2001 by Academic Press CD Rom designet &#38; created by Paul Halasz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">brain matrix slicer mouse</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Zivic Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BSMAS 001-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1040051000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sucrose /D(+) Saccharose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4621.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">isopentane</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Roth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3927.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1040931000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32205-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">phosphate buffered saline ingredients:</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31434-1KG-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">potassium dihydrogen phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1048731000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1065801000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1049360500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A4503-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X100-100ml</td>
			<td>detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">3,3-Diaminobenzidine-tetrahydrochlorid/DAB tablets 10mg pH 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kem En Tec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:216px;">H2O2/ Hydrogen peroxide 30%</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1072090250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">avidin/biotin reagent</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32050</td>
			<td>Standard Ultra Sensitive ABC Staining Kit, 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">rabbit anti mouse tyrosine hydroxylase antibody</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ab112</td>
			<td>1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">biotinylated goat-anti-rabbit IgG H+L</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">vector laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BA-1000</td>
			<td>1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">MBF</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BX53 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Visiview</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Visitron Systems GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3.3.0.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axiophot2</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ImageJ software</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Version 4.7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tissue-TEK OCT</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Sakura</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">dry ice</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">grid overlay plugin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Wayne Rasband</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/graphic-overlay.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cell counter plugin</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Kurt de Vos</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/plugins/cell-counter.html).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">optical disector macro</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Christopher Ward</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6N male mice</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Charles River, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">SuperFrost Plus coated object slides</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Langenbrinck, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">25G needle Microlance 3</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">BD&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">300400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">REGLO Analog Infusion pump</td>
			<td style="width:217px;">Ismatec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ISM 829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">StereoInvestigator system</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">StereoInvestigator version 11.07</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BX53 microscope</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">BX53 microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">self-assorted stereology</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Visiview</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Axiophot2</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:467px;">Axiophot2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fractionator and standard microscopy equipment

Em pesquisa pré-clínica da doença de Parkinson, análise do tracto nigrostriatal, incluindo a quantificação da perda de neurônio dopaminérgico dentro da substantia nigra, é essencial. Para estimar o número de neurônios dopaminérgicos total, imparcial stereology usando o método fracionador óptico atualmente é considerada o padrão-ouro. Porque a teoria por trás do método fracionador óptico é complexa e stereology é difícil de alcançar sem equipamento especializado, vários sistemas disponíveis comercialmente stereology completa que incluem o software necessário existe, puramente para celular contando razões. Uma vez que compra uma instalação especializada stereology não é sempre viável, por muitas razões, este relatório descreve um método para a estimativa stereological da célula neuronal dopaminergic conta usando equipamentos de microscopia padrão, incluindo um microscópio de luz, um motorizado objeto da tabela (x, y, z plano) com o software de imagem e um computador para análise. Uma explicação passo a passo é dada sobre como realizar a quantificação stereological usando o método fracionador óptico e arquivos previamente programados para o cálculo de contagem de células estimados são fornecidos. Para avaliar a precisão desse método, foi realizada uma comparação com dados obtidos de um aparelho stereology comercialmente disponível. Números de telemóvel comparáveis foram encontrados usando este protocolo e o dispositivo stereology, demonstrando assim a precisão do presente protocolo para stereology imparcial.

Usando o método apresentado, o número estimado de TH + neurônios dopaminérgicos no direito SN variou entre células 7.363 e 7.987 e, no canto esquerdo da SN, entre as células 7.446 e 7.904. Assim, o número médio de neurônios dopaminérgicos (± SEM) foi 7.647 ± 83 células para a direita, SN e 7.675 ± 66 para a esquerda, SN. O CE calculado para cada animal foi inferior a 0,08 (intervalo: 0.073-0.079) (Figura 7). Para verificar a comparabilidade dess...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment at JoVE.

Stereological Estimation of Dopaminergic Neuron Number in the Mouse Substantia Nigra Using the Optical Fractionator and Standard Microscopy Equipment

Este trabalho apresenta um protocolo passo a passo para a estimativa stereological imparcial de números de celular neuronal dopaminérgicos na substância negra do mouse usando o equipamento padrão de microscopia (i.e., um microscópio de luz, uma tabela de objetos motorizado (x, y, z avião) e software de domínio público para análise de imagem digital.

Stereological estimativa do número de neurônios Dopaminergic na substância negra do Mouse usando o fracionador óptico e equipamento padrão de microscopia

In pre-clinical Parkinson&#39;s disease research, analysis of the nigrostriatal tract, including quantification of dopaminergic neuron loss within the ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to describe the design-based stereological estimation of dopaminergic cell number in the mouse SN using standard microscopy equipment. This method is useful to estimate the number of dopaminergic neurons in the mouse substantia nigra for preclinical Parkinson's disease research using design-based unbiased stereology. The main advantage of this technique is that it can be accomplished with standard microscopy equipment without need for a commercially available complete stereology setup.Demonstrating the procedure will be Louisa Friez, a technician from my laboratory. Begin by placing a paraformaldehyde fixed mouse brain into a brain matrix and making a cut plus 0.74 millimeters from bregma. Transfer the caudal part of the brain including the SN into 4%PFA in 0.1 molar and fix overnight at four degrees Celsius.The next day, exchange the PFA for 30%sucrose in 0.1 molar PBS and incubate for another two days at four degrees Celsius to cryo protect the sample. After two days when the brain has sunk in the sucrose, place the tissue into a Cryomold filled with optimal cutting temperature compound and slowly freeze the tissue in liquid dry ice cooled isopentane. Use a cryostat to serially cut 30 micron cryo sections in the coronal plane.Mark the right hemisphere by puncturing a small hole into the upper region of the brain stem. Collect four series of sections starting at minus 2.46 millimeters from bregma and ending at 4.04 millimeters from bregma. Transfer each series of sections into a tube filled with cryoprotectant and store at minus 20 degrees Celsius.Capture digital images of tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemically stained SN sections using imaging software coupled to a microscope. Start by determining the actual mount and thickness of the sections at three randomly selected counting sites per section. First click on view top offset to define the top of the section.Then click on stop view top. Thereafter, click on view bottom offset and then click on stop view bottom. Write down the thickness of the section.Calculate the guard zone by subtracting three microns from the top offset and type the result into the top offset box. Then subtract the 13 micron height of the optical dissector from the top offset number and type the result into the bottom offset box. Select the following parameters, steps 14, size 1.00.Select the directory to save the file. Click on sequence to start the acquisition. After the images have been acquired, click on processing and select the following parameters, all planes from sequence, montage and the fast and stitching boxes with an image overlap of 10%Start to stitch the images by clicking on start.This will generate stack images for analysis. To begin, open the image by clicking on file and open. Set the image scale by using the analyze and set scale command.From this step, change the defined size from pixels to microns. Select the plugins then grid then grid type lines command to randomly insert a grid. Check the random offset box.Define the size of one square within the grid as 130 microns by 130 microns to equal 16, 900 square microns. Change image type from 16-bit to RGB color by clicking on image then type then RGB color. Locate the substantia nigra pars compacta.Encircle the region with the paintbrush tool using a brush width of 11. Undo the set scale command by clicking on analyze then set scale then click to remove scale to calculate in pixels rather than microns. Take a screenshot, save the image file and open the new file with ImageJ.Select brush and a brush width of 25. Mark every grid square that contacts the SN for placement of an optical dissector. Select one grid square that includes parts of the SN.Measure the upper left corner of the square with the cursor in ImageJ to define the starting x and y coordinates.Select the spreadsheet template entitled optical dissector position and calculate the optical dissector position. Then estimate the cell number using the calculation of cell count spreadsheet as described in the written portion of the protocol. This low power image shows a section of mouse brain after TH staining for dopaminergic neurons.Higher magnification depicts TH positive dopaminergic neurons. The inset shows the boxed region at increased magnification. This image shows one series of TH stained SN sections covering the whole mouse SN from rostral to caudal.Each section is separated from the consecutive section by 120 microns. The number of TH positive neurons in the right and left mouse SN were estimated using the method shown in this video and using a commercially available stereology system. As seen here, both methods resulted in comparable cell counts and there were no significant differences between data sets.Don't forget that working with paraformaldehyde can be extremely hazardous and precautions such as wearing of personal protection equipment like protective gloves should always be taken while performing this procedure. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to perform unbiased stereological estimation of dopaminergic neuron number in the mouse substantia nigra using the optical fraction method and standard microscopy equipment.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

Em Imaging vivo do Cordão do rato Spinal Usando Two-photon Microscopia

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

Neurociência

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Atividades de imagem Odor-Evocados no bulbo olfatório do rato usando reflectância óptica e Sinais de autofluorescência

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Na eletroporação in ovo em Midbrain pintainho para estudar a função do gene em dopaminérgico Desenvolvimento Neuron

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Profiling abrangente do Regulamento dopamina em substância negra e área tegmental ventral

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dirigido neurônios dopaminérgicos Diferenciação de Células-Tronco pluripotentes humanas

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

A Junção Neuromuscular: Synapse Medir o tamanho, Mudanças de fragmentação e em Synaptic Density proteína utilizando microscopia de fluorescência confocal

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the large, cholinergic relay synapse through which mammalian motor neurons control voluntary muscle contraction. ...

Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons

Controlo óptico de uma proteína neuronal utilizando um ácido Unnatural Amino geneticamente codificados em neurónios

Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to ...

The Optical Fractionator Technique to Estimate Cell Numbers in a Rat Model of Electroconvulsive Therapy

A técnica de fracionador óptico para estimar números de células em um modelo de rato de terapia eletroconvulsiva

Stereological methods are designed to describe quantitative parameters without making assumptions about size, shape, orientation and distribution of cells ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Imagens ao vivo da proteína GLUT4 tráfico de Mouse de neurônios hipotálamo primário usando microscopia de deconvolução

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

A Microbiomechanical System for Studying Varicosity Formation and Recovery in Central Neuron Axons

Um sistema de Microbiomechanical para estudar a formação de varizes e a recuperação no axônio do neurônio Central

Axonal varicosities are enlarged structures along the shafts of axons with a high degree of heterogeneity. They are present not only in brains with ...