Name: flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells
Uploaded: 2018-01-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Dette arbejde er blevet delvist understøttet af NIH R01CA187780.

Bemærk: Astroglial og neuronal lentivirus reporter systemer blev købt som færdigpakkede, koncentreret lentiviral præparater. Grundlæggende kendskab til flow flowcytometri teknik er påkrævet. Også, en fuld anvendelse af denne protokol brugeren vil have adgang til et flow Flowcytometret med høj kapacitet (accepterer 96-brønd plader som eksempelkilden).
1. lentiviral Transcriptional Reporter System
Bemærk: I alle flow cytometric analyser, bruge forældrekontro...

<ol>
	<li>Maher, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malignant+glioma:+genetics+and+biology+of+a+grave+matter.">Malignant glioma: genetics and biology of a grave matter.</a> Genes Dev. 15 (11), 1311-1333 (2001).</li><li>Bonavia, R., Inda, M. M., Cavenee, W. K., Furnari, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+maintenance+in+glioblastoma:+a+social+network.">Heterogeneity maintenance in glioblastoma: a social network.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (12), 4055-4060 (2011).</li><li>Bao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+stem+cells+promote+radioresistance+by+preferential+activation+of+the+DNA+damage+response.">Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 756-760 (2006).</li><li>Sul, J., Fine, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malignant+gliomas:+new+translational+therapies.">Malignant gliomas: new translational therapies.</a> Mt Sinai J Med. 77 (6), 655-666 (2010).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Chaudhry, A., Farah, M. H., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+promotes+medulloblastoma+survival+via+Bc/II.">Hedgehog signaling promotes medulloblastoma survival via Bc/II.</a> Am J Pathol. 170 (1), 347-355 (2007).</li><li>Chu, Q., Orr, B. A., Semenkow, S., Bar, E. E., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+inhibition+of+glioblastoma+xenograft+initiation+and+clonogenic+growth+following+in+vivo+Notch+blockade.">Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 19 (12), 3224-3233 (2013).</li><li>Schreck, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Notch+target+Hes1+directly+modulates+Gli1+expression+and+Hedgehog+signaling:+a+potential+mechanism+of+therapeutic+resistance.">The Notch target Hes1 directly modulates Gli1 expression and Hedgehog signaling: a potential mechanism of therapeutic resistance.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 16 (24), 6060-6070 (2010).</li><li>Warrell, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+therapy+of+acute+promyelocytic+leukemia+with+tretinoin+(all-trans-retinoic+acid).">Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid).</a> N Engl J Med. 324 (20), 1385-1393 (1991).</li><li>Piccirillo, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins+inhibit+the+tumorigenic+potential+of+human+brain+tumour-initiating+cells.">Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 761-765 (2006).</li><li>Bar, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopamine-mediated+hedgehog+pathway+inhibition+depletes+stem-like+cancer+cells+in+glioblastoma.">Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (10), 2524-2533 (2007).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Lin, A., Mahairaki, V., Matsui, W., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+the+expression+of+stem-cell+markers+and+promotes+clonogenicity+in+glioblastoma+neurospheres.">Hypoxia increases the expression of stem-cell markers and promotes clonogenicity in glioblastoma neurospheres.</a> Am J Pathol. 177 (3), 1491-1502 (2010).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD133/CD15+defines+distinct+cell+subpopulations+with+differential+in+vitro+clonogenic+activity+and+stem+cell-related+gene+expression+profile+in+in+vitro+propagated+glioblastoma+multiforme-derived+cell+line+with+a+PNET-like+component.">CD133/CD15 defines distinct cell subpopulations with differential in vitro clonogenic activity and stem cell-related gene expression profile in in vitro propagated glioblastoma multiforme-derived cell line with a PNET-like component.</a> Folia Neuropathol. 50 (4), 357-368 (2012).</li><li>Lim, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+monocarboxylate+transporter-4+depletes+stem-like+glioblastoma+cells+and+inhibits+HIF+transcriptional+response+in+a+lactate-independent+manner.">Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter-4 depletes stem-like glioblastoma cells and inhibits HIF transcriptional response in a lactate-independent manner.</a> Oncogene. 33 (35), 4433-4441 (2014).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZEB1+Promotes+Invasion+in+Human+Fetal+Neural+Stem+Cells+and+Hypoxic+Glioma+Neurospheres.">ZEB1 Promotes Invasion in Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells and Hypoxic Glioma Neurospheres.</a> Brain Pathol. 25 (6), 724-732 (2014).</li><li>Hu, Y., Smyth, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELDA:+extreme+limiting+dilution+analysis+for+comparing+depleted+and+enriched+populations+in+stem+cell+and+other+assays.">ELDA: extreme limiting dilution analysis for comparing depleted and enriched populations in stem cell and other assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 347 (1-2), 70-78 (2009).</li><li>Meyer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell-derived+clonal+analysis+of+human+glioblastoma+links+functional+and+genomic+heterogeneity.">Single cell-derived clonal analysis of human glioblastoma links functional and genomic heterogeneity.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (3), 851-856 (2015).</li><li>Galli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+tumorigenic,+stem-like+neural+precursors+from+human+glioblastoma.">Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma.</a> Cancer Res. 64 (19), 7011-7021 (2004).</li><li>Spina, R., Voss, D. M., Asnaghi, L., Sloan, A., Bar, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atracurium+Besylate+and+other+neuromuscular+blocking+agents+promote+astroglial+differentiation+and+deplete+glioblastoma+stem+cells.">Atracurium Besylate and other neuromuscular blocking agents promote astroglial differentiation and deplete glioblastoma stem cells.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (1), 459-472 (2016).</li></ol>

Mens de fleste af de tidligere undersøgelser af GSCs fokuseret primært på markører, der definerer dem, i denne undersøgelse besluttede vi at tage den omvendte fremgangsmåde. Vi fokuserer primært på de differentierede descendenter genereret af GSCs (fx celler udtrykker astroglial og neuronal markører). Her viser vi udnyttelse af en celle-baserede høj overførselshastighed stof screening system, der er baseret på menneskelige GFAP promotor-afhængige udtryk for normal god landbrugspraksis. Alle eksperimenterne b...

Nylige undersøgelser har vist, at tumorer indeholder en lille population af celler, betegnes kræftstamceller (CSCs) eller tumor-indlede celler, som er ansvarlig for tumor progression, metastaser og modstand mod kemo - og radio-terapier 1, 2. tilstedeværelsen af kræftstamceller og deres mere differentieret descendenter inden for tumorer betragtes som en vigtig faktor at fremme intratumoral heterogenitet og udgør således en stor forhindring i behandling af kræft3. Tumor celle hierarki, leveret af kræft stamceller teori, har inspireret udviklingen af nye strategier til at behandle kræft 4. En metode for målretning af kræftstamceller er at identificere og hæmmer signaling veje, der er kendt for at være nødvendige under fosterudviklingen af det berørte organ. Faktisk, vi og andre har tidligere offentliggjort flere artikler beskriver den løbende krav om de stamcelle-relevante signaling nervebaner Sonic Hedgehog og hak i glioblastom5,6,7. Dette arbejde har hjulpet i solidifying begrundelsen for flere GBM kliniske forsøg. En anden tilgang til at målrette kræftstamceller er at fremme deres differentiering. Denne tilgang har modtaget megen støtte på grund af de gunstige resultater af prækliniske og kliniske undersøgelser i behandling af akut promyelocyt leukæmi med retinoid syre (ATRA, et vitamin-A analog). Her fandtes ATRA at fjerne modning blok og fremme kræft celle differentiering8. Mere nylig, Piccirillo og kolleger har elegant vist at BMP-4 fremmer GSR differentiering i astrocytter med betydelig anti-GBM virkninger i in vitro og i vivo9.
Begrundelsen for den nuværende undersøgelse er baseret på en "omvendt engineering" tilgang til at målrette GSCs. I betragtning af den enorme heterogenitet stede i GBM og med dårlig differentiering er et af kendetegnene ved kræft, spurgte vi hvis vi kunne fremme en mere gunstig fænotype - differentiering i en astrocyte-lignende tilstand. Vi har her, ikke forudgående kendskab til signalering veje at opretholde GSCs i en given tumor modellen men snarere har til formål at opnå en ønsket fænotype (fx GFAP positivitet).
Denne rapport beskriver de procedurer, der anvendes til at etablere GSR differentiering reporter-linjer fra transduktion af GSR-beriget kulturer til GSR klonavl. Glioblastom neurosphere linjer bruges blev etableret i laboratoriet af Professor Angelo Vescovi fra patienter med en diagnose af primær glioblastom på hospitalet San Raffaele - Milano, Italien. Disse linjer er blevet grundigt undersøgt i flere publikationer 6,10,11,12,13,14. Det anbefales, at personer, der er interesseret i at gennemføre disse teknikker i deres laboratorium afgøre relevansen af reporter at kræft stamceller selvfornyelse kapacitet i de celler, de planlægger at studere (dette er sandt for enhver journalist). En detaljeret protokol for en af de in vitro- clonogenic assays accepteret i feltet er fastsat til at udføre denne15,16. Endelig, en detaljeret protokol beskriver udnyttelse af differentiering reporter-linjer i et flowcytometri baseret stof skærmen er leveret i slutningen. Af note, ligeledes astroglial differentiering systemet beskrevet her, har vi med succes etableret og godkendt GSR reporter linjer integrere en MAP2:GFP (neuronal differentiering) reporter. Derfor, metoderne, der beskrives i dette papir kan anvendes til at studere Celledifferentiering i forskellige celle lineages.
Nogle af tallene i denne rapport kan findes i en nylig publikation: "Atracurium Besylate og andre neuromuskulære blokerende agenter fremme astroglial differentiering og nedbryder glioblastom stamceller18.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO Complete Accutase</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SF006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H6648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human GFAP Differentiation Reporter (pGreenZeo, Virus)</td>
			<td>SBI (System Biosciences)</td>
			<td>SR10015VA-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml sterile disposable reagent reservoirs</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T25 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T75 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 0.5 - 20uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 5-250uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 25 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 250 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-9025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guava easyCyte 5HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>0500-4005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH Clinical Collections 1 and 2 small molecule libraries</td>
			<td>Evotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>For the preparation of neural stem cell media (500 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>GoldBio.com</td>
			<td>A-421-250</td>
			<td>0.20%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 10X</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>90-091-PB</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td>0.0002%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4036</td>
			<td>5.4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin- Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-5761</td>
			<td>14.5 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td>16 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5780</td>
			<td>4.8 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic FGF (FGF2), Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1140-02-50</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF, Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1150-04-100</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle-Top Filter, 150ml, 33mm, 0.22um, Pes, S, Ind</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431160</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterlize media</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells

Glioblastom (GBM) er den mest almindelige og mest dødbringende primær hjernetumor i voksne, forårsager omkring 14.000 dødsfald hvert år i USA alene. Median overlevelse efter diagnosen er mindre end 15 måneder med maksimal kirurgisk resektion, stråling og temozolomide kemoterapi. Udfordringer forbundet med at udvikle mere effektive GBM behandlinger er blevet stadig mere klart, og omfatter sin ubøjelige invasionsevne, dens modstand til standard behandlinger, dens genetiske kompleksitet og molekylære tilpasningsevne og delpopulationer af GBM celler med fænotypisk ligheder med normal stamceller, herefter omtalt som glioblastom stamceller (GSCs). Fordi GSCs er nødvendige for tumorvækst og progression, repræsenterer differentiering-baseret terapi en levedygtig behandling modalitet for disse uhelbredelig neoplasmer.
Følgende protokol beskriver en samling af procedurer til at etablere en high throughput screening platform med henblik på identifikation af små molekyler, der fremmer GSR astroglial differentiering. Kernen i systemet er en glial fibrillære sure protein (GFAP) differentiering reporter-konstruktion. Protokollen indeholder følgende generelle procedurer: (1) oprettelse af GSR differentiering reporter linjer; (2) test/validering reporter relevans for GSR self-fornyelse/clonogenic kapacitet; og (3) høj kapacitet flowcytometri baseret stof screening.
Screening platform giver en enkel og billig metode til at identificere små molekyler, der fremmer GSCs differentiering. Derudover rummer udnyttelse af biblioteker af FDA-godkendt medicin potentiale til identificering af agenser, der kan repurposed hurtigere. Også forventes terapier, der fremmer kræft stamceller differentiering at arbejde synergistisk med nuværende "standard of care" behandlingsformer, der har vist sig at målrette og fjerne primært mere differentierede kræftceller.

Tre uafhængige patient-afledte neurospheres linjer var transduced med lentivirus astroglial journalist kodning for et grønt-fluorescerende proteiner (NGL) smeltet i-frame med en Zeocin modstand kassette og drevet af den menneskelige GFAP promotor element ( Figur 1). Næste enkelte kloner var isoleret ved plettering 0,7 celler pr. brønd i en 96 godt plade (figur 2), dette blev efterfulgt af flow cytometric bestemmelse af procen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Flow flowcytometri-baserede stof Screening System til identifikation af små molekyler, der fremmer Celledifferentiering glioblastom stamceller

En effektiv screening protokol præsenteres til identifikation af små molekyler, der fremmer astroglial differentiering i glioblastom stamceller (GSCs). Analysen er baseret på en stamcelle differentiering reporter hvorved udtryk for forbedrede normal god landbrugspraksis (eGFP) er drevet af den menneskelige GFAP promotor.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor in adults, causing roughly 14,000 deaths each year in the U.S. alone. Median ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to screen small molecule libraries for agents that promote astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells. This method can help answer key questions in the cancer stem cell field, such as what are the signaling pathways that are required for maintaining glioblastoma stem cells in the undifferentiated state. Proper execution of this technique allows for the straightforward identification of small molecules that promote glioblastoma stem cell differentiation.The implication of this technique extend toward therapy for Ehlers-Danlos glioblastoma because reducing the percentage of glioblastoma stem cells may decrease the likelihood of recurrence. This method can also be applied to setting differentiation into other cell lineages using other reporter constructs. Our report is the first to establish a high throughput approach to screen for agents that force glioma stem cells to differentiate.Working with lentivirus particles in cancer cells derived from patients can be extremely hazardous. Therefore standard procedure for working with bloodborne pathogens should always be followed. To begin, seed one million glioblastoma stem cells or GSCs in two milliliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a six-well plate.Next, transduce the cells with the lentivirus reporter at a multiplicity of infection equal to five. To the cell and virus mixture, add two microliters of polybrene such that the final concentration is eight micrograms per milliliter, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2 overnight. After incubation, replace the growth medium to remove unbound virus.And centrifuge cells at 360 times G for five minutes. Then carefully aspirate medium and plate cells back in a six-well plate. And continue to incubate the cells for 24 hours.Harvest 0.5 milliliters of the total culture volume. Pellet cells by centrifugation at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Resuspend cells in 0.5 milliliters fresh neural stem cell growth medium.Place the plate back in the incubator to allow for expansion for at least 72 hours. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent and incubate for five minutes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius. Dissociate cells by pippetting up and down gently.To the dissociated cells add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Next, transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate. Determine the percentage of cells expressing the green fluorescent protein by flow cytometry.Record at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. In all flow cytometric analysis use parental non-transduced cells or vector-transduced nonfluorescent cells to establish baseline fluorescence. To select and expand individual subclones seed cells at a density of 0.7 cells per well in 100 microliters of neural stem cell medium in a 96-well plate.Maintain these clones in culture for 11 days. Look out for neurospheres with a diameter greater than 100 microns. We have previously established this cutoff size to retrospectively determine if the neuorsphere was originated by a self-renewing glioblastoma stem cell.This cutoff size may need optimization when working with different glioblastoma cell models. Observe the cells under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a FITC filter and mark wells that contain a single neurosphere in which approximately one 1%to 5%of the cells are GFP-positive. After marking, expand individual clones until a sufficient number of cells is available for flow cytometry analysis.Assuming the reporter clones contain 1%to 5%of GFP-positive cells, harvest 0.5 milliliters from each clone along with an equal quantity of non-transduced control cells to determine the exact percentage of GFP-positive cells. After pelleting cells at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature, aspirate the supernatant. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent to each pellet and incubate the tubes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius.After incubation, triturate the cells about 20 to 30 times to achieve a single cell suspension. Then add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Now transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate.Finally, perform flow cytometry, recording at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. To assess the clonogenic capacity prepare single cell suspensions of differentiation reporter subclones by triturating the cells about 20 to 30 times. Then plate these cells in 100 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium at a density of about five to 500 cells per well in 96-multiwell plates.Maintain these cells in culture for nine to 11 days. Look for neurospheres under a light microscope. A well containing at least one single large neurosphere is considered positive.Considering parental non-transduced cells and GFP-positive lentivirus-transduced cells as controls input the total wells analyzed and the number of positive cells on the ELDA online interface. To begin screening, plate 5000 cells in 99 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a 96-well plate. Then with a 12-channel pipettor treat cells with two micromolar final concentration of diluted library compounds or with the DMSO control.Incubate the cells for 72 hours. Now add 150 microliters of cell dissociation reagent using a 12-channel pipettor in each well and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Then gently triturate the cells in each well about 20 to 30 times using a 12-channel pipettor until a single cell suspension is achieved.Now perform flow cytometry and determine the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. First determine the cell size and viability from the forward and side scatters and gate the viable cell population. Then determine the GFP-positive cells within the viable cell population.An increase of percentage of GFP-positive cells by three standard deviations over controls is considered to be a positive hit which may be adjusted to accommodate user preference of stringency. Representative images of HSR-GBM1 GSC subclones expressing low and high levels of GFAP:GFP are shown. The subclones positive for GFAP:GFP expression were selected by flow cytometry for the patient-derived neurosphere line.Here, low GFAP:GFP indicates that less than 5%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive, while high GFAP:GFP indicates that greater than 75%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive. These results show that in vitro self-renewal capacity of GFAP-low subclones is higher than their GFAP-high counterparts as determined by ELDA. Therefore GH subclones are more differentiated than GL subclones.Finally, drug libraries were screened to identify agents capable to induce astroglial differentiation in GSCs. 12 drugs were found to significantly increase the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few weeks if it is performed properly.Following this procedure other methods like alamarBlue assay, clonogenic assay in semisolid media, flank or intracranial xenograph injection can be performed in order to answer additional questions like the effect of selective drugs on cellular proliferation and clonogenicity in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to identify compounds capable of inducing astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

Generation af høj overførselshastighed tredimensionale Tumor Spheroids for narkotika-Screening

Cancer cells have routinely been cultured in two dimensions (2D) on a plastic surface. This technique, however, lacks the true environment a tumor mass is ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Live-celle Imaging Assays til undersøgelse glioblastom hjerne Tumor stamcelle Migration og Invasion

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal

Flow Cytometric påvisning af nydannede brystkræft stamceller-lignende celler efter apoptose tilbageførsel

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon ...

Physiologic Patient Derived 3D Spheroids for Anti-neoplastic Drug Screening to Target Cancer Stem Cells

Fysiologisk patient afledte 3D Sfæroider til anti-neoplastisk Drug screening for at målrette kræft stamceller

In this protocol, we outline the procedure for generation of tumor spheroids within 384-well hanging droplets to allow for high-throughput screening of ...

Differentiation of Mouse Breast Epithelial HC11 and EpH4 Cells

Differentiering af mus bryst epitel HC11 og EpH4 Celler

Cadherins play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation as well as neoplasia. Here we describe the origins and methods of the induction ...

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

Etablering og karakterisering af små tarm neuroendokrine tumor Sfæroider

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited ...

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

Identifikation af Transskription Factor Regulators ved hjælp af Medium-Throughput Screening af Arrayed Biblioteker og en Dual-Luciferase-baserede Reporter

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Drug Screening af primære patient afledt tumor xenografts i Zebrafish

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Co-culture of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells on Patterned Neurons to Study Migration and Cellular Interactions

Co-kultur af Glioblastoma Stamceller på mønstrede neuroner til at studere migration og cellulære interaktioner

Glioblastomas (GBMs), grade IV malignant gliomas, are one of the deadliest types of human cancer because of their aggressive characteristics. Despite ...

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In vivo Immunogenicitetsscreening af tumorafledte ekstracellulære vesikler ved flowcytometri af milt-T-celler

Immunogenic cell death of tumors, caused by chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger tumor-specific T cell responses by releasing danger-associated ...