Name: flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells
Uploaded: 2018-01-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Quest'opera è stata parzialmente sostenuta da NIH R01CA187780.

Nota: Astroglial e sistemi reporter lentivirus neuronale sono stati acquistati come preparazioni lentivirali pre-confezionati, concentrati. Conoscenza di base della tecnica di citometria a flusso è necessaria. Inoltre, per un utilizzo completo del presente protocollo, l'utente dovrà raggiungere un citometro a flusso con capacità di throughput elevato (accetta piastre da 96 pozzetti come origine di esempio).
1. sistema lentivirali trascrizionale Reporter
Nota: In tu...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+maintenance+in+glioblastoma:+a+social+network.">Heterogeneity maintenance in glioblastoma: a social network.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (12), 4055-4060 (2011).</li><li>Bao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+stem+cells+promote+radioresistance+by+preferential+activation+of+the+DNA+damage+response.">Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 756-760 (2006).</li><li>Sul, J., Fine, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malignant+gliomas:+new+translational+therapies.">Malignant gliomas: new translational therapies.</a> Mt Sinai J Med. 77 (6), 655-666 (2010).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Chaudhry, A., Farah, M. H., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+promotes+medulloblastoma+survival+via+Bc/II.">Hedgehog signaling promotes medulloblastoma survival via Bc/II.</a> Am J Pathol. 170 (1), 347-355 (2007).</li><li>Chu, Q., Orr, B. A., Semenkow, S., Bar, E. E., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+inhibition+of+glioblastoma+xenograft+initiation+and+clonogenic+growth+following+in+vivo+Notch+blockade.">Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 19 (12), 3224-3233 (2013).</li><li>Schreck, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Notch+target+Hes1+directly+modulates+Gli1+expression+and+Hedgehog+signaling:+a+potential+mechanism+of+therapeutic+resistance.">The Notch target Hes1 directly modulates Gli1 expression and Hedgehog signaling: a potential mechanism of therapeutic resistance.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 16 (24), 6060-6070 (2010).</li><li>Warrell, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+therapy+of+acute+promyelocytic+leukemia+with+tretinoin+(all-trans-retinoic+acid).">Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid).</a> N Engl J Med. 324 (20), 1385-1393 (1991).</li><li>Piccirillo, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins+inhibit+the+tumorigenic+potential+of+human+brain+tumour-initiating+cells.">Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 761-765 (2006).</li><li>Bar, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopamine-mediated+hedgehog+pathway+inhibition+depletes+stem-like+cancer+cells+in+glioblastoma.">Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (10), 2524-2533 (2007).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Lin, A., Mahairaki, V., Matsui, W., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+the+expression+of+stem-cell+markers+and+promotes+clonogenicity+in+glioblastoma+neurospheres.">Hypoxia increases the expression of stem-cell markers and promotes clonogenicity in glioblastoma neurospheres.</a> Am J Pathol. 177 (3), 1491-1502 (2010).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD133/CD15+defines+distinct+cell+subpopulations+with+differential+in+vitro+clonogenic+activity+and+stem+cell-related+gene+expression+profile+in+in+vitro+propagated+glioblastoma+multiforme-derived+cell+line+with+a+PNET-like+component.">CD133/CD15 defines distinct cell subpopulations with differential in vitro clonogenic activity and stem cell-related gene expression profile in in vitro propagated glioblastoma multiforme-derived cell line with a PNET-like component.</a> Folia Neuropathol. 50 (4), 357-368 (2012).</li><li>Lim, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+monocarboxylate+transporter-4+depletes+stem-like+glioblastoma+cells+and+inhibits+HIF+transcriptional+response+in+a+lactate-independent+manner.">Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter-4 depletes stem-like glioblastoma cells and inhibits HIF transcriptional response in a lactate-independent manner.</a> Oncogene. 33 (35), 4433-4441 (2014).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZEB1+Promotes+Invasion+in+Human+Fetal+Neural+Stem+Cells+and+Hypoxic+Glioma+Neurospheres.">ZEB1 Promotes Invasion in Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells and Hypoxic Glioma Neurospheres.</a> Brain Pathol. 25 (6), 724-732 (2014).</li><li>Hu, Y., Smyth, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELDA:+extreme+limiting+dilution+analysis+for+comparing+depleted+and+enriched+populations+in+stem+cell+and+other+assays.">ELDA: extreme limiting dilution analysis for comparing depleted and enriched populations in stem cell and other assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 347 (1-2), 70-78 (2009).</li><li>Meyer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell-derived+clonal+analysis+of+human+glioblastoma+links+functional+and+genomic+heterogeneity.">Single cell-derived clonal analysis of human glioblastoma links functional and genomic heterogeneity.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (3), 851-856 (2015).</li><li>Galli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+tumorigenic,+stem-like+neural+precursors+from+human+glioblastoma.">Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma.</a> Cancer Res. 64 (19), 7011-7021 (2004).</li><li>Spina, R., Voss, D. M., Asnaghi, L., Sloan, A., Bar, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atracurium+Besylate+and+other+neuromuscular+blocking+agents+promote+astroglial+differentiation+and+deplete+glioblastoma+stem+cells.">Atracurium Besylate and other neuromuscular blocking agents promote astroglial differentiation and deplete glioblastoma stem cells.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (1), 459-472 (2016).</li></ol>

Mentre la maggior parte degli studi precedenti di artigiano focalizzata principalmente sui marcatori che li definiscono, in questo studio abbiamo deciso di adottare l'approccio inverso. Ci concentriamo principalmente sulla progenie differenziate generate da artigiano (per esempio, le cellule che esprimono astroglial e marcatori neuronali). Qui dimostriamo l'utilizzazione di un sistema, che è basato sulla espressione umana del promotore-dipendente GFAP di GFP di screening di stupefacenti basati su celle a resa elevata. T...

Recenti studi hanno dimostrato che i tumori contengono una piccola popolazione di cellule, chiamate cellule staminali tumorali (CSC) o cellule d'inizio del tumore, che sono responsabili della progressione del tumore, metastasi e resistenza alla chemio - e radio-terapie 1, 2. la presenza di cellule staminali tumorali e loro progenie differenziate all'interno dei tumori è considerata un fattore importante promuovere eterogeneità intratumorale e rappresenta quindi una transenna importante nel trattamento di tumori3. Gerarchia delle cellule di tumore, fornita dalla teoria di cellule staminali del cancro, ha ispirato lo sviluppo di nuove strategie per trattare tumori 4. Un approccio per mirare alle cellule staminali tumorali è di identificare e inibire le vie di segnalazione che sono noti per essere richiesto durante lo sviluppo embrionale dell'organo colpito. Infatti, noi ed altri abbiamo precedentemente pubblicato più documenti che descrivono il requisito in corso di cellule staminali-pertinenti segnalazione percorsi neurali Sonic Hedgehog e Notch in glioblastoma5,6,7. Questo lavoro ha aiutato a solidificarsi la spiegazione razionale per parecchi test clinici di GBM. Un secondo approccio per mirare alle cellule staminali tumorali è quello di promuovere la loro differenziazione. Questo approccio ha ricevuto un sacco di supporto dovuto i risultati favorevoli da studi preclinici e clinici nel trattamento della leucemia promyelocytic acuta con l'acido retinoico (ATRA, un analogo della vitamina A). Qui ATRA è stato trovato per rimuovere il blocco di maturazione e promuovere il cancro cellula differenziazione8. Più recentemente, Piccirillo e colleghi hanno elegantemente dimostrato che BMP-4 promuove la differenziazione di GSC in astrocytes con anti-GBM significativi effetti in vitro e in vivo9.
Il razionale per lo studio corrente si basa su un approccio di "ingegneria inversa" per il targeting artigiano. Data l'eterogeneità di vasto presente nel GBM e con scarsa differenziazione essendo uno dei tratti distintivi del cancro, abbiamo chiesto se ci potrebbe promuovere un fenotipo più favorevole - differenziazione in uno stato simil-astrociti. Qui, non abbiamo conoscenza preventiva delle vie di segnalazione che mantenere artigiano in un esemplare del tumore determinato ma piuttosto mirare a raggiungere un fenotipo desiderato (ad es. positività GFAP).
Questo rapporto descrive le procedure utilizzate per stabilire GSC differenziazione reporter-linee dalla trasduzione delle culture GSC-arricchita per selezione clonale GSC. Le linee di glioblastoma neurosphere utilizzate sono state stabilite al laboratorio del Professor Angelo Vescovi da pazienti con una diagnosi di glioblastoma primario presso l'ospedale San Raffaele - Milano, Italia. Queste linee sono state studiate estesamente in diverse pubblicazioni 6,10,11,12,13,14. È altamente raccomandato che gli individui che sono interessati a implementare queste tecniche nel loro laboratorio di determinano la rilevanza del reporter per capacità di auto-rinnovamento delle cellule staminali del cancro nelle cellule hanno in programma di studiare (questo è vero per qualsiasi giornalista). Un protocollo dettagliato per uno dell'analisi in vitro clonogenic accettate nel campo è fornito per compire questo15,16. Infine, un protocollo dettagliato che descrive l'utilizzo delle differenziazione reporter-linee in uno schermo di droga di citometria a flusso basato è fornito alla fine. Di nota, allo stesso modo per il sistema di differenziazione astroglial descritto qui, abbiamo con successo stabilito e convalidato linee reporter GSC l'integrazione di un reporter di MAP2:GFP (differenziamento neuronale). Pertanto, le metodologie di descrivere in questa carta può essere applicata per studiare la differenziazione cellulare in varie linee cellulari.
Alcune delle figure in questo rapporto può essere trovato in una recente pubblicazione: "Atracurium Besylate e altri agenti di blocco neuromuscolare promuovere il differenziamento astrogliale e impoveriscono glioblastoma cellule staminali18.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO Complete Accutase</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SF006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H6648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human GFAP Differentiation Reporter (pGreenZeo, Virus)</td>
			<td>SBI (System Biosciences)</td>
			<td>SR10015VA-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml sterile disposable reagent reservoirs</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T25 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T75 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 0.5 - 20uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 5-250uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 25 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 250 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-9025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guava easyCyte 5HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>0500-4005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH Clinical Collections 1 and 2 small molecule libraries</td>
			<td>Evotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>For the preparation of neural stem cell media (500 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>GoldBio.com</td>
			<td>A-421-250</td>
			<td>0.20%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 10X</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>90-091-PB</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td>0.0002%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4036</td>
			<td>5.4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin- Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-5761</td>
			<td>14.5 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td>16 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5780</td>
			<td>4.8 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic FGF (FGF2), Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1140-02-50</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF, Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1150-04-100</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle-Top Filter, 150ml, 33mm, 0.22um, Pes, S, Ind</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431160</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterlize media</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) è il tumore cerebrale primario più comune e più letali negli adulti, provocando circa 14.000 morti ogni anno nei soli Stati Uniti. La sopravvivenza mediana dopo la diagnosi è meno di 15 mesi con massima chemioterapia chirurgico di resezione, radioterapia e temozolomide. Le sfide inerenti lo sviluppo di trattamenti più efficaci di GBM sono diventati sempre più chiare e includono la sua invasività inflessibile, la resistenza ai trattamenti standard, sua complessità genetica e molecolare adattabilità e sottopopolazioni di GBM cellule con somiglianze fenotipiche delle cellule staminali normali, riferito come le cellule staminali di glioblastoma (artigiano). Perché artigiano è necessari per la progressione e la crescita del tumore, terapia a base di differenziazione rappresenta una modalità di trattamento vitale per questi neoplasma incurabile.
Il seguente protocollo descrive un insieme di procedure per stabilire un throughput elevato piattaforma, finalizzato all'identificazione di piccole molecole che promuovono la differenziazione di GSC astroglial di screening. Il nucleo del sistema è un reporter-costrutto di differenziazione di proteina silicea fibrillare glial (GFAP). Il protocollo contiene le procedure generali seguenti: (1) stabilire GSC differenziazione reporter linee; (2) test/convalida la rilevanza del reporter alla capacità di auto-rinnovamento/clonogenic GSC; e lo screening di stupefacenti basato di citometria a flusso ad alta capacità (3).
La piattaforma di screening fornisce un approccio semplice e poco costoso per identificare piccole molecole che promuovono la differenziazione di artigiano. Inoltre, l'utilizzo di librerie di farmaci approvati dalla FDA possiede il potenziale per l'identificazione degli agenti che possono essere riutilizzati più rapidamente. Inoltre, terapie che promuovono la differenziazione delle cellule staminali del cancro devono lavorare in sinergia con le terapie "standard di cura" che sono state indicate per mirare ed eliminare soprattutto più cellule di cancro differenziato.

Tre linee indipendenti neurosfere paziente-derivati sono state trasdotte con il reporter di astroglial lentivirus codifica per una proteina fluorescente verde (GFP) fusa in-frame con una cassetta di resistenza zeocina e guidati dall'elemento promotore umano GFAP ( Figura 1). Prossimi singoli cloni sono stati isolati da placcatura 0,7 cellule per pozzetto in un piatto ben 96 (Figura 2), seguita dalla determinazione di cytometric d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Farmaco a base di citometria a flusso sistema di Screening per l'identificazione di piccole molecole che promuovono la differenziazione cellulare delle cellule staminali di Glioblastoma

Un protocollo di screening efficiente è presentato per l'identificazione di piccole molecole che promuovono astroglial differenziazione in cellule staminali di glioblastoma (artigiano). Il dosaggio è basato su un reporter di differenziazione di cellule staminali per cui l'espressione della GFP avanzata (eGFP) è guidato da promotore umano di GFAP.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor in adults, causing roughly 14,000 deaths each year in the U.S. alone. Median ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to screen small molecule libraries for agents that promote astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells. This method can help answer key questions in the cancer stem cell field, such as what are the signaling pathways that are required for maintaining glioblastoma stem cells in the undifferentiated state. Proper execution of this technique allows for the straightforward identification of small molecules that promote glioblastoma stem cell differentiation.The implication of this technique extend toward therapy for Ehlers-Danlos glioblastoma because reducing the percentage of glioblastoma stem cells may decrease the likelihood of recurrence. This method can also be applied to setting differentiation into other cell lineages using other reporter constructs. Our report is the first to establish a high throughput approach to screen for agents that force glioma stem cells to differentiate.Working with lentivirus particles in cancer cells derived from patients can be extremely hazardous. Therefore standard procedure for working with bloodborne pathogens should always be followed. To begin, seed one million glioblastoma stem cells or GSCs in two milliliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a six-well plate.Next, transduce the cells with the lentivirus reporter at a multiplicity of infection equal to five. To the cell and virus mixture, add two microliters of polybrene such that the final concentration is eight micrograms per milliliter, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2 overnight. After incubation, replace the growth medium to remove unbound virus.And centrifuge cells at 360 times G for five minutes. Then carefully aspirate medium and plate cells back in a six-well plate. And continue to incubate the cells for 24 hours.Harvest 0.5 milliliters of the total culture volume. Pellet cells by centrifugation at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Resuspend cells in 0.5 milliliters fresh neural stem cell growth medium.Place the plate back in the incubator to allow for expansion for at least 72 hours. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent and incubate for five minutes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius. Dissociate cells by pippetting up and down gently.To the dissociated cells add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Next, transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate. Determine the percentage of cells expressing the green fluorescent protein by flow cytometry.Record at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. In all flow cytometric analysis use parental non-transduced cells or vector-transduced nonfluorescent cells to establish baseline fluorescence. To select and expand individual subclones seed cells at a density of 0.7 cells per well in 100 microliters of neural stem cell medium in a 96-well plate.Maintain these clones in culture for 11 days. Look out for neurospheres with a diameter greater than 100 microns. We have previously established this cutoff size to retrospectively determine if the neuorsphere was originated by a self-renewing glioblastoma stem cell.This cutoff size may need optimization when working with different glioblastoma cell models. Observe the cells under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a FITC filter and mark wells that contain a single neurosphere in which approximately one 1%to 5%of the cells are GFP-positive. After marking, expand individual clones until a sufficient number of cells is available for flow cytometry analysis.Assuming the reporter clones contain 1%to 5%of GFP-positive cells, harvest 0.5 milliliters from each clone along with an equal quantity of non-transduced control cells to determine the exact percentage of GFP-positive cells. After pelleting cells at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature, aspirate the supernatant. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent to each pellet and incubate the tubes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius.After incubation, triturate the cells about 20 to 30 times to achieve a single cell suspension. Then add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Now transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate.Finally, perform flow cytometry, recording at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. To assess the clonogenic capacity prepare single cell suspensions of differentiation reporter subclones by triturating the cells about 20 to 30 times. Then plate these cells in 100 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium at a density of about five to 500 cells per well in 96-multiwell plates.Maintain these cells in culture for nine to 11 days. Look for neurospheres under a light microscope. A well containing at least one single large neurosphere is considered positive.Considering parental non-transduced cells and GFP-positive lentivirus-transduced cells as controls input the total wells analyzed and the number of positive cells on the ELDA online interface. To begin screening, plate 5000 cells in 99 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a 96-well plate. Then with a 12-channel pipettor treat cells with two micromolar final concentration of diluted library compounds or with the DMSO control.Incubate the cells for 72 hours. Now add 150 microliters of cell dissociation reagent using a 12-channel pipettor in each well and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Then gently triturate the cells in each well about 20 to 30 times using a 12-channel pipettor until a single cell suspension is achieved.Now perform flow cytometry and determine the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. First determine the cell size and viability from the forward and side scatters and gate the viable cell population. Then determine the GFP-positive cells within the viable cell population.An increase of percentage of GFP-positive cells by three standard deviations over controls is considered to be a positive hit which may be adjusted to accommodate user preference of stringency. Representative images of HSR-GBM1 GSC subclones expressing low and high levels of GFAP:GFP are shown. The subclones positive for GFAP:GFP expression were selected by flow cytometry for the patient-derived neurosphere line.Here, low GFAP:GFP indicates that less than 5%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive, while high GFAP:GFP indicates that greater than 75%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive. These results show that in vitro self-renewal capacity of GFAP-low subclones is higher than their GFAP-high counterparts as determined by ELDA. Therefore GH subclones are more differentiated than GL subclones.Finally, drug libraries were screened to identify agents capable to induce astroglial differentiation in GSCs. 12 drugs were found to significantly increase the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few weeks if it is performed properly.Following this procedure other methods like alamarBlue assay, clonogenic assay in semisolid media, flank or intracranial xenograph injection can be performed in order to answer additional questions like the effect of selective drugs on cellular proliferation and clonogenicity in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to identify compounds capable of inducing astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

Generazione di sferoidi tumore tridimensionale High-Throughput per lo Screening di stupefacenti

Cancer cells have routinely been cultured in two dimensions (2D) on a plastic surface. This technique, however, lacks the true environment a tumor mass is ...

Ricerca

Ricerca sul cancro

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Analisi Live Cell Imaging Studio Glioblastoma cerebrale tumore cellule staminali migrazione e invasione

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal

Flusso Cytometric Detection neonata al seno cancro cellule staminali-come delle cellule dopo l'inversione di apoptosi

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon ...

Physiologic Patient Derived 3D Spheroids for Anti-neoplastic Drug Screening to Target Cancer Stem Cells

Paziente fisiologico Derivato da spheroid 3D per lo screening farmacologico anti-neoplastico per colpire le cellule staminali tumorali

In this protocol, we outline the procedure for generation of tumor spheroids within 384-well hanging droplets to allow for high-throughput screening of ...

Differentiation of Mouse Breast Epithelial HC11 and EpH4 Cells

Differenziazione delle cellule epiteliali del seno del topo HC11 e EpH4

Cadherins play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation as well as neoplasia. Here we describe the origins and methods of the induction ...

Establishment and Characterization of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumor Spheroids

Istituzione e caratterizzazione degli spheroeroidi del tumore intestinale piccolo intestinale

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) are rare cancers originating from enterochromaffin cells of the gut. Research in this field has been limited ...

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

Identificazione dei regolatori dei fattori di trascrizione mediante lo screening a media velocità di lettura di librerie in serie e un reporter basato su Dual-Luciferase

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Screening farmacologico del paziente primario - Tumore derivato Xenotrapianto nel pesce zebra

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Co-culture of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells on Patterned Neurons to Study Migration and Cellular Interactions

Co-coltura di cellule simili a staminali di glioblastoma su neuroni modellati per studiare la migrazione e le interazioni cellulari

Glioblastomas (GBMs), grade IV malignant gliomas, are one of the deadliest types of human cancer because of their aggressive characteristics. Despite ...

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In vivo Screening di immunogenicità delle vescicole extracellulari derivate dal tumore mediante citometria a flusso delle cellule T della milza

Immunogenic cell death of tumors, caused by chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger tumor-specific T cell responses by releasing danger-associated ...