Name: flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells
Uploaded: 2018-01-10T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Bu eser NIH R01CA187780 tarafından kısmen destekleniyor.

Not: Astroglial ve nöronal lentivirus muhabir sistemleri önceden, konsantre lentiviral hazırlıkları satın alındı. Akış Sitometresi tekniği temel bilgisi gereklidir. Ayrıca, bu iletişim kuralı tam kullanımı için kullanıcı Akış Sitometresi (96-şey plakaları örnek kaynağı olarak kabul eder) yüksek üretilen iş kapasitesi ile erişiminiz olmalıdır.
1. lentiviral transkripsiyon muhabir sistemi
Not: tüm akış sitometrik analizleri ebeveyn, Si...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneity+maintenance+in+glioblastoma:+a+social+network.">Heterogeneity maintenance in glioblastoma: a social network.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (12), 4055-4060 (2011).</li><li>Bao, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+stem+cells+promote+radioresistance+by+preferential+activation+of+the+DNA+damage+response.">Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 756-760 (2006).</li><li>Sul, J., Fine, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Malignant+gliomas:+new+translational+therapies.">Malignant gliomas: new translational therapies.</a> Mt Sinai J Med. 77 (6), 655-666 (2010).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Chaudhry, A., Farah, M. H., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+promotes+medulloblastoma+survival+via+Bc/II.">Hedgehog signaling promotes medulloblastoma survival via Bc/II.</a> Am J Pathol. 170 (1), 347-355 (2007).</li><li>Chu, Q., Orr, B. A., Semenkow, S., Bar, E. E., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+inhibition+of+glioblastoma+xenograft+initiation+and+clonogenic+growth+following+in+vivo+Notch+blockade.">Prolonged inhibition of glioblastoma xenograft initiation and clonogenic growth following in vivo Notch blockade.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 19 (12), 3224-3233 (2013).</li><li>Schreck, K. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Notch+target+Hes1+directly+modulates+Gli1+expression+and+Hedgehog+signaling:+a+potential+mechanism+of+therapeutic+resistance.">The Notch target Hes1 directly modulates Gli1 expression and Hedgehog signaling: a potential mechanism of therapeutic resistance.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 16 (24), 6060-6070 (2010).</li><li>Warrell, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+therapy+of+acute+promyelocytic+leukemia+with+tretinoin+(all-trans-retinoic+acid).">Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all-trans-retinoic acid).</a> N Engl J Med. 324 (20), 1385-1393 (1991).</li><li>Piccirillo, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins+inhibit+the+tumorigenic+potential+of+human+brain+tumour-initiating+cells.">Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells.</a> Nature. 444 (7120), 761-765 (2006).</li><li>Bar, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopamine-mediated+hedgehog+pathway+inhibition+depletes+stem-like+cancer+cells+in+glioblastoma.">Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (10), 2524-2533 (2007).</li><li>Bar, E. E., Lin, A., Mahairaki, V., Matsui, W., Eberhart, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+increases+the+expression+of+stem-cell+markers+and+promotes+clonogenicity+in+glioblastoma+neurospheres.">Hypoxia increases the expression of stem-cell markers and promotes clonogenicity in glioblastoma neurospheres.</a> Am J Pathol. 177 (3), 1491-1502 (2010).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD133/CD15+defines+distinct+cell+subpopulations+with+differential+in+vitro+clonogenic+activity+and+stem+cell-related+gene+expression+profile+in+in+vitro+propagated+glioblastoma+multiforme-derived+cell+line+with+a+PNET-like+component.">CD133/CD15 defines distinct cell subpopulations with differential in vitro clonogenic activity and stem cell-related gene expression profile in in vitro propagated glioblastoma multiforme-derived cell line with a PNET-like component.</a> Folia Neuropathol. 50 (4), 357-368 (2012).</li><li>Lim, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+monocarboxylate+transporter-4+depletes+stem-like+glioblastoma+cells+and+inhibits+HIF+transcriptional+response+in+a+lactate-independent+manner.">Inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter-4 depletes stem-like glioblastoma cells and inhibits HIF transcriptional response in a lactate-independent manner.</a> Oncogene. 33 (35), 4433-4441 (2014).</li><li>Kahlert, U. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZEB1+Promotes+Invasion+in+Human+Fetal+Neural+Stem+Cells+and+Hypoxic+Glioma+Neurospheres.">ZEB1 Promotes Invasion in Human Fetal Neural Stem Cells and Hypoxic Glioma Neurospheres.</a> Brain Pathol. 25 (6), 724-732 (2014).</li><li>Hu, Y., Smyth, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELDA:+extreme+limiting+dilution+analysis+for+comparing+depleted+and+enriched+populations+in+stem+cell+and+other+assays.">ELDA: extreme limiting dilution analysis for comparing depleted and enriched populations in stem cell and other assays.</a> J Immunol Methods. 347 (1-2), 70-78 (2009).</li><li>Meyer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell-derived+clonal+analysis+of+human+glioblastoma+links+functional+and+genomic+heterogeneity.">Single cell-derived clonal analysis of human glioblastoma links functional and genomic heterogeneity.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (3), 851-856 (2015).</li><li>Galli, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+tumorigenic,+stem-like+neural+precursors+from+human+glioblastoma.">Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic, stem-like neural precursors from human glioblastoma.</a> Cancer Res. 64 (19), 7011-7021 (2004).</li><li>Spina, R., Voss, D. M., Asnaghi, L., Sloan, A., Bar, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atracurium+Besylate+and+other+neuromuscular+blocking+agents+promote+astroglial+differentiation+and+deplete+glioblastoma+stem+cells.">Atracurium Besylate and other neuromuscular blocking agents promote astroglial differentiation and deplete glioblastoma stem cells.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (1), 459-472 (2016).</li></ol>

Öncelikle onları define işaretleri üzerinde duruldu GSCs önceki çalışmaların en, bu çalışmada geriye doğru yaklaşım almaya karar verdik. Öncelikle GSCs (örneğin, astroglial ve nöronal işaretleri ifade hücreleri) tarafından oluşturulan farklılaştırılmış ettiklerinizden odaklanmak. Burada eleme sistemi, insan GFAP'nin organizatörü bağımlı ifade GFP ve üzerinde temel alan bir hücre tabanlı yüksek üretilen iş ilaç kullanımını göstermektedir. Neurosphere hasta kaynaklı glioblastom...

Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda tümör küçük bir nüfus içerir göstermiştir kanser kök hücreleri (CSCs) veya tümör başlatılıyor hücreleri, hücrelerinin tümör ilerleme, metastaz ve direnç kemoterapi ve radyo terapi 1, sorumlu olan 2. kanser kök hücreleri ve onların daha farklılaştırılmış ettiklerinizden içinde tümör varlığı intratumoral heterojenlik teşvik önemli bir faktör olarak kabul edilir ve böylece kanser3tedavisinde büyük bir engel temsil eder. Tümör hücre sıradüzeni, kanser kök hücre teorisi tarafından sağlanan kanserleri 4tedavisi için yeni strateji geliştirme ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Kanser kök hücreleri hedefleme için bir yaklaşım tanımlamak ve etkilenen organ embriyonik gelişim sırasında gerekli olduğu bilinmektedir sinyal yolları inhibe etmektir. Nitekim, biz ve diğerleri daha önce birden fazla kağıtları sinirsel kök hücre ile ilgili sinyal yollar Sonic Kirpi ve çentik glioblastoma5,6,7devam eden gereksinimini açıklayan yayımlanmıştır. Bu eser birkaç GBM klinik deneyler için gerekçe güçlendirilerek yardımcı oldu. Kanser kök hücreleri hedefleme için ikinci bir yaklaşım kendi farklılaşma teşvik etmektir. Bu yaklaşım retinoik asit (ATRA, A vitamini analog) ile akut promyelötik lösemi tedavisinde preklinik ve klinik çalışmalar çok olumlu sonuçlar nedeniyle destek aldı. Burada ATRA olgunlaşma blok kaldırmak ve kanser hücre farklılaşması8teşvik bulundu. Daha yakın zamanlarda, Piccirillo ve meslektaşları zarif BMP-4 GSC farklılaşma astrocytes önemli anti-GBM etkileri vitro ve in vivo9içine teşvik göstermiştir.
Çalışmada için gerekçe GSCs hedefleme için "tersine mühendisliği" yaklaşımı temel alır. GBM ve kanser işaretlerinden biri olan zavallı farklılaşma ile mevcut geniş heterojenite göz önüne alındığında, biz daha olumlu bir fenotip - farklılaşma içine bir astrocyte gibi devlet teşvik istedi. Burada, biz önceden bilgi sahibi bir belirli tümör numune GSCs korumak, ancak oldukça istenen fenotip (örneğin GFAP'nin pozitifliği) elde etmek amacı sinyal yolları yok.
Bu rapor GSC farklılaşma muhabir-satırlarından GSC zenginleştirilmiş kültürlerin iletim GSC klonal seçim kurmak için kullanılan yordamları açıklar. Kullanılan glioblastoma neurosphere çizgiler Laboratuvarı Profesör Angelo Vescovi hastaların hastane San Raffaele - Milano, İtalya, birincil glioblastoma tanısı ile kuruldu. Bu satırları çeşitli yayınları 6,10,11,12,13,14' te kapsamlı bir şekilde inceledik. Onların laboratuvarda bu teknikleri uygulamak için ilgi duyan bireyler muhabir kanser kök hücre kendini yenileme kapasite çalışmaya planladıkları hücrelerdeki alaka düzeyi belirlemek önerilir (Bu herhangi bir muhabir için geçerlidir). Detaylı bir iletişim kuralı alanında kabul vitro klonojenik progenitör mobilizasyonu yapar deneyleri biri için bu15,16gerçekleştirmek için sağlanmıştır. Son olarak, farklılaşma muhabir satırlarında bir Akış Sitometresi dayalı uyuşturucu testi kullanımını açıklayan ayrıntılı bir protokol vasıl belgili tanımlık son sağlanır. Belirtmek gerekirse benzer şekilde burada, açıklanan astroglial farklılaşma sistemi biz başarıyla kurulan ve bir MAP2:GFP (Nöronal Farklılaşma) muhabiri entegre GSC muhabir satırları doğrulanmış. Bu nedenle, bu yöntemleri tarif kağıt çeşitli hücre soy içine hücresel başkalaşım çalışmaya uygulanan.
Bu rapordaki rakamlar bazıları son yayında bulunabilir: "Atracurium besilat ve diğer nöromüsküler engelleyici ajanlar astroglial farklılaşma teşvik ve glioblastoma kök hücre18tüketmek.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ESGRO Complete Accutase</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>SF006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H6648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human GFAP Differentiation Reporter (pGreenZeo, Virus)</td>
			<td>SBI (System Biosciences)</td>
			<td>SR10015VA-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml sterile disposable reagent reservoirs</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>4870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well plate</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T25 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolite T75 cm&#178; Flask Vented</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130190</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Celltreat</td>
			<td>229411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 0.5 - 20uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ovation Multi Channel Pipette, 12 Channel, 5-250uL</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>1060-0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 25 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-1002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi 12-channel pipette tips 250 &#956;l</td>
			<td>VistaLab Technologies</td>
			<td>4060-9025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guava easyCyte 5HT Benchtop Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>0500-4005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH Clinical Collections 1 and 2 small molecule libraries</td>
			<td>Evotec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>For the preparation of neural stem cell media (500 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>GoldBio.com</td>
			<td>A-421-250</td>
			<td>0.20%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12 10X</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>90-091-PB</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3149</td>
			<td>0.0002%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1M</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4036</td>
			<td>5.4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin- Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>41400-045</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-5761</td>
			<td>14.5 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) 100X</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>1X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td>16 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5780</td>
			<td>4.8 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic FGF (FGF2), Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1140-02-50</td>
			<td>10 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF, Human</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>1150-04-100</td>
			<td>20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle-Top Filter, 150ml, 33mm, 0.22um, Pes, S, Ind</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431160</td>
			<td>Use to filter sterlize media</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

flow cytometry-based drug screening system for the identification of small molecules that promote cellular differentiation of glioblastoma stem cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) yaklaşık 14.000 ölümlerin her yıl ABD tek başına neden erişkinlerde en sık görülen ve en ölümcül birincil beyin tümörü olduğunu. Medyan sağkalım tanı takip maksimal cerrahi rezeksiyon, radyasyon ve temozolomide kemoterapi ile 15 aydan daha az oldu. Daha etkili GBM tedaviler geliştirmede içsel sorunları giderek açık olmuştur ve onun inatçı invasiveness, dayanıklılığı, standart tedaviler, genetik karmaşıklığı ve moleküler uyum ve GBM altgrupları şunlardır normal kök hücre, fenotipik benzerlikleri hücrelerle glioblastoma kök hücreler (GSCs) burada anılacaktır. GSCs tümör büyüme ve ilerleme için gerekli olduğundan, farklılaşma tabanlı terapisi bu tedavi edilemez neoplazmlar için uygun tedavi yöntemi temsil eder.
Aşağıdaki iletişim kuralı çeşitli GSC astroglial farklılaşma teşvik küçük moleküller tanımlaması amaçlı platform eleme yüksek üretilen iş kurmak için yordamlar açıklanır. Sistemin özünde gliyal fibrillary asidik protein (GFAP'nin) ayrımında muhabir yapıdır. İletişim kuralı aşağıdaki genel yordamlar vardır: (1) GSC farklılaşma muhabir satırları; kurulması (2) doğrulama sınama?; / muhabir alaka GSC öz-yenileme/klonojenik progenitör mobilizasyonu yapar kapasitesi ve (3) yüksek kapasiteli Akış Sitometresi uyuşturucu tarama tabanlı.
Tarama platform GSCs farklılaşma teşvik küçük moleküller tanımlamak için basit ve ucuz bir yaklaşım sağlar. Ayrıca, kitaplıkları FDA tarafından onaylanan ilaçların kullanımı daha hızlı güvenilemez ajanların tanımlanması için bir potansiyele sahiptir. Ayrıca, kanser kök hücre farklılaşması teşvik terapiler sinerjik hedef ve öncelikle daha fazla farklı kanser hücrelerinin ortadan kaldırmak için gösterilen geçerli "bakım standart" terapileri ile çalışması öngörülür.

Üç bağımsız hasta kaynaklı neurospheres çizgi erimiş yeşil-floresan protein (GFP) içinde-çerçevesi için bir Zeocin direnç kaset ile kodlama lentivirus astroglial muhabir ile transduced ve insan GFAP'nin organizatörü unsuru ( tahrik Şekil 1). Sonraki bireysel klonlar 96 iyi plaka (Şekil 2) bir kuyu başına 0,7 hücre kaplama tarafından izole, bu akış sitometrik belirlenmesi GFP (şekil 3<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells at JoVE.

Flow Cytometry-based Drug Screening System for the Identification of Small Molecules That Promote Cellular Differentiation of Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Akış Sitometresi tabanlı uyuşturucu Glioblastoma kök hücre hücresel farklılaşma teşvik küçük moleküller tanımlanması için eleme sistemi

Bir verimli tarama Protokolü glioblastoma kök hücreler (GSCs) astroglial farklılaşma teşvik küçük moleküller tanımlanması için sunulmaktadır. Tahlil sayede gelişmiş GFP (eGFP) ifade insan GFAP'nin düzenleyici tarafından tahrik edilmektedir bir kök hücre farklılaşması muhabir temel alır.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary brain tumor in adults, causing roughly 14,000 deaths each year in the U.S. alone. Median ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to screen small molecule libraries for agents that promote astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells. This method can help answer key questions in the cancer stem cell field, such as what are the signaling pathways that are required for maintaining glioblastoma stem cells in the undifferentiated state. Proper execution of this technique allows for the straightforward identification of small molecules that promote glioblastoma stem cell differentiation.The implication of this technique extend toward therapy for Ehlers-Danlos glioblastoma because reducing the percentage of glioblastoma stem cells may decrease the likelihood of recurrence. This method can also be applied to setting differentiation into other cell lineages using other reporter constructs. Our report is the first to establish a high throughput approach to screen for agents that force glioma stem cells to differentiate.Working with lentivirus particles in cancer cells derived from patients can be extremely hazardous. Therefore standard procedure for working with bloodborne pathogens should always be followed. To begin, seed one million glioblastoma stem cells or GSCs in two milliliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a six-well plate.Next, transduce the cells with the lentivirus reporter at a multiplicity of infection equal to five. To the cell and virus mixture, add two microliters of polybrene such that the final concentration is eight micrograms per milliliter, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%CO2 overnight. After incubation, replace the growth medium to remove unbound virus.And centrifuge cells at 360 times G for five minutes. Then carefully aspirate medium and plate cells back in a six-well plate. And continue to incubate the cells for 24 hours.Harvest 0.5 milliliters of the total culture volume. Pellet cells by centrifugation at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature. Resuspend cells in 0.5 milliliters fresh neural stem cell growth medium.Place the plate back in the incubator to allow for expansion for at least 72 hours. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent and incubate for five minutes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius. Dissociate cells by pippetting up and down gently.To the dissociated cells add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Next, transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate. Determine the percentage of cells expressing the green fluorescent protein by flow cytometry.Record at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. In all flow cytometric analysis use parental non-transduced cells or vector-transduced nonfluorescent cells to establish baseline fluorescence. To select and expand individual subclones seed cells at a density of 0.7 cells per well in 100 microliters of neural stem cell medium in a 96-well plate.Maintain these clones in culture for 11 days. Look out for neurospheres with a diameter greater than 100 microns. We have previously established this cutoff size to retrospectively determine if the neuorsphere was originated by a self-renewing glioblastoma stem cell.This cutoff size may need optimization when working with different glioblastoma cell models. Observe the cells under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a FITC filter and mark wells that contain a single neurosphere in which approximately one 1%to 5%of the cells are GFP-positive. After marking, expand individual clones until a sufficient number of cells is available for flow cytometry analysis.Assuming the reporter clones contain 1%to 5%of GFP-positive cells, harvest 0.5 milliliters from each clone along with an equal quantity of non-transduced control cells to determine the exact percentage of GFP-positive cells. After pelleting cells at 360 times G for five minutes at room temperature, aspirate the supernatant. Add 200 microliters of dissociation reagent to each pellet and incubate the tubes in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius.After incubation, triturate the cells about 20 to 30 times to achieve a single cell suspension. Then add 800 microliters of HBSS to ensure minimal cell attachment or aggregation. Now transfer 200 microliters of each cell suspension into wells of a 96-multiwell plate.Finally, perform flow cytometry, recording at least 10, 000 viable cells in each acquisition. To assess the clonogenic capacity prepare single cell suspensions of differentiation reporter subclones by triturating the cells about 20 to 30 times. Then plate these cells in 100 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium at a density of about five to 500 cells per well in 96-multiwell plates.Maintain these cells in culture for nine to 11 days. Look for neurospheres under a light microscope. A well containing at least one single large neurosphere is considered positive.Considering parental non-transduced cells and GFP-positive lentivirus-transduced cells as controls input the total wells analyzed and the number of positive cells on the ELDA online interface. To begin screening, plate 5000 cells in 99 microliters of complete neural stem cell growth medium in a 96-well plate. Then with a 12-channel pipettor treat cells with two micromolar final concentration of diluted library compounds or with the DMSO control.Incubate the cells for 72 hours. Now add 150 microliters of cell dissociation reagent using a 12-channel pipettor in each well and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Then gently triturate the cells in each well about 20 to 30 times using a 12-channel pipettor until a single cell suspension is achieved.Now perform flow cytometry and determine the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. First determine the cell size and viability from the forward and side scatters and gate the viable cell population. Then determine the GFP-positive cells within the viable cell population.An increase of percentage of GFP-positive cells by three standard deviations over controls is considered to be a positive hit which may be adjusted to accommodate user preference of stringency. Representative images of HSR-GBM1 GSC subclones expressing low and high levels of GFAP:GFP are shown. The subclones positive for GFAP:GFP expression were selected by flow cytometry for the patient-derived neurosphere line.Here, low GFAP:GFP indicates that less than 5%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive, while high GFAP:GFP indicates that greater than 75%of the cells in the clone are GFP-positive. These results show that in vitro self-renewal capacity of GFAP-low subclones is higher than their GFAP-high counterparts as determined by ELDA. Therefore GH subclones are more differentiated than GL subclones.Finally, drug libraries were screened to identify agents capable to induce astroglial differentiation in GSCs. 12 drugs were found to significantly increase the percentage of cells expressing the GFAP:GFP reporter. Once mastered, this technique can be done in a few weeks if it is performed properly.Following this procedure other methods like alamarBlue assay, clonogenic assay in semisolid media, flank or intracranial xenograph injection can be performed in order to answer additional questions like the effect of selective drugs on cellular proliferation and clonogenicity in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to identify compounds capable of inducing astroglial differentiation in glioblastoma stem cells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

Canlı hücre görüntüleme deneyleri için çalışma Glioblastoma Beyin tümör kök hücre göç ve işgali

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Flow Cytometric Detection of Newly-formed Breast Cancer Stem Cell-like Cells After Apoptosis Reversal

Apoptozis ters sonra yeni kurulan meme kanser kök hücre benzeri hücre akış sitometrik algılama

Cancer recurrence has long been studied by oncologists while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we and others found that a phenomenon ...

Physiologic Patient Derived 3D Spheroids for Anti-neoplastic Drug Screening to Target Cancer Stem Cells

Fizyolojik hasta, kanser kök hücrelerini hedef alan anti-neoplastik Ilaç taraması için 3B kürler türetilmiştir

In this protocol, we outline the procedure for generation of tumor spheroids within 384-well hanging droplets to allow for high-throughput screening of ...

Differentiation of Mouse Breast Epithelial HC11 and EpH4 Cells

Fare Meme Epitel HC11 ve EpH4 Hücrelerinin Farklılaşması

Cadherins play an important role in the regulation of cell differentiation as well as neoplasia. Here we describe the origins and methods of the induction ...

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

Dizili Kütüphanelerin Orta İşleç Lik Taraması ve Çift Luciferase Tabanlı Muhabir kullanılarak Transkripsiyon Faktörü Düzenleyicilerin Tanımlanması

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

Drug Screening of Primary Patient Derived Tumor Xenografts in Zebrafish

Zebrabalığında Primer Hasta Kaynaklı Tümör Xenograftların İlaç Taraması

Patient derived xenograft models are critical in defining how different cancers respond to drug treatment in an in vivo system. Mouse models are the ...

Co-culture of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells on Patterned Neurons to Study Migration and Cellular Interactions

Göç ve Hücresel Etkileşimleri İncelemek İçin Desenli Nöronlarda Glioblastoma Kök Benzeri Hücrelerin Ortak Kültürü

Glioblastomas (GBMs), grade IV malignant gliomas, are one of the deadliest types of human cancer because of their aggressive characteristics. Despite ...

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

İn Vivo Dalak T Hücrelerinin Akım Sitometrisi ile Tümör Kaynaklı Hücre Dışı Veziküllerin İmmünojenite Taraması

Immunogenic cell death of tumors, caused by chemotherapy or irradiation, can trigger tumor-specific T cell responses by releasing danger-associated ...

Pooled shRNA Library Screening to Identify Factors that Modulate a Drug Resistance Phenotype

Bir İlaç Direnci Fenotipini Modüle Eden Faktörleri Tanımlamak için Havuzlanmış shRNA Kütüphanesi Taraması

Understanding clinically relevant driver mechanisms of acquired chemo-resistance is crucial for elucidating ways to circumvent resistance and improve ...

Simultaneous Imaging and Flow-Cytometry-based Detection of Multiple Fluorescent Senescence Markers in Therapy-Induced Senescent Cancer Cells

Tedaviye Bağlı Yaşlanan Kanser Hücrelerinde Çoklu Floresan Yaşlanma Belirteçlerinin Eşzamanlı Görüntüleme ve Akış Sitometrisine Dayalı Tespiti

Chemotherapeutic drugs can induce irreparable DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis or premature senescence. Unlike apoptotic cell death, ...