Name: shifting zebrafish lethal skeletal mutant penetrance by progeny testing
Uploaded: 2017-09-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shifting Zebrafish Lethal Skeletal Mutant Penetrance by Progeny Testing at JoVE.com

Nos gustaría agradecer a Chuck Kimmel para la dirección, John Dowd para ayuda en el desarrollo de esta estrategia de mejoramiento, Macie Walker por su trabajo en el perfeccionamiento de la mancha esquelética y Charline Walker y Bonnie Ullmann pez cebra útiles consejos. Este trabajo fue apoyado por DE024190 K99/R00 a JTN.

todos los experimentos descritos en este protocolo se completaron en conformidad y cumplimiento de la Universidad de Colorado y la Universidad de Oregon institucional Animal Care y comités del uso (IACUC).
 1. preparación de la población no seleccionados a partir de <ol><li>identificar portadores heterocigotos del alelo del mutante de interés por fin clip 11 y genotipado de un stock de animales hermano completo por el método de elección, tales como KASP <sup c...

<ol>
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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+role+of+variant+histone+H3.3+for+ectomesenchyme+potential+of+the+cranial+neural+crest.">An essential role of variant histone H3.3 for ectomesenchyme potential of the cranial neural crest.</a> PLoS Genet. 8 (9), e1002938 (2012).</li><li>DeLaurier, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+mef2ca+in+developmental+buffering+of+the+zebrafish+larval+hyoid+dermal+skeleton.">Role of mef2ca in developmental buffering of the zebrafish larval hyoid dermal skeleton.</a> Dev Biol. 385 (2), 189-199 (2014).</li><li>McGurk, P. D., Ben Lovely, C., Eberhart, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analyzing+Craniofacial+Morphogenesis+in+Zebrafish+Using+4D+Confocal+Microscopy.">Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy.</a> J Vis Exp. (83), e51190 (2014).</li><li>Kemp, H. A., Carmany-Rampey, A., Moens, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generating+chimeric+zebrafish+embryos+by+transplantation.">Generating chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation.</a> J Vis Exp. (29), e1394 (2009).</li><li>Lush, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progeny+test+and+individual+performance+as+indicators+of+an+animal's+breeding+value.">Progeny test and individual performance as indicators of an animal's breeding value.</a> J Dairy Science. 18 (1), 1-19 (1935).</li><li>Lerner, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Population Genetics and Animal Improvement. , (1950).</li><li>Shinya, M., Sakai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+Highly+Homogeneous+Strains+of+Zebrafish+Through+Full+Sib-Pair+Mating.">Generation of Highly Homogeneous Strains of Zebrafish Through Full Sib-Pair Mating.</a> G3. 1 (5), 377-386 (2011).</li><li>Neff, M. M., Neff, J. D., Chory, J., Pepper, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=dCAPS,+a+simple+technique+for+the+genetic+analysis+of+single+nucleotide+polymorphisms:+experimental+applications+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana+genetics.">dCAPS, a simple technique for the genetic analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms: experimental applications in Arabidopsis thaliana genetics.</a> Plant J. 14 (3), 387-392 (1998).</li><li>Xing, L. Y., Quist, T. S., Stevenson, T. J., Dahlem, T. J., Bonkowsky, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+Efficient+Zebrafish+Genotyping+Using+PCR+with+High-resolution+Melt+Analysis.">Rapid and Efficient Zebrafish Genotyping Using PCR with High-resolution Melt Analysis.</a> Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments. (84), e51138 (2014).</li><li>He, C., Holme, J., Anthony, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SNP+genotyping:+the+KASP+assay.">SNP genotyping: the KASP assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1145, 75-86 (2014).</li><li>Semagn, K., Babu, R., Hearne, S., Olsen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+nucleotide+polymorphism+genotyping+using+Kompetitive+Allele+Specific+PCR+(KASP):+overview+of+the+technology+and+its+application+in+crop+improvement.">Single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP): overview of the technology and its application in crop improvement.</a> Molecular Breeding. 33 (1), 1-14 (2014).</li><li>Yuan, J., Wen, Z., Gu, C., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+high+throughput+and+cost+effective+SNP+genotyping+platforms+in+soybean.">Introduction of high throughput and cost effective SNP genotyping platforms in soybean.</a> Plant Genet Genomics Biotech. 2 (1), 90-94 (2014).</li><li>Walker, M. B., Kimmel, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+two-color+acid-free+cartilage+and+bone+stain+for+zebrafish+larvae.">A two-color acid-free cartilage and bone stain for zebrafish larvae.</a> Biotech Histochem. 82 (1), 23-28 (2007).</li><li>Nasiadka, A., Clark, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+breeding+in+the+laboratory+environment.">Zebrafish breeding in the laboratory environment.</a> ILAR J. 53 (2), 161-168 (2012).</li><li>Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B., Schilling, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+embryonic+development+of+the+zebrafish.">Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish.</a> Dev dyn. 203 (3), 253-310 (1995).</li><li>Schilling, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jaw+and+branchial+arch+mutants+in+zebrafish+I:+branchial+arches.">Jaw and branchial arch mutants in zebrafish I: branchial arches.</a> Development. 123, 329-344 (1996).</li><li>McCune, A. R., Carlson, R. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+inbreeding+depression.">The genetics of inbreeding depression.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 10 (11), 783-796 (2009).</li><li>McCune, A. 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Cría selectiva presenta sutilezas de funciones de los genes
Cambio de fenotipos mutantes para ser más o menos graves mediante la cría selectiva es una forma sencilla para obtener nuevos conocimientos sobre funciones de los genes. En comparación con los métodos estándar de cría seleccionada, el protocolo que presentamos puede producir una comprensión mucho más completa de los fenotipos mutantes. Específicamente, mediante la generación de cepas que son graves, puede s...

El pez cebra es un sistema potente para comprender el desarrollo del esqueleto. Variedades de pez cebra mutante, biólogos descifrar funciones de los genes durante la skeletogenesis. Sin embargo, pueden presentar fenotipos mutantes esqueleto de pez cebra con penetrance variable1,2,3,4 que puede dificultar el análisis del desarrollo y genéticos. El propósito de este método es triple. En primer lugar, generar líneas de pez cebra mutante que consistentemente producen fenotipos severos permite estudios desarrollo aguas abajo como grabación Time-lapse y transplante de5 6. Este tipo de estudios puede paralizado al intentar estudiar fenotipos que sólo manifiestan constantemente. En segundo lugar, endogamia cepas de pez cebra puede disminuir la variación genética, fomentando así la reproducibilidad y consistencia experimental. Por ejemplo, todos en situ el análisis de hibridación en una cepa consanguínea selectivamente pueden reducir variabilidad confusión y reforzar conclusiones. En tercer lugar, generando severas y suaves cepas revelará toda la serie fenotípica que puede resultar de una mutación particular.
A primera vista, parece imposible la cría selectiva de los mutantes letales. ¿Cómo puede una raza de penetrancia cuando los animales que se anotaron para la selección están muertos? Afortunadamente, los métodos para la cría selectiva por selección de familia, específicamente la progenie pruebas, han demostrado eficacia en ganadería programas muchos años7,8. Estos programas se utilizan principalmente para la cría selectiva para caracteres que sólo están presentes en uno de los sexos, como la producción de leche en vacas o producción de huevos en gallinas. Los machos de estas especies no se anotó directamente, pero su progenie se anotó y luego se asigna un valor a los padres. Préstamos de esta estrategia, el protocolo presentado aquí consiste en anotar la descendencia mutante fija y teñida de un par de peces cebra que son heterocigotos para un gen mutante de interés. La penetrancia de un fenotipo en la descendencia mutante letal homocigótica se asigna a los padres al decidir que los individuos producen la próxima generación en la línea. Encontramos que este método es un medio eficaz de cambio de penetrancia en el pez cebra mutantes esquelética letal1.
Similar a otros estudios, este protocolo de cría selectiva toma bajo criterios de consideración como tamaño de la nidada, supervivencia de crías, desarrollo normal de los embriones y relación de sexo9. Sin embargo, estos factores se consideran en el contexto de un fondo de mutantes con el objetivo de desplazar la penetrancia mutante. Por lo tanto, este protocolo extiende anteriores paradigmas de crianza selectiva, ofreciendo un método para reforzar análisis mutantes del desarrollo así como aumentar la homogeneidad de fondo.
Este protocolo requiere extenso genotipado, así que es importante desarrollar un protocolo de genotipado fiable y rápida de antemano. Hay muchos protocolos de genotipado disponible10,11, sin embargo encontramos el KASP genotyping12,13,14 más rápido, es más coste eficiente y más confiable que los métodos basada en el clivaje enzimático de la restricción de secuencias amplificadas10. Por lo tanto, incluimos un protocolo KASP en este trabajo. Además, nos centramos en esqueléticos fenotipos mutantes en este protocolo e incluyen un procedimiento de Alcian azul/alizarina rojo tinción modificada de protocolos anteriores15.
El método descrito aquí es una estrategia sencilla para cambio de penetrancia mutante letal hacia arriba o hacia abajo. Si bien este protocolo se centra en esqueléticos fenotipos mutantes, creemos será una estrategia útil para la cría de todas las líneas de pez cebra mutante. De hecho, la utilidad de esta estrategia de cría probable se extiende más allá de pez cebra. Predecimos que este protocolo puede ser modificado para cambiar la penetración en una amplia gama de organismos. Cambio mortal penetrancia por pruebas de progenie puede ayudar a impulsar el progreso de cualquier genetista del desarrollo.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="627">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde, pelleted, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ted Pella Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18501</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Pelleted PFA is a safer alternative to powdered PFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td>223210010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10x PBS, Aqueous</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP3994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">190 proof Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alcian Blue, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Anatech Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">867</td>
			<td>Must be from Anatech</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Alizarin Red, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A5533-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol, liquid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP229 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hydrogen peroxide, liquid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP263500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium hydroxide,&#160; solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P250 500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">StepOnePlus Real-time PCR Machine</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-well Reaction Plate with Barcode (0.1mL)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4346906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microseal &#39;B&#39; seal</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MSB1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KASP Master Mix, High ROX</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">LGC</td>
			<td>KBS-1016-022</td>
			<td>https://www.lgcgroup.com/products/kasp-genotyping-chemistry/#.WOPX41UrKUk</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">KASP By Design Primer Mix</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">LGC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KBS-2100-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris HCl, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP153 500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">potassium chloride, solid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP366 500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween-20, liquid</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP337 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nonidet P40</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>28324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tricaine-S</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Western Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1700 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T100 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BioRad</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Controlled Drop Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nanodrop</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>for DNA quantitation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

shifting zebrafish lethal skeletal mutant penetrance by progeny testing

Pez cebra mutantes fenotipos son a menudo incompleto penetrantes, que se manifiesta sólo en algunas mutantes. Fenotipos interesantes que aparecen sistemáticamente pueden ser difíciles de estudiar y pueden conducir a la confusión de resultados. El protocolo descrito aquí es un paradigma de reproducción directa para aumentar y disminuir la penetrancia en mutantes esquelética letal pez cebra. Porque mutantes letales no pueden ser criados selectivamente directamente, se emplea la estrategia clásica cría selectiva de prueba de progenie. Este método también incluye protocolos para el pez cebra de Genotipado de Kompetitive alelo específico PCR (KASP) y coloración de larvas de pez cebra cartílago y hueso. Aplicación de la estrategia de cría descrita aquí puede aumentar la penetración de un fenotipo esquelético interesante que permite resultados más reproducibles en aplicaciones posteriores. Además, disminuye la penetrancia mutante a través de esta estrategia de cría selectiva puede revelar los procesos del desarrollo que requieren más crucial la función del gen mutado. Mientras que el esqueleto se considera específicamente aquí, proponemos que esta metodología sea útil para todas las líneas de pez cebra mutante.

Este protocolo es una técnica de agricultura a largo plazo útil para mutantes esqueleto de pez cebra de comprensión (figura 1). La cría selectiva por pruebas de progenie debe generar un cambio en penetrancia total hacia abajo y hacia arriba en unas pocas generaciones (figura 2). En nuestro trabajo anterior, dos rondas de cría selectiva condujeron la penetrancia media hacia abajo de 17% a 3%1. Del mism...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Shifting Zebrafish Lethal Skeletal Mutant Penetrance by Progeny Testing at JoVE.com

Shifting Zebrafish Lethal Skeletal Mutant Penetrance by Progeny Testing

El objetivo de este protocolo es modificar la penetrancia de fenotipos mutantes esqueléticos letal en el pez cebra por cría selectiva. Mutantes letales no pueden cultivarse a la edad adulta y crían ellos mismos, por lo tanto este protocolo describe un método de seguimiento y selección de penetración a través de múltiples generaciones por prueba de progenie.

Cambio de penetrancia mutante esquelética letal de pez cebra por prueba de progenie

Zebrafish mutant phenotypes are often incompletely penetrant, only manifesting in some mutants. Interesting phenotypes that inconsistently appear can be ...

The overall goal of this breeding strategy is to manipulate mutant penetrance upward or downward. This selective breeding method enables a more complete understanding of mutant phenotypes. By generating high and low penetrance mutant strains, the entire phenotypic series of a mutation can be understood.Most zebrafish scale where mutants are recessive lethal, so homozygous mutants die before they can be directly bred. Therefore, we employ the classical selective breeding strategy of progeny testing, which we demonstrate here. We first had the item for this method when attempting to time lapse record ectopic bone cell development.Frustratingly, extra bone cells appeared in it frequently, so we set out to alter mutant penetrants by selective breeding. Although we perform this method on a zebrafish scale with a mutant line, it can also be applied to other zebrafish mutant phenotypes and likely, other organisms. After preparing unselected starting zebrafish stock according to the text protocol, carry out KASP genotyping as follows.Place the zebrafish tail tissue in 50 microliters of lysis buffer in the wells of a 96 well plate. Add 10 microliters of 10 milligrams per milliliter proteinase k per well and digest the tissue samples in a thermocycler at 55 degree celsius for two to five hours. Followed by a 20 minute 94 degree celsius inactivation step.Refrigerate the lysis product after digestion. Use a spectrophotometer to quantify the genomic DNA. Then, using molecular biology grade water, dilute the genomic template so that each reaction contains approximately 20 to 30 nanograms.Add 0.14 microliters of the KASP primer mix and five microliters of the KASP master mix per sample on ice, into a 1.5 milliliter microcentrifuge tube and mix well. Then, briefly centrifuge to collect the contents at the bottom of the tube. Pipette five microliters of primer master mix solution into the wells of a 96 well optical PCR plate suitable for the real time PCR machine being used.Then, pipette five microliters of diluted DNA template samples into each well and aspirate with a pipette to mix. Place an optically clear film seal over the plate, ensuring that the film is fully sealed on each well. Briefly centrifuge the plate at 600 x G to collect the contents at the bottom and to remove bubbles from the mix.After performing the main KASP reaction, view the resulting scatter plot produced by the analysis computer. House the identified heterozygous animals together on the main water system. After the animal recover from the fin clip, set up pairwise intercrosses, use dividers to ensure embryos are synchronized.Collect the embryos, and keep the parental pairs isolated in breeding cages. Monitor isolated adults, so that aggressive fish can be separated or provided with cover. To rear the embryos on day five or six, when the swim bladders is inflated in 75%of a clutch, use a glass pipette to collect phenotypically wild type animals.Place phenotypic wild types in the nursery, recording which parents yielded them. After anesthetizing larvae that do not inflate their swim bladders according to the text protocol, use a wide bore glass pasteur pipette to collect the animals into 1.5 milliliters microcentrifuge tubes. Remove the embryo water from each tube and replace it with one milliliter of 2%paraformaldehyde in 1x PBS.Rock the tubes for one hour to fix the animals. Track the tubes regularly during this and all subsequent rocking steps to ensure no larvae have become stuck to the side or clumped in the bottom of the tube. Use a glass pipette to remove the fixative from the tubes.Then add one milliliter of 50%ethanol. Rock the samples for an additional 10 minutes. Prepare fresh staining solution by adding 20 microliters of 0.5%alizarin red per one milliliter of Alcian premix.Remove the 50%ethanol, and add one milliliter of staining solution to each tube. Then, rock the tubes overnight. Within a few days after bleaching the embryos according to the text protocol, score stained mutant offspring for penetrants.In this example, we score for any occurrence of a topic bone. For the next generation, choose two high penetrants and two low penetrants families. Give each parental pair a sub stock identifier, for example, family 4.01, 02, et cetera.It's also helpful to indicate the or inbred generation number on all labels. House parental pairs on the main system with several mixed sex companion fish. Companion fish can be any zebrafish line with permanent obvious distinguishing features, such as altered pigmentation or fin structure.Label the tanks containing the wild type sibling larvae from selected families with the penetrants from the mutant siblings and raise the fish to adulthood as normal. Selective breeding by progeny testing, should yield a shift in overall penetrants both downward and upward in a few generations. In these examples, apply to the mef2ca b1086 mutant, high or low penetrants of a topic bone between the opercal and the branchiostegal ray in lethal homozygous mutants was selected for.In a successful cast procedure, type groupings of samples corresponding to gene type should be recognized by the computer program and the NTCs should be located near the origin of the plot after sufficient cycles have been performed. As demonstrated here, successful Alcian blue, alizarin red stain will have vibrantly stained bone and cartilage elements that are not transparent or faint. The boundaries of the cartilage elements should appear crisp and individual contracytes will be discernible.Alcian blue that is too concentrated were not clear from other tissues making analysis impossible. Implementing this technique from zebrafish line maintenance will likely alter penetrants in a few generations. Following this procedure, other methods like NC2 hybridization and timelapse imaging studies may yield more consistent results.We use this technique to explore the heritability of phenotype variation. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to selectively breed your mutant strains to alter penetrance, even if the mutation is lethal.

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