Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

我们要感谢喜悦伯格曼, Attilio Ceretti, 萨拉 Cohen, 尼娜邓肯, 亚伦霍尔, 汉娜 Lefebo, 和马德琳萨尔瓦多为他们的行为的协助, 和 Dr.？帕瑞克豪, Dr. 布兰妮 Yegla, 并抢夺科尔的意见, 就 SAT 参数。我们要感谢 Dr. 吉尔 McGaughy 关于培训程序的提示。这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院的资助镍氢092438和国家科学基金会授予 IOS 1552416 D.A.B。

所有实验都是按照国家卫生研究院的指导方针进行的, 并得到了寺庙大学机构动物使用和护理委员会的批准。这项协议是与成人 (〜60天的年龄时, 开始研究) 男性和女性大大鼠 (查尔斯河). 
 1. 用于触摸屏的材料 <ol> <li> 确保一个声音衰减隔间包围每个触摸屏室, 并且该腔室配备有房子灯、音调发生器、位于会议厅上方的照相机以及一个小球分配器与馈线奖励区 (可以照亮) 在?...

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持续关注的赤字报告在神经精神、神经发育和神经系统退行性疾病1,2,3, 但有助于最佳与中断注意力的过程理解.这在一定程度上是因为专门的设备限制了啮齿目动物注意任务的容易适应。然而, 触摸屏的房间正在解决这个问题, 提供灵活性运行各种认知任务与一件设备20,22。在这里, 我...

从注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 到精神分裂症到老年痴呆症, 分享注意力障碍的功能1,2,3。持续关注的赤字--持续监测间歇性和不可预知事件的情况的能力--特别具有破坏性, 因为持续的注意力对于选择性和分散注意力以及其他认知进程4,5。即使在健康人中, 持续关注的困难也会对认知产生负面影响, 损害日常功能6。因此, 了解持续关注的神经生物学基础以及它如何成为失调可能会导致干预, 以提高认识, 使许多人受益。
为了描述电路和分子过程, 有助于适当的和中断的注意, 许多研究人员已经转向非人类动物模型, 其中操纵特定的细胞数量和分子过程在注意任务是可能的。这项工作导致了各种操作性注意任务的开发, 它们能够评估持续注意的能力7,8,9,10。一个这样的范例, 由 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995) 开发, 被称为持续关注任务 (SAT)。在 SAT 训练的啮齿动物必须区分信号试验, 其中一个信号灯短暂闪烁, 从了无试验。通过引入视觉干扰 (闪烁 houselight)10, 可以提高注意力需求。在 SAT 评估注意的关键参数是很好的文件, 这项任务已经验证了在男性和女性大鼠和小鼠10,11,12。一个版本甚至被改编为人类, 突出了 SAT13的平移实用程序。重要的是, 这项任务的使用帮助牵连到基底前脑 corticopetal 系统持续关注4。具体地说, 基底前脑 Meynert (国家银行)/黑 inominata (SI) 区的胆碱能神经元金鸡投射到前额皮质对命中至关重要, 这是对信号试验的准确反应14, 15。相比之下, 这个地区的 gaba 神经元被认为是在正确的拒绝 (CRs) 中调解性能, 这是对了无试验的准确反应16。一旦这项任务的基本电路建立, 调节这个电路的因素, 以削弱注意范围从压力荷尔蒙到神经毒素蛋白已被确定17,18。总的来说, 这些研究突出了 SAT 的效用。
在实验室中实施 SAT 的一个限制是, 原程序要求为任务永久配置的操作室, 具有中心面板指示灯和两个可伸缩拉杆, 一个为命中指定, 一个用于 CRs10。在信号试验中, 面板灯简要地照亮, 然后杠杆扩展, 以表明4秒的响应窗口。在那窗口期间, 如果被选定的命中杠杆被按, 则老鼠接受奖励 (食物或水)。不正确的杠杆压力机的信号试验, 称为错过, 是没有奖励。在终止试验中, 面板指示灯保持关闭, 然后将杠杆延长。虽然 CR 是奖励, 不正确的杠杆印刷机终止试验, 被称为假警报, 是没有奖励。在响应窗口中没有做出任何响应都算作遗漏。为了扩大 SAT 的可用性, 我们最近修改了触摸屏的工作室的任务, 其中一个墙是一个触摸屏, 既可以显示视觉刺激和记录鼻子戳反应19。触摸屏是越来越流行, 因为他们的多功能性, 运行各种任务 (例如, 配对学习, 反向学习,等) 与一件设备20。类似于其他触摸屏程序20,21,22, 我们的 SAT 适应需要使用一个不透明的塑料触摸屏的封面, 称为口罩, 与孔切入。一个中心的圆形孔允许在它后面的屏幕上显示一个白色的刺激信号, 并且两个正方形的响应区域, 一个指定的命中和一个为 CRs, 允许老鼠做触摸响应19。在传统的腔室中, 4 秒的响应窗口通常是用杠杆的表示来指示的, 但先前的研究表明, 音调也可以用来向响应窗口23发出信号。在触摸屏上, 我们同样用简短的语气向响应窗口发出信号。其他训练参数 (例如、试验次数、intertrial 间隔、等) 在传统和触摸屏之间保持相似。我们以前评估的性能之间的传统和触摸屏 sat 版本, 并发现它是可比的, 建议触摸屏是一个有效的方法来衡量持续关注19。触摸屏的修改使 SAT 更加多才多艺, 因为它现在可以适应广泛使用的触摸屏操控箱。
本协议详细说明了如何在实验室中运行触摸屏。培训时间表从我们以前的任务19报告中略有改变, 以优化雌性大鼠的捕获时间, 这与男性不同, 在以前的日程安排中,24难以前进。结果说明了典型的雄性和雌性大鼠的表现, 以及解决问题的技巧。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>89505</td>
			<td>Version 2.19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisker Multimedia</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80698-1</td>
			<td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80600-CAM</td>
			<td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>88530</td>
			<td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td>BioServe</td>
			<td>F0165</td>
			<td>45 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Mask</td>
			<td>Everything Plastic</td>
			<td>Custom Product</td>
			<td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Utility Cart</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-954-754</td>
			<td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headlights with red lights</td>
			<td>Energizer</td>
			<td>HDL33A2E</td>
			<td>LED white and red light</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

持续的关注是在长时间内监测间歇性和不可预知事件的能力。这种注意过程 subserves 了认知的其他方面, 并在某些神经发育、神经精神和退行性疾病中被打乱。因此, 确定损害和改善持续性注意的机制具有重要的临床意义。这种机制往往首先使用啮齿动物模型发现。因此, 一些行为程序的测试方面的持续关注已发展啮齿动物。一, 首先描述的 McGaughy 和 Sarter (1995), 称为持续注意力任务 (SAT), 训练大鼠区分信号 (即, 简短的光表示) 和了无试验。信号是短的, 因此需要仔细注意被察觉。通过引入干扰 (例如, 闪烁 houselight), 可以进一步提高注意力需求。我们已经修改了这项任务的触摸屏行动室, 这是配置在一个墙上的触摸屏, 可以提出刺激和记录的反应。在这里, 我们详细介绍了我们在触摸屏室的协议。此外, 我们提出了标准的性能指标的男性和女性大大鼠。在这项任务中, 男女双方的可比性表现突出了其对注意力研究的使用, 特别是因为越来越多的研究人员在实验设计中包括雌性啮齿动物。此外, 易于实施的 SAT 为越来越流行的触摸屏增加了它的效用。

对于大多数的注意力研究, 老鼠被训练到标准的 SAT, 然后操纵, 以扰乱或提高注意力的执行。采集数据通常不提供, 但我们在这里这样做是为了说明在男性和女性大大鼠的采集率。为此, 我们量化的平均天数, 以达到标准的 SAT (开始在鼻子捅阶段)。注意一些老鼠从来没有做过标准 (n = 5 雄性, n = 1 雌性)。平均天数, 它采取了男性 (n = 24) 和女性 (n = 16) 大鼠达到标准 (包括那些谁...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

触摸屏持续注意任务 (SAT) 大鼠

持续的关注, 或持续的监测情况的间歇和不可预知的事件, 是一个关键的方面的认知。在这里, 我们详细介绍了如何使用触摸屏操作室来测试老鼠的持续注意力。我们在雄性和雌性老鼠身上表现出相当的性能, 这使得这项任务对研究两性的注意力很有用。

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

The overall goal of this behavioral task with touchscreen operant chambers is to measure the sustained attention capacity of rats. This method can help uncover the neuro biological mechanisms critical for appropriate sustained attention which is the monitoring of intermittent and unpredictable events over time. The main advantage of this technique is that we have adapted a well validated rodent sustained attention task to the touchscreen operant chamber.An apparatus of growing popularity with programmability to many cognitive tasks. The applications of this technique extend toward the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by disrupted attention. Therapies for which, can be tested using the method presented here.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with setting up a system to ensure that the rats are being accurately tracked and that the data is being properly recorded. For this experiment, touchscreen chambers must be prepared within sound attenuation cubicles. Equip the chambers with the house light, a tone generator, a camera positioned above, a touchscreen and a pellet dispenser with the feeder reward area.The feeder reward area can be illuminated. Before loading the 45 milligram reward pellets, shake the dust off them using a flour sifter. This dust can clog the feeder.If the rats are outfitted with a head implant, use a feeder with a large aperture. Feed each chamber with a black acrylic mask to limit the response areas on the touchscreen. Leave a central circular hole for the light stimulus and two square response holes below the central hole positioned center.While in use, operate the chamber in a sound attenuation cubicle. This completes the chamber preparations. The text protocol describes how to set the perimeters for the experiment.For this experiment, rats can be housed individually or in groups. Prior to starting a study, handle the rats daily for five minutes per day, for five straight days. Always wear personal protective gear.Start the food restriction three days before starting the behavior shaping. On the first day, record each rats free-feeding weight and calculate their target weight which is 85%of the free-feeding weight. Prior to shaping, pre-expose the rats to 15 food reward pellets in their home cage.After the initial food restriction, adjust the food intake to maintain the target weight, allowing for slight weight gain over time. Prior to starting a new schedule, food restrict the rats a little more than usual, to increase their motivation. On days that rats do not perform the task, increase their food by at least one gram to compensate for not receiving pellet rewards.After each session, wait at least 30 minutes before providing food, to avoid making an association between the testing succession and their feeding time. If the rats are group housed, feed them separately for an hour before regrouping them. In preparation, power up the equipment.Ensure that the pellet dispensers are filled with pellets and ensure that the mask is in position in front of the touchscreen. Then, check the function of each box. Test the pellet dispenser, the screen, the lights and the tone generator.Testing the function of the chambers at the beginning of each day is critical because any one small malfunction can confuse the animals and prevent them from learning the task or performing at a normal level. Next, review the schedule for loading the boxes. Pay close attention to the test group and input the relevant information regarding animal ID, sex, experimental condition, user initials and other notes.With all the preparations made, retrieve the subjects. Generally, test the rats at least 30 minutes into their dark cycle. To work with the rats in the dark, use head mounted red lights.When transporting the rats during the dark cycle, cover their cages with black towels. Once in the behavior room, load the rats into their appropriate box and start the session for the sustained attention task. In the sustained attention task, rats are trained to distinguish signal trials from non-signal trials.Signal trials include a variable duration light flash followed by an audible tone and a four second response window. During the four seconds, if the rat then posed the correct area on the screen. In this case, it is the right response area, the rat is rewarded with a food pellet and this is called, a hit.If the rat pokes the other response area, this is considered a miss and the rat is not rewarded. A non-signal trial does not include the light and the rat must poke a different part of the screen to indicate that no signal was detected to earn a reward. A correct response on a non-signal trial is called, a correct rejection.If the rat pokes the other response area on a non-signal trial, this is considered a false alarm and is not rewarded. The correct response areas for signal and non-signal trials should be counter-balanced between subjects. For signal and non-signal trials, a failure to make any response during the response window counts as a, no mission and is not rewarded.There is also a distracter version of the sustained attention task, where the house light flashes during the second of three blocks of trials. After starting a session, monitor the rats during the first several minutes, to ensure that everything is functioning properly. Then, check their performance intermittently.Once a session is complete, record the summary data and any issues in the notebook. Between trials, wipe down each chamber with 10%ethanol and replace the bedding. After running all the trials for the day, thoroughly clean the chambers with 10%ethanol, making sure the floor grid is as clean as possible.Then, replace the bedding. After every session, it is a good idea to fully update the spreadsheets and back them up to a separate server. The median number of days to reach criteria on SAT was 54.5 days for male rats and 62 days for female rats with no significant difference.Performance measures on the SAT task showed that based on the percentages of hits and correct rejections, males and females were similarly accurate on the signaled and non-signaled trials. An overall measure of intentional performance, the vigilance index or VI, showed similar measures between the sexes as well. Nor were there sex differences in the low percentages of omissions recorded.During the tasks, the visual signal varied between 500, 50 and 25 milliseconds and performance declined with the shorter signals. There was no main effect based on sex. To increase attentional demands, the house light was flashed as a distracter during the second of the three trial blocks, in one subset of rats.As expected, there was a main effect for the trial block. With performance declining in block two and recovering in block three. Unexpectedly, females performed significantly worse than males.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to keep track of each individual animal's performance and adjust feeding as necessary to ensure that they have acquired the task as quickly as possible. Don't forget, that when working with rodents, protocol should first be approved by IACUC and personal protective equipment should always be worn.

touchscreen-sustained-attention-task-sat-for-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

关联从人类前额叶皮层的fMRI信号的行为反应：检查的认知过程，使用任务分析

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

科研

神经科学

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

评估大鼠蔗糖渴求育成的一个通用方法

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

同时MEG / EEG和解剖约束的最小模估计皮质动态映射：听觉注意示例

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

使用 Flanker 任务进行并发脑电图和功能近红外光谱记录

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

事件相关电位 （ERPs） 和其他基于脑电图的提取大脑功能障碍生物标志物的方法：从小儿注意力缺陷/多动障碍 （ADHD） 中的例子

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

大鼠慢性植入的外周神经刺激电极的制备

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack of evidence examining how task conditions impact trunk compensation and goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. This protocol aims to investigate the impact of task conditions, including task difficulty and complexity, on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. Two non-disabled young adults and two chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment were recruited for testing the protocol. Each participant performed goal-directed arm reaches with four different task conditions (2 task difficulties [large vs. small targets] X 2 task complexities [pointing vs. picking up]). The task goal was to reach and point at a target or pick up an object located 20 cm in front of the home position as quickly as possible with a stylus or a pair of chopsticks, respectively, in response to an auditory cue. Participants performed ten reaches per task condition. A 3-dimensional motion capture camera system was used to record trunk and arm kinematics. Representative results showed that there was a significant increase in movement duration, movement jerkiness, and trunk compensation as a function of task complexity, but not task difficulty in all participants. Chronic stroke survivors showed significantly slower, jerkier, and more feedback-dependent arm reaches and significantly more compensatory trunk movements than non-disabled adults. Our representative results support that this protocol can be used to investigate the impact of task conditions on motor control strategies in chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment.

This protocol is intended to investigate the impact of task conditions on movement strategies in chronic stroke survivors. Further, this protocol can be used to examine if a restriction in elbow extension induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation causes trunk compensation during goal-directed arm reaches in non-disabled adults.

运动任务条件对长期中风幸存者目标定向手臂达到运动学和树干补偿的影响

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack ...

Head Implants for the Neuroimaging of Awake, Head-Fixed Rats

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular functions of the brain and can adversely influence neurophysiological results. The use of awake animals for research studies is advantageous but poses the major challenge of keeping the animals calm and stationary to minimize motion artifacts throughout data acquisition. Awake imaging in smaller-sized rodents (e.g., mice) is very common but remains scant in rats as rats are bigger, stronger, and have a greater tendency to oppose movement restraints and head fixation over the long durations required for imaging. A new model of neuroimaging of awake, head-fixed rats using customized hand-sewn slings, 3D-printed head implants, head caps, and a headframe is described. The results acquired following a single trial of single-whisker stimulation suggest an increase in the intensity of the evoked functional response. The acquisition of the evoked functional response from awake, head-fixed rats is faster than that from anesthetized rats, reliable, reproducible, and can be used for repeated longitudinal studies.

A detailed new procedure for functional imaging of awake, head-fixed rats is described.

用于清醒、头部固定大鼠神经成像的头部植入物

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

检测高功能卒中患者认知缺陷的双任务斯特鲁普范式

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Surgery and Behavioral Testing in the Tibial Neuroma Transposition Model in Rats

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia at the plantar surface of the hind paw innervated by the intact sural nerve. This TNT model is suitable to test therapies for neuroma pain, such as the potential superiority of certain surgical therapies that are already used in the clinic, or to evaluate new drugs and their effect on both pain modalities in the same animal. In this model, a distal lesion (neurotmesis) is made in the tibial nerve, and the proximal nerve end is transposed and fixed subcutaneously and pretibially to enable assessments of the neuroma site with a 15 g Von Frey monofilament. To assess allodynia over the sural nerve, Von Frey monofilaments can be used via the up-down method on the plantar lateral region of the hind paw. After cutting the tibial nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity develops at the neuroma site within 1 week after surgery and persists at least until 12 weeks after surgery. Allodynia at the sural innervated plantar surface develops within 3 weeks after surgery compared to the contralateral limb. At 12 weeks, a neuroma forms on the proximal end of the severed tibial nerve, indicated by dispersion and swirling of axons. For the TNT model surgery, multiple critical (micro)surgical steps need to be followed, and some surgery practice under terminal anesthesia is advised. Compared to other neuropathic pain models, such as the spared nerve injury model, allodynia over the neuroma site can be independently tested from sural nerve hypersensitivity in the TNT model. However, the neuroma site can be tested only in rats, not in mice. The tips and directions provided in this protocol can help research groups working on pain successfully implement the TNT model in their facility.

This protocol describes the tibial neuroma transposition model, which entails a lesion of the tibial nerve with subsequent transposition of the proximal nerve end toward a subcutaneous pretibial or lateral position. Behavioral testing of neuroma pain and plantar hyperalgesia is quantified using Von Frey monofilaments.

大鼠胫神经瘤转位模型中的手术和行为测试

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia ...