Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Gostaríamos de agradecer a Joy Bergmann, Attilio Ceretti, Sarah Cohen, Nina Duncan, Aaron Hall, Hanna Lefebo, Madeleine Salvatore por sua ajuda com o comportamento e Dr. Vinay Parikh, Dr. Brittney Yegla e Rob Cole para seus conselhos sobre os parâmetros de SAT. Gostaríamos de agradecer o Dr. Jill McGaughy dicas sobre o processo de formação. Este trabalho foi financiado pelos institutos nacionais de subsídio de saúde 092438 NIMH e National Science Foundation grant 1552416 IOS para D.A.B.

todos os experimentos foram conduzidos em conformidade com as diretrizes do National Institutes of Health e foram aprovados pelo Comitê de cuidados e uso do templo Universidade institucional Animal. Este protocolo foi desenvolvido com adulto (~ 60 dias de idade ao iniciar o estudo) ratos Sprague-Dawley machos e fêmeas (Charles River).
 1. materiais para Touchscreen SAT <ol><li>certifique-se de que um cubículo de atenuação do som envolve cada câmara de ecrã táctil e que câmaras est?...

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Déficits na atenção sustentada são relatados em neuropsiquiátrica, desenvolvimento neurológico e Neurodegenerativas Transtornos1,2,3, mas os processos que contribuem para o ideal versus atenção interrompida são Understudy. Isto é, em parte, porque o equipamento especializado limita a fácil adaptação de tarefas de atenção de roedores. No entanto, touchscreen câmaras estão abordando esse assunto, fornecendo a flex...

Distúrbios variando de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) a esquizofrenia, a doença de Alzheimer, compartilhar deficiências de atenção como um recurso1,2,3. Déficits na atenção sustentada — a capacidade de monitorar continuamente uma situação para eventos intermitentes e imprevisíveis — são particularmente perturbador, porque atenção sustentada é crucial para a atenção selectiva e dividida, assim como outros cognitivo processos de4,5. Mesmo em pessoas saudáveis, dificuldades em sustentar a atenção negativamente afeta a cognição, prejudicando o diário função6. Assim, a compreender a base Neurobiológica da atenção sustentada e como torna-se prejudicado pode levar a intervenções para melhorar a cognição que beneficiaria muitas pessoas.
A fim de delinear circuitos e processos moleculares que contribuem para a adequada contra atenção interrompida, muitos pesquisadores se transformaram em modelos animais não-humanos, onde a manipulação de populações de células específicas e processos moleculares durante a atenção tarefas é possível. O esforço tem levado ao desenvolvimento de uma variedade de tarefas de atenção operante que pode avaliar a capacidade de sustentar a atenção7,8,9,10. Um tal paradigma, desenvolvida pela McGaughy e Sarter (1995), é conhecida como a tarefa de atenção sustentada (SAT). Roedores treinados em SAT devem distinguir julgamentos de sinal, em que uma luz de sinal pisca brevemente, de ensaios não-sinal. Demandas de atenção podem ser aumentadas através da introdução de um distrator visual (piscando houselight)10. Os parâmetros críticos para avaliar a atenção no SAT estão bem documentados e esta tarefa foi validada em ratos machos e fêmeas e camundongos de11,10,12. Uma versão ainda foi adaptada para os seres humanos, destacando o utilitário translacional de SAT13. O uso desta tarefa importante, ajudou a implicar o sistema de corticopetal do prosencéfalo basal na atenção sustentada4. Especificamente, neurônios colinérgicos do núcleo basalis de Meynert (NBM) / substância inominata (SI) região do prosencéfalo basal que projetam para o córtex pré-frontal são críticos para hits, que são respostas precisas sobre sinal ensaios14, 15. Em contraste, os neurônios gabaérgica nesta região são pensados para mediar o desempenho durante a corretas rejeições (CRs), que são respostas precisas em ensaios não-sinal16. Uma vez que o circuito básico para esta tarefa foi criado, fatores que modulam este circuito para prejudicar a atenção, variando de hormônios do estresse a proteínas neurotóxicas foram identificados17,18. Coletivamente, estes estudos destacam-se o utilitário de SAT.
Uma limitação à implementação SAT no laboratório é que o procedimento original requer operante câmaras permanentemente configuradas para a tarefa, com uma luz de painel de centro e duas patilhas extensíveis, um designado para sucessos e outro para CRs10. Em um julgamento de sinal, o luz do painel acende-se brevemente e estendem para indicar uma janela de resposta s 4 alavancas. Durante essa janela, pressionando a alavanca sucesso designada, então, o rato recebe uma recompensa (comida ou água). Prensas de alavanca incorreto em ensaios de sinal, conhecidos como misses, não são recompensadas. Em ensaios não-sinalizado, a luz do painel permanece desligado e, em seguida, alavancas são estendidas. Enquanto um CR é recompensado, prensas de alavanca incorreto em ensaios não-sinalizado, conhecidos como alarmes falsos, não são recompensadas. Uma falha ao fazer qualquer resposta durante a janela de resposta conta como uma omissão. Para expandir a disponibilidade do SAT, modificamos recentemente a tarefa para câmaras operante touchscreen, em que uma parede é um ecrã táctil que pode tanto exibir estímulos visuais e nariz-poke registro respostas19. Câmaras de touchscreen estão se tornando populares por causa de sua versatilidade para executar uma variedade de tarefas (por exemplo, emparelhado associada aprendizagem, aprendizagem de reversão, etc.) com um pedaço de equipamento20. Semelhante a outros procedimentos de touchscreen20,21,22, nossa adaptação do SAT requer o uso de uma capa de touchscreen de plástico opaco, chamado uma máscara, com furos desviá-la. Um buraco central, circular permite a apresentação de um sinal através da apresentação de um estímulo branco na tela por trás disso, e duas áreas de resposta quadrados, um designado para sucessos e outra para o CRs, permitir que o rato fazer toque respostas19. Nas câmaras tradicionais, a janela de resposta de 4-s é normalmente indicada com a apresentação das alavancas, mas um estudo anterior demonstrou que um tom também pode ser usado para sinalizar a janela de resposta23. Em touchscreen SAT, da mesma forma sinalizarmos a janela de resposta com um tom breve. Outros parâmetros de formação (por exemplo, o número de ensaios, intervalo de intertrial, etc.) são mantidos semelhantes entre o tradicional e touchscreen SAT. Anteriormente avaliamos o desempenho entre as versões tradicionais e tela sensível ao toque do SAT e achei que era comparável, sugerindo que touchscreen SAT é uma forma válida para medir a atenção sustentada19. A modificação de touchscreen torna SAT mais versátil porque pode agora ser adaptada para uso difundido nas caixas operante de touchscreen.
O presente protocolo detalha como executar touchscreen SAT no laboratório. Os horários de treinamento foram ligeiramente alterados do nosso relatório anterior da tarefa19 para otimizar o tempo de aquisição em ratos fêmeas, que, ao contrário dos machos, teve dificuldade, avançando através as programações anteriores24. Resultados ilustrando desempenho típico em ratos machos e fêmeas são incluídos, juntamente com dicas para resolução de problemas com a tarefa.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>89505</td>
			<td>Version 2.19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisker Multimedia</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80698-1</td>
			<td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80600-CAM</td>
			<td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>88530</td>
			<td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td>BioServe</td>
			<td>F0165</td>
			<td>45 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Mask</td>
			<td>Everything Plastic</td>
			<td>Custom Product</td>
			<td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Utility Cart</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-954-754</td>
			<td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headlights with red lights</td>
			<td>Energizer</td>
			<td>HDL33A2E</td>
			<td>LED white and red light</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

Atenção sustentada é a capacidade de monitorar eventos imprevisíveis e intermitentes durante um período prolongado de tempo. Este processo de atenção subserves outros aspectos da cognição e é interrompido em certo neurológico, neuropsiquiátricos e doenças neurodegenerativas. Assim, é clinicamente importante identificar mecanismos que prejudicam e melhorar a atenção sustentada. Tais mecanismos são frequentemente descobertos usando modelos de roedores. Portanto, foram desenvolvidos vários procedimentos de comportamento para os aspectos de atenção sustentada de teste para os roedores. Um, primeiro descrito por McGaughy e Sarter (1995), chamado a tarefa de atenção sustentada (SAT), treina ratos para distinguir entre o sinal (ou seja, breve apresentação de luz) e ensaios não-sinal. Os sinais são curtos e, portanto, requerem atenção cuidadosa para ser percebida. Demandas de atenção podem ser aumentadas ainda mais através da introdução de um distrator (por exemplo, houselight a piscar). Modificamos a esta tarefa para câmaras operante touchscreen, que são configurados com uma tela sensível ao toque em uma parede que pode apresentar estímulos e respostas de registro. Aqui detalhamos nosso protocolo para sab em câmaras de touchscreen. Além disso, apresentamos as medidas padrão de desempenho em ratos Sprague-Dawley machos e fêmeas. Desempenho comparável sobre esta tarefa em ambos os sexos destaca seu uso para estudos de atenção, especialmente porque mais pesquisadores estão incluindo roedores femininas em seu projeto experimental. Além disso, a fácil implementação do SAT para as câmaras cada vez mais popular touchscreen aumenta sua utilidade.

Para a maioria dos estudos de atenção, ratos são treinados para critérios em sab e então manipulações de interromper ou melhorar a atenção são executadas. Dados de aquisição não é normalmente apresentados, mas fazemo-lo aqui para ilustrar preços de aquisição em ratos Sprague-Dawley machos e fêmeas. Para este fim, podemos quantificar o número médio de dias para atingir os critérios em SAT (começando na fase de cutucar nariz). Observe que alguns ratos nunca chegou a cr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Touchscreen sustentada atenção tarefa (SAT) para ratos

Atenção sustentada, ou monitorar continuamente situações para eventos intermitentes e imprevisíveis, é um aspecto crítico da cognição. Aqui detalhamos como teste de atenção sustentada em ratos utilizando câmaras operante de touchscreen. Vamos demonstrar o desempenho comparável em ratos machos e fêmeas, tornando esta tarefa útil para estudar a atenção em ambos os sexos.

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

The overall goal of this behavioral task with touchscreen operant chambers is to measure the sustained attention capacity of rats. This method can help uncover the neuro biological mechanisms critical for appropriate sustained attention which is the monitoring of intermittent and unpredictable events over time. The main advantage of this technique is that we have adapted a well validated rodent sustained attention task to the touchscreen operant chamber.An apparatus of growing popularity with programmability to many cognitive tasks. The applications of this technique extend toward the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by disrupted attention. Therapies for which, can be tested using the method presented here.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with setting up a system to ensure that the rats are being accurately tracked and that the data is being properly recorded. For this experiment, touchscreen chambers must be prepared within sound attenuation cubicles. Equip the chambers with the house light, a tone generator, a camera positioned above, a touchscreen and a pellet dispenser with the feeder reward area.The feeder reward area can be illuminated. Before loading the 45 milligram reward pellets, shake the dust off them using a flour sifter. This dust can clog the feeder.If the rats are outfitted with a head implant, use a feeder with a large aperture. Feed each chamber with a black acrylic mask to limit the response areas on the touchscreen. Leave a central circular hole for the light stimulus and two square response holes below the central hole positioned center.While in use, operate the chamber in a sound attenuation cubicle. This completes the chamber preparations. The text protocol describes how to set the perimeters for the experiment.For this experiment, rats can be housed individually or in groups. Prior to starting a study, handle the rats daily for five minutes per day, for five straight days. Always wear personal protective gear.Start the food restriction three days before starting the behavior shaping. On the first day, record each rats free-feeding weight and calculate their target weight which is 85%of the free-feeding weight. Prior to shaping, pre-expose the rats to 15 food reward pellets in their home cage.After the initial food restriction, adjust the food intake to maintain the target weight, allowing for slight weight gain over time. Prior to starting a new schedule, food restrict the rats a little more than usual, to increase their motivation. On days that rats do not perform the task, increase their food by at least one gram to compensate for not receiving pellet rewards.After each session, wait at least 30 minutes before providing food, to avoid making an association between the testing succession and their feeding time. If the rats are group housed, feed them separately for an hour before regrouping them. In preparation, power up the equipment.Ensure that the pellet dispensers are filled with pellets and ensure that the mask is in position in front of the touchscreen. Then, check the function of each box. Test the pellet dispenser, the screen, the lights and the tone generator.Testing the function of the chambers at the beginning of each day is critical because any one small malfunction can confuse the animals and prevent them from learning the task or performing at a normal level. Next, review the schedule for loading the boxes. Pay close attention to the test group and input the relevant information regarding animal ID, sex, experimental condition, user initials and other notes.With all the preparations made, retrieve the subjects. Generally, test the rats at least 30 minutes into their dark cycle. To work with the rats in the dark, use head mounted red lights.When transporting the rats during the dark cycle, cover their cages with black towels. Once in the behavior room, load the rats into their appropriate box and start the session for the sustained attention task. In the sustained attention task, rats are trained to distinguish signal trials from non-signal trials.Signal trials include a variable duration light flash followed by an audible tone and a four second response window. During the four seconds, if the rat then posed the correct area on the screen. In this case, it is the right response area, the rat is rewarded with a food pellet and this is called, a hit.If the rat pokes the other response area, this is considered a miss and the rat is not rewarded. A non-signal trial does not include the light and the rat must poke a different part of the screen to indicate that no signal was detected to earn a reward. A correct response on a non-signal trial is called, a correct rejection.If the rat pokes the other response area on a non-signal trial, this is considered a false alarm and is not rewarded. The correct response areas for signal and non-signal trials should be counter-balanced between subjects. For signal and non-signal trials, a failure to make any response during the response window counts as a, no mission and is not rewarded.There is also a distracter version of the sustained attention task, where the house light flashes during the second of three blocks of trials. After starting a session, monitor the rats during the first several minutes, to ensure that everything is functioning properly. Then, check their performance intermittently.Once a session is complete, record the summary data and any issues in the notebook. Between trials, wipe down each chamber with 10%ethanol and replace the bedding. After running all the trials for the day, thoroughly clean the chambers with 10%ethanol, making sure the floor grid is as clean as possible.Then, replace the bedding. After every session, it is a good idea to fully update the spreadsheets and back them up to a separate server. The median number of days to reach criteria on SAT was 54.5 days for male rats and 62 days for female rats with no significant difference.Performance measures on the SAT task showed that based on the percentages of hits and correct rejections, males and females were similarly accurate on the signaled and non-signaled trials. An overall measure of intentional performance, the vigilance index or VI, showed similar measures between the sexes as well. Nor were there sex differences in the low percentages of omissions recorded.During the tasks, the visual signal varied between 500, 50 and 25 milliseconds and performance declined with the shorter signals. There was no main effect based on sex. To increase attentional demands, the house light was flashed as a distracter during the second of the three trial blocks, in one subset of rats.As expected, there was a main effect for the trial block. With performance declining in block two and recovering in block three. Unexpectedly, females performed significantly worse than males.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to keep track of each individual animal's performance and adjust feeding as necessary to ensure that they have acquired the task as quickly as possible. Don't forget, that when working with rodents, protocol should first be approved by IACUC and personal protective equipment should always be worn.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

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