Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Vi vill tacka Joy Bergmann, Attilio Ceretti, Sarah Cohen, Nina Duncan, Arron Hall, Hanna Lefebo, och Madeleine Salvatore för deras hjälp med beteende, och Dr. Vinay Parikh, Dr Brittney Yegla och Rob Cole för deras råd på SAT parametrar. Vi vill tacka Dr Jill McGaughy tips om förfarandet för utbildning. Detta arbete stöddes av National Institutes of Health grant NIMH 092438 och National Science Foundation bevilja D.A.B. IOS 1552416

alla experiment genomfördes i enlighet med riktlinjerna som National Institutes of Health och godkändes av Temple University institutionella djur användning och eftervård kommittén. Detta protokoll utvecklades med vuxen (~ 60 dagars ålder börjar när studien) manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor (Charles River).
 1. material för Touchscreen SAT <ol><li>Se till att en ljuddämpning cubicle omger varje pekskärm kammare och att chambers är utrustade med huset ljus, tongenerat...

<ol>
	<li>Cornblatt, B. A., Keilp, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+attention,+genetics,+and+the+pathophysiology+of+schizophrenia.">Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.</a> Schizphr Bull. 20 (1), 31-46 (1994).</li><li>Gmehlin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Lapses+of+Adults+with+Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+in+Tasks+of+Sustained+Attention.">Attentional Lapses of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tasks of Sustained Attention.</a> Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 31 (4), 343-357 (2016).</li><li>Perry, R. J., Hodges, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attention+and+executive+deficits+in+Alzheimer's+disease.+A+critical+review.">Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. A critical review.</a> Brain. 122 (Pt 3), 383-404 (1999).</li><li>Sarter, M., Givens, B., Bruno, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cognitive+neuroscience+of+sustained+attention:+where+top-down+meets+bottom-up.">The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: where top-down meets bottom-up.</a> Brain Res Rev. 35 (2), 146-160 (2001).</li><li>Smilek, D., Carriere, J. S. A., Cheyne, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failures+of+sustained+attention+in+life,+lab,+and+brain:+Ecological+validity+of+the+SART.">Failures of sustained attention in life, lab, and brain: Ecological validity of the SART.</a> Neuropsychologia. 48 (9), 2564-2570 (2010).</li><li>Becker, J. B., Prendergast, B. J., Liang, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+rats+are+not+more+variable+than+male+rats:+a+meta-analysis+of+neuroscience+studies.">Female rats are not more variable than male rats: a meta-analysis of neuroscience studies.</a> Biol Sex Differ. 7 (1), 34 (2016).</li><li>Cope, Z. A., Young, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Five-Choice+Continuous+Performance+Task+(5C-CPT):+A+Cross-Species+Relevant+Paradigm+for+Assessment+of+Vigilance+and+Response+Inhibition+in+Rodents.">The Five-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5C-CPT): A Cross-Species Relevant Paradigm for Assessment of Vigilance and Response Inhibition in Rodents.</a> Curr Protoc Neurosci. 4, 9-56 (2017).</li><li>Kim, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+continuous+performance+test+(rCPT)+for+mice:+a+novel+operant+touchscreen+test+of+attentional+function.">The continuous performance test (rCPT) for mice: a novel operant touchscreen test of attentional function.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 232 (21-22), 3947-3966 (2015).</li><li>Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task:+behavioural+pharmacology+and+functional+neurochemistry.">The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharmacology and functional neurochemistry.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 163 (3-4), 362-380 (2002).</li><li>McGaughy, J., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+vigilance+in+rats:+task+validation+and+effects+of+age,+amphetamine,+and+benzodiazepine+receptor+ligands.">Behavioral vigilance in rats: task validation and effects of age, amphetamine, and benzodiazepine receptor ligands.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 117 (3), 340-357 (1995).</li><li>McGaughy, J., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ovariectomy,+192+IgG-saporin-induced+cortical+cholinergic+deafferentation,+and+administration+of+estradiol+on+sustained+attention+performance+in+rats.">Effects of ovariectomy, 192 IgG-saporin-induced cortical cholinergic deafferentation, and administration of estradiol on sustained attention performance in rats.</a> Behav neurosci. 113 (6), 1216-1232 (1999).</li><li>St Peters, M., Cherian, A. K., Bradshaw, M., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+attention+in+mice:+expanding+the+translational+utility+of+the+SAT+by+incorporating+the+Michigan+Controlled+Access+Response+Port+(MICARP).">Sustained attention in mice: expanding the translational utility of the SAT by incorporating the Michigan Controlled Access Response Port (MICARP).</a> Behav Brain Res. 225 (2), 574-583 (2011).</li><li>Demeter, E., Sarter, M., Lustig, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rats+and+humans+paying+attention:+cross-species+task+development+for+translational+research.">Rats and humans paying attention: cross-species task development for translational research.</a> Neuropsychology. 22 (6), 787-799 (2008).</li><li>McGaughy, J., Kaiser, T., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+vigilance+following+infusions+of+192+IgG-saporin+into+the+basal+forebrain:+selectivity+of+the+behavioral+impairment+and+relation+to+cortical+AChE-positive+fiber+density.">Behavioral vigilance following infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain: selectivity of the behavioral impairment and relation to cortical AChE-positive fiber density.</a> Behav neurosci. 110 (2), 247-265 (1996).</li><li>Gritton, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+cholinergic+signaling+controls+the+detection+of+cues.">Cortical cholinergic signaling controls the detection of cues.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 113 (8), E1089-E1097 (2016).</li><li>Burk, J. A., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+between+the+attentional+functions+mediated+via+basal+forebrain+cholinergic+and+GABAergic+neurons.">Dissociation between the attentional functions mediated via basal forebrain cholinergic and GABAergic neurons.</a> Neuroscience. 105 (4), 899-909 (2001).</li><li>Parikh, V., Bernard, C. S., Naughton, S. X., Yegla, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+A&#946;+oligomers+and+presynaptic+cholinergic+signaling:+Age-dependent+effects+on+attentional+capacities.">Interactions between A&#946; oligomers and presynaptic cholinergic signaling: Age-dependent effects on attentional capacities.</a> Behav Brain Res. 274, 30-42 (2014).</li><li>Cole, R. D., Kawasumi, Y., Parikh, V., Bangasser, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corticotropin+releasing+factor+impairs+sustained+attention+in+male+and+female+rats.">Corticotropin releasing factor impairs sustained attention in male and female rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 296, 30-34 (2016).</li><li>Wicks, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+testing+sustained+attention+in+touchscreen+operant+chambers+in+rats.">Method for testing sustained attention in touchscreen operant chambers in rats.</a> J Neurosci Meth. 277, 30-37 (2017).</li><li>Hvoslef-Eide, M., Nilsson, S. R., Saksida, L. M., Bussey, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+Translation+Using+the+Rodent+Touchscreen+Testing+Approach.">Cognitive Translation Using the Rodent Touchscreen Testing Approach.</a> Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 28, 423-447 (2016).</li><li>Bussey, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+touchscreen+cognitive+testing+method+for+rodents:+how+to+get+the+best+out+of+your+rat.">The touchscreen cognitive testing method for rodents: how to get the best out of your rat.</a> Learn Mem. 15 (7), 516-523 (2008).</li><li>Mar, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+touchscreen+operant+platform+for+assessing+executive+function+in+rats+and+mice.">The touchscreen operant platform for assessing executive function in rats and mice.</a> Nat Protoc. 8 (10), 1985-2005 (2013).</li><li>Gill, T. M., Sarter, M., Givens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+visual+attention+performance-associated+prefrontal+neuronal+activity:+evidence+for+cholinergic+modulation.">Sustained visual attention performance-associated prefrontal neuronal activity: evidence for cholinergic modulation.</a> J Neurosci. 20 (12), 4745-4757 (2000).</li><li>Mazure, C. M., Jones, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Twenty+years+and+still+counting:+including+women+as+participants+and+studying+sex+and+gender+in+biomedical+research.">Twenty years and still counting: including women as participants and studying sex and gender in biomedical research.</a> BMC Womens Health. 15 (1), 94 (2015).</li><li>Toth, L. A., Gardiner, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+and+Water+Restriction+Protocols:+Physiological+and+Behavioral+Considerations.">Food and Water Restriction Protocols: Physiological and Behavioral Considerations.</a> J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 39 (6), 9-17 (2000).</li><li>Nuechterlein, K. H., Luck, S. J., Lustig, C., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CNTRICS+Final+Task+Selection:+Control+of+Attention.">CNTRICS Final Task Selection: Control of Attention.</a> Schizo Bull. 35 (1), 182-196 (2009).</li><li>Burk, J. A., Herzog, C. D., Porter, M. C., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+between+aging+and+cortical+cholinergic+deafferentation+on+attention.">Interactions between aging and cortical cholinergic deafferentation on attention.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 23 (3), 467-477 (2002).</li><li>St Peters, M., Demeter, E., Lustig, C., Bruno, J. P., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+control+of+attention+by+stimulating+mesolimbic-corticopetal+cholinergic+circuitry.">Enhanced control of attention by stimulating mesolimbic-corticopetal cholinergic circuitry.</a> J Neurosci. 31 (26), 9760-9771 (2011).</li><li>Turchi, J., Holley, L. A., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptor+ligands+on+behavioral+vigilance+in+rats.">Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands on behavioral vigilance in rats.</a> Psychopharmacology. 118 (2), 195-205 (1995).</li><li>Newman, L. A., McGaughy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+effects+of+lesions+to+the+anterior+cingulate+cortex:+How+prior+reinforcement+influences+distractibility.">Attentional effects of lesions to the anterior cingulate cortex: How prior reinforcement influences distractibility.</a> Behav neurosci. 125 (3), 360-371 (2011).</li><li>Gritton, H. J., Stasiak, A. M., Sarter, M., Lee, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+Performance+as+a+Zeitgeber:+Cognitive+Oscillators+and+Cholinergic+Modulation+of+the+SCN+Entrain+Circadian+Rhythms.">Cognitive Performance as a Zeitgeber: Cognitive Oscillators and Cholinergic Modulation of the SCN Entrain Circadian Rhythms.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (2), e56206 (2013).</li><li>Newman, L. A., McGaughy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholinergic+deafferentation+of+prefrontal+cortex+increases+sensitivity+to+cross-modal+distractors+during+a+sustained+attention+task.">Cholinergic deafferentation of prefrontal cortex increases sensitivity to cross-modal distractors during a sustained attention task.</a> J Neurosci. 28 (10), 2642-2650 (2008).</li><li>Yu, A., Dayan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncertainty,+Neuromodulation,+and+Attention.">Uncertainty, Neuromodulation, and Attention.</a> Neuron. 46 (4), 681-692 (2005).</li><li>Bari, A., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+application+of+the+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task+for+the+assessment+of+visual+attentional+processes+and+impulse+control+in+rats.">The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats.</a> Nat Protoc. 3 (5), 759-767 (2008).</li><li>Bhandari, J., Daya, R., Mishra, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+and+important+considerations+for+the+5-choice+serial+reaction+time+task-An+effective+measurement+of+visual+attention+in+rats.">Improvements and important considerations for the 5-choice serial reaction time task-An effective measurement of visual attention in rats.</a> J Neurosci Meth. 270, 17-29 (2016).</li><li>Bangasser, D. A., Shors, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hippocampus+is+necessary+for+enhancements+and+impairments+of+learning+following+stress.">The hippocampus is necessary for enhancements and impairments of learning following stress.</a> Nat Neurosci. 10 (11), 1401-1403 (2007).</li><li>Wiersielis, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+differences+in+corticotropin+releasing+factor-evoked+behavior+and+activated+networks.">Sex differences in corticotropin releasing factor-evoked behavior and activated networks.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 73, 204-216 (2016).</li><li>Parikh, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diminished+trkA+receptor+signaling+reveals+cholinergic-attentional+vulnerability+of+aging.">Diminished trkA receptor signaling reveals cholinergic-attentional vulnerability of aging.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 37 (2), 278-293 (2013).</li><li>Prusky, G. T., Harker, K. T., Douglas, R. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+visual+acuity+within+pigmented,+and+between+pigmented+and+albino+rat+strains.">Variation in visual acuity within pigmented, and between pigmented and albino rat strains.</a> Behav Brain Res. 136 (2), 339-348 (2002).</li><li>Peters, M., Cherian, A. K., Bradshaw, M., Sarter, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+attention+in+mice:+Expanding+the+translational+utility+of+the+SAT+by+incorporating+the+Michigan+Controlled+Access+Response+Port+(MICARP).">Sustained attention in mice: Expanding the translational utility of the SAT by incorporating the Michigan Controlled Access Response Port (MICARP).</a> Behav Brain Research. 225 (2), 574-583 (2011).</li><li>Romberg, C., Mattson, M. P., Mughal, M. R., Bussey, T. J., Saksida, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+Attention+in+the+3xTgAD+Mouse+Model+of+Alzheimer's+Disease:+Rescue+by+Donepezil+(Aricept).">Impaired Attention in the 3xTgAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Rescue by Donepezil (Aricept).</a> J Neurosci. 31 (9), 3500-3507 (2011).</li><li>Clayton, J. A., Collins, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+to+balance+sex+in+cell+and+animal+studies.">NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies.</a> Nature. 509 (7500), 282-283 (2014).</li></ol>

Underskott i bibehållen uppmärksamhet redovisas i neuropsykiatriska, störningar i nervsystemets utveckling, och neurodegenerativa sjukdomar1,2,3, men de processer som bidrar till optimal kontra störd uppmärksamhet är understudied. Detta är delvis eftersom specialutrustning begränsar lätt anpassning av gnagare uppmärksamhet uppgifter. Dock pekskärm chambers lösa problemet genom att ge flexibilitet för att köra en m?...

Störningar alltifrån uppmärksamhet underskott hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) till schizofreni Alzheimers, dela uppmärksamhet nedskrivningar som funktionen1,2,3. Underskott i bibehållen uppmärksamhet — möjlighet att kontinuerligt övervaka en situation för intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser — är särskilt störande, eftersom bibehållen uppmärksamhet är avgörande för selektiv och delad uppmärksamhet, liksom andra kognitiva bearbetar4,5. Även hos friska människor påverkar svårigheter att bibehålla uppmärksamheten negativt kognition, försämrar daglig funktion6. Thus, förstå den neurobiologiska grunden för bibehållen uppmärksamhet och hur det blir dysreglerad kan leda till insatser att förbättra kognition som skulle gynna många människor.
För att avgränsa kretsar och molekylära processer som bidrar till korrekt kontra störd uppmärksamhet, många forskare har vänt sig till icke-mänskliga djur modeller, där manipulation av viss cellpopulationer och molekylära processer under uppmärksamhet uppgifter är möjligt. Arbetet har lett till utvecklingen av en mängd operant uppmärksamhet uppgifter som kan bedöma förmågan att upprätthålla uppmärksamhet7,8,9,10. Ett sådant paradigm, utvecklat av McGaughy och Sarter (1995), är känd som den ihållande uppmärksamhet uppgiften (SAT). Gnagare som utbildad i SAT måste skilja signal prövningar, där en signalljus blinkar kort, från icke-signal prövningar. Uppmärksamhet krav kan ökas genom att införa en visuell distraktor (blinkande houselight)10. Parametrarna som är avgörande för bedömningen av uppmärksamhet i SAT är väl dokumenterade och denna uppgift har validerats hos manliga och kvinnliga råttor och möss10,11,12. En version har även anpassats för människor, markera verktyget translationell SAT13. Ännu viktigare, användningen av denna uppgift hjälpte implicerade basala framhjärnan corticopetal systemet i bibehållen uppmärksamhet4. Specifikt, kolinerga neuron i nucleus basalis Meynert (NBM) / substantia inominata (SI) regionen av basala framhjärnan som projektet till prefrontala cortex är kritiska för träffar, som är korrekt svar på signal prövningar14, 15. Däremot är GABAergic nervceller i denna region tänkt att medla prestanda under rätt avslag (CRs), som är korrekt svar på icke-signal prövningar16. När den grundläggande kretsen för denna uppgift var etablerad, har faktorer som modulerar denna krets för att försämra uppmärksamhet alltifrån stresshormoner till neurotoxiska proteiner varit identifierade17,18. Sammantaget belysa dessa studier nyttan av SAT.
En begränsning att genomföra SAT i laboratoriet är att det ursprungliga förfarandet kräver operant chambers permanent konfigurerats för uppgiften, med en center panel ljus och två utdragbara spakarna, en designerat för träffar och en för CRs10. På en signal rättegång, panelen ljus tänds kort och sedan utöka spakar för att indikera ett 4 s svar fönster. Under fönstret, om utsedda träff spaken trycks får sedan råttan en belöning (antingen mat eller vatten). Felaktiga spaken pressar på signal prövningar, känd som missar, belönas inte. På icke-signalerade prövningar, panelen ljuset förblir avstängd och sedan spakar förlängs. Medan en CR belönas, belönas inte felaktiga spaken pressar på icke-signalerade prövningar, känd som falsklarm. Underlåtenhet att göra något svar under fönstret svar räknas som ett utelämnande. För att öka tillgången på SAT, ändrade vi nyligen uppgiften för touchscreen operant chambers, där en vägg är en pekskärm som kan både Visa visuella stimuli och spela in näsan-poke Svaren19. Touchscreen kamrarna blir populär på grund av deras mångsidighet att köra en mängd olika uppgifter (t.ex., Parade associera lärande, återföring lärande, etc.) med en bit av utrustning20. Liknar andra touchscreen förfaranden20,21,22, vår anpassning av SAT kräver användning av en ogenomskinlig plast touchscreen-cover, kallas en mask, med hål skär i den. En central, cirkulära hål kan för presentation av en signal genom att presentera en vit stimulans på skärmen bakom det, och två fyrkantiga svar områden, en designerat för träffar och för CRs, tillåter råttan att göra touch Svaren19. I de traditionella kammarna, fönstret 4-s svar indikeras normalt med en presentation av spakarna, men en tidigare studie visat att en ton kan också användas för att signalera den svar fönster23. I touchscreen lör signalera vi likaså fönstret svar med en kort ton. Andra utbildning parametrarna (t.ex.antal prövningar, intertrial intervall, etc.) hålls liknande mellan traditionella och pekskärm lör. Vi bedömde tidigare prestanda mellan traditionella och pekskärm SAT versioner och fann att det var jämförbara, vilket tyder på att pekskärmen SAT är ett giltigt sätt att mäta bibehållen uppmärksamhet19. Touchscreen ändringen gör SAT mer mångsidig eftersom den kan nu anpassas för utbredd användning i touchscreen operant lådor.
Detta protokoll Detaljer hur du kör touchscreen SAT i laboratoriet. Träningsscheman har ändrats något från vår föregående rapport av uppgift19 att optimera förvärv tid hos honråttor, som, till skillnad från män, hade svårt att avancera genom de tidigare schema24. Resultat som illustrerar typiska prestanda i han- och honråttor ingår, tillsammans med tips för felsökning av problem med uppgiften.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>89505</td>
			<td>Version 2.19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisker Multimedia</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80698-1</td>
			<td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80600-CAM</td>
			<td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>88530</td>
			<td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td>BioServe</td>
			<td>F0165</td>
			<td>45 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Mask</td>
			<td>Everything Plastic</td>
			<td>Custom Product</td>
			<td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Utility Cart</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-954-754</td>
			<td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headlights with red lights</td>
			<td>Energizer</td>
			<td>HDL33A2E</td>
			<td>LED white and red light</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

Bibehållen uppmärksamhet är förmågan att övervaka intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser över en längre tid. Denna uppmärksamhet process subserves andra aspekter av kognition och störs i vissa störningar i nervsystemets utveckling, neuropsykiatriska, och neurodegenerativa sjukdomar. Alltså, det är kliniskt viktigt att identifiera mekanismer som försämrar och förbättra bibehållen uppmärksamhet. Sådana mekanismer upptäcks ofta först med hjälp av djurmodeller. Flera beteende förfaranden för provning aspekter av ihållande uppmärksamhet har därför utvecklats för gnagare. En, först beskrevs av McGaughy och Sarter (1995), kallas bibehållen uppmärksamhet uppgiften (SAT), tränar råttor att skilja mellan signal (dvs, kort ljus presentation) och icke-signal prövningar. Signalerna är korta och därför kräver noggrann uppmärksamhet att uppfattas. Uppmärksamhet krav kan ökas ytterligare genom att införa en distraktor (t.ex., blinkande houselight). Vi har ändrat denna uppgift för touchscreen operant kammare, som är konfigurerade med en pekskärm på ena väggen som kan presentera stimuli och registrera svar. Här detalj vi våra protokoll för SAT i touchscreen chambers. Dessutom presenterar vi standardåtgärder prestanda i manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor. Jämförbara prestanda på denna uppgift i båda könen belyser dess användning för uppmärksamhet studier, särskilt som fler forskare är inklusive kvinnliga gnagare i deras experimentell design. Dessutom ökar lätt genomförandet av SAT för de alltmer populära touchscreen kamrarna dess verktyg.

Mest uppmärksamhet i studierna, råttor utbildas till kriterier lör och sedan manipulationer för att störa eller förbättra uppmärksamhet utförs. Förvärv data presenteras inte normalt, men vi gör så här för att illustrera priser av förvärvet i manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor. Detta kvantifierade vi median antalet dagar att nå kriterier lör (start på fasen peta näsan). Observera att några råttor aldrig gjort det till kriterier (n = 5 hanar och n = 1 kvinnl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Touchscreen ihållande uppmärksamhet uppgift (lör) för råtta

Bibehållen uppmärksamhet, eller kontinuerligt övervaka situationer för intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser, är en viktig aspekt av kognition. Här detalj vi testa bibehållen uppmärksamhet i råttor med hjälp av touchscreen operant chambers. Vi visar jämförbara prestanda i han- och honråttor, att göra denna uppgift användbar för att studera uppmärksamhet hos båda könen.

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

The overall goal of this behavioral task with touchscreen operant chambers is to measure the sustained attention capacity of rats. This method can help uncover the neuro biological mechanisms critical for appropriate sustained attention which is the monitoring of intermittent and unpredictable events over time. The main advantage of this technique is that we have adapted a well validated rodent sustained attention task to the touchscreen operant chamber.An apparatus of growing popularity with programmability to many cognitive tasks. The applications of this technique extend toward the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by disrupted attention. Therapies for which, can be tested using the method presented here.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with setting up a system to ensure that the rats are being accurately tracked and that the data is being properly recorded. For this experiment, touchscreen chambers must be prepared within sound attenuation cubicles. Equip the chambers with the house light, a tone generator, a camera positioned above, a touchscreen and a pellet dispenser with the feeder reward area.The feeder reward area can be illuminated. Before loading the 45 milligram reward pellets, shake the dust off them using a flour sifter. This dust can clog the feeder.If the rats are outfitted with a head implant, use a feeder with a large aperture. Feed each chamber with a black acrylic mask to limit the response areas on the touchscreen. Leave a central circular hole for the light stimulus and two square response holes below the central hole positioned center.While in use, operate the chamber in a sound attenuation cubicle. This completes the chamber preparations. The text protocol describes how to set the perimeters for the experiment.For this experiment, rats can be housed individually or in groups. Prior to starting a study, handle the rats daily for five minutes per day, for five straight days. Always wear personal protective gear.Start the food restriction three days before starting the behavior shaping. On the first day, record each rats free-feeding weight and calculate their target weight which is 85%of the free-feeding weight. Prior to shaping, pre-expose the rats to 15 food reward pellets in their home cage.After the initial food restriction, adjust the food intake to maintain the target weight, allowing for slight weight gain over time. Prior to starting a new schedule, food restrict the rats a little more than usual, to increase their motivation. On days that rats do not perform the task, increase their food by at least one gram to compensate for not receiving pellet rewards.After each session, wait at least 30 minutes before providing food, to avoid making an association between the testing succession and their feeding time. If the rats are group housed, feed them separately for an hour before regrouping them. In preparation, power up the equipment.Ensure that the pellet dispensers are filled with pellets and ensure that the mask is in position in front of the touchscreen. Then, check the function of each box. Test the pellet dispenser, the screen, the lights and the tone generator.Testing the function of the chambers at the beginning of each day is critical because any one small malfunction can confuse the animals and prevent them from learning the task or performing at a normal level. Next, review the schedule for loading the boxes. Pay close attention to the test group and input the relevant information regarding animal ID, sex, experimental condition, user initials and other notes.With all the preparations made, retrieve the subjects. Generally, test the rats at least 30 minutes into their dark cycle. To work with the rats in the dark, use head mounted red lights.When transporting the rats during the dark cycle, cover their cages with black towels. Once in the behavior room, load the rats into their appropriate box and start the session for the sustained attention task. In the sustained attention task, rats are trained to distinguish signal trials from non-signal trials.Signal trials include a variable duration light flash followed by an audible tone and a four second response window. During the four seconds, if the rat then posed the correct area on the screen. In this case, it is the right response area, the rat is rewarded with a food pellet and this is called, a hit.If the rat pokes the other response area, this is considered a miss and the rat is not rewarded. A non-signal trial does not include the light and the rat must poke a different part of the screen to indicate that no signal was detected to earn a reward. A correct response on a non-signal trial is called, a correct rejection.If the rat pokes the other response area on a non-signal trial, this is considered a false alarm and is not rewarded. The correct response areas for signal and non-signal trials should be counter-balanced between subjects. For signal and non-signal trials, a failure to make any response during the response window counts as a, no mission and is not rewarded.There is also a distracter version of the sustained attention task, where the house light flashes during the second of three blocks of trials. After starting a session, monitor the rats during the first several minutes, to ensure that everything is functioning properly. Then, check their performance intermittently.Once a session is complete, record the summary data and any issues in the notebook. Between trials, wipe down each chamber with 10%ethanol and replace the bedding. After running all the trials for the day, thoroughly clean the chambers with 10%ethanol, making sure the floor grid is as clean as possible.Then, replace the bedding. After every session, it is a good idea to fully update the spreadsheets and back them up to a separate server. The median number of days to reach criteria on SAT was 54.5 days for male rats and 62 days for female rats with no significant difference.Performance measures on the SAT task showed that based on the percentages of hits and correct rejections, males and females were similarly accurate on the signaled and non-signaled trials. An overall measure of intentional performance, the vigilance index or VI, showed similar measures between the sexes as well. Nor were there sex differences in the low percentages of omissions recorded.During the tasks, the visual signal varied between 500, 50 and 25 milliseconds and performance declined with the shorter signals. There was no main effect based on sex. To increase attentional demands, the house light was flashed as a distracter during the second of the three trial blocks, in one subset of rats.As expected, there was a main effect for the trial block. With performance declining in block two and recovering in block three. Unexpectedly, females performed significantly worse than males.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to keep track of each individual animal's performance and adjust feeding as necessary to ensure that they have acquired the task as quickly as possible. Don't forget, that when working with rodents, protocol should first be approved by IACUC and personal protective equipment should always be worn.

touchscreen-sustained-attention-task-sat-for-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar tasks. Participants' behavior during task performance in an fMRI scanner can then be correlated to the brain activity using the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. We measure behavior to be able to sort correct trials, where the subject performed the task correctly and then be able to examine the brain signals related to correct performance. Conversely, if subjects do not perform the task correctly, and these trials are included in the same analysis with the correct trials we would introduce trials that were not only for correct performance. Thus, in many cases these errors can be used themselves to then correlate brain activity to them. We describe two complementary tasks that are used in our lab to examine the brain during suppression of an automatic responses: the stroop1 and anti-saccade tasks. The emotional stroop paradigm instructs participants to either report the superimposed emotional 'word' across the affective faces or the facial 'expressions' of the face stimuli1,2. When the word and the facial expression refer to different emotions, a conflict between what must be said and what is automatically read occurs. The participant has to resolve the conflict between two simultaneously competing processes of word reading and facial expression. Our urge to read out a word leads to strong 'stimulus-response (SR)' associations; hence inhibiting these strong SR's is difficult and participants are prone to making errors. Overcoming this conflict and directing attention away from the face or the word requires the subject to inhibit bottom up processes which typically directs attention to the more salient stimulus. Similarly, in the anti-saccade task3,4,5,6, where an instruction cue is used to direct only attention to a peripheral stimulus location but then the eye movement is made to the mirror opposite position. Yet again we measure behavior by recording the eye movements of participants which allows for the sorting of the behavioral responses into correct and error trials7 which then can be correlated to brain activity. Neuroimaging now allows researchers to measure different behaviors of correct and error trials that are indicative of different cognitive processes and pinpoint the different neural networks involved.

The goal of our research is to correlate behavior to brain activity. Accurate behavioral measures and imaging techniques allow us to elucidate brain-behavior relationships.

Korrelera beteendereaktioner på att fMRI Signaler från Human prefrontala cortex: Undersöka Kognitiva processer med hjälp av uppgiftsanalys

The aim of this methods paper is to describe how to implement a neuroimaging technique to examine complementary brain processes engaged by two similar ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

En allmän metod för att utvärdera Inkubation av Sackaros Craving på råttor

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Mapping Cortical Dynamics Using Simultaneous MEG/EEG and Anatomically-constrained Minimum-norm Estimates: an Auditory Attention Example

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the cortical networks involved in dynamical perceptual and cognitive tasks, such as attending to different sounds in a cocktail party. Many past studies have employed data recorded at the sensor level only, i.e., the magnetic fields or the electric potentials recorded outside and on the scalp, and have usually focused on activity that is time-locked to the stimulus presentation. This type of event-related field / potential analysis is particularly useful when there are only a small number of distinct dipolar patterns that can be isolated and identified in space and time. Alternatively, by utilizing anatomical information, these distinct field patterns can be localized as current sources on the cortex. However, for a more sustained response that may not be time-locked to a specific stimulus (e.g., in preparation for listening to one of the two simultaneously presented spoken digits based on the cued auditory feature) or may be distributed across multiple spatial locations unknown a priori, the recruitment of a distributed cortical network may not be adequately captured by using a limited number of focal sources.
Here, we describe a procedure that employs individual anatomical MRI data to establish a relationship between the sensor information and the dipole activation on the cortex through the use of minimum-norm estimates (MNE). This inverse imaging approach provides us a tool for distributed source analysis. For illustrative purposes, we will describe all procedures using FreeSurfer and MNE software, both freely available. We will summarize the MRI sequences and analysis steps required to produce a forward model that enables us to relate the expected field pattern caused by the dipoles distributed on the cortex onto the M/EEG sensors. Next, we will step through the necessary processes that facilitate us in denoising the sensor data from environmental and physiological contaminants. We will then outline the procedure for combining and mapping MEG/EEG sensor data onto the cortical space, thereby producing a family of time-series of cortical dipole activation on the brain surface (or "brain movies") related to each experimental condition. Finally, we will highlight a few statistical techniques that enable us to make scientific inference across a subject population (i.e., perform group-level analysis) based on a common cortical coordinate space.

We use magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG), combined with anatomical information captured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map the dynamics of the cortical network associated with auditory attention.

Kartläggning Kortikala Dynamics med samtidig MEG / EEG och anatomiskt-begränsade Minsta-norm uppskattningar: en auditiv uppmärksamhet Exempel

Magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG/EEG) are neuroimaging techniques that provide a high temporal resolution particularly suitable to investigate the ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

Genomföra samtidig elektroencefalografi och funktionell nära infraröd spektroskopi inspelningar med en Flanker Uppgift

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based supplements. Stimulant medication is the most common treatment for ADHD. Clinically useful predictors of response have so far not been reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the EEG based methods we apply to extract potential biomarkers for brain dysfunction. Examples relate to biomarkers for pediatric ADHD, and prediction of medication response. The main emphasis is on Event Related Potentials (ERPs).
A nineteen channel EEG is recorded during a 3 min eyes-opened task, a 3 min eyes-closed task, and a 20 min cued visual GO/NOGO task (VCPT). ERPs are recorded during this task. The goal of the ERP protocol is to extract biomarkers of assumed brain dysfunctions that significantly differentiate between a patient group and healthy controls. The protocol includes recording during standard conditions and artifact correction. ERP waves can be used or transformed into latent components. The components of the patient group are compared with controls, empathizing components that, when compared, show relatively high effect sizes. Sub-groups of the patients are selected on the basis of the cluster analysis in the space of the components. Treatment procedure (such as medication, tDCS or neurofeedback protocol) can be applied and the changes in components related to treatment in the subgroups are observed, forming the basis for clinical recommendations.
The methods described were applied in a study of 87 pediatric ADHD patients. The index of medication response discriminated significantly between responders and non-responders with a large, and clinically meaningful effect size (d = 1.84). In an ongoing study comparing ADHD children with matched controls, several variables discriminate significantly between patients and controls. The global index will exceed d = .8. The EEG based methods described here could be clinically meaningful.

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

EEG-methods are applied for extracting biomarkers of brain dysfunctions. The focus is on multi-channel event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in a cued GO/NOGO task. Non-brain artifacts are corrected and ERPs are compared with the normative data. Examples relate to biomarkers for ADHD diagnosis and prediction of medication response.

Händelserelaterade potentialer (ERPs) och andra EEG-baserade metoder för att extrahera biomarkörer för hjärndysfunktion: Exempel från Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neuropsychiatric diagnoses like ADHD are based on subjective methods like interviews, rating scales and observations. There is a need for more brain-based ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

Beredning av perifera nervstimulering elektroder för kronisk implantation hos råttor

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack of evidence examining how task conditions impact trunk compensation and goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. This protocol aims to investigate the impact of task conditions, including task difficulty and complexity, on goal-directed arm reaching kinematics. Two non-disabled young adults and two chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment were recruited for testing the protocol. Each participant performed goal-directed arm reaches with four different task conditions (2 task difficulties [large vs. small targets] X 2 task complexities [pointing vs. picking up]). The task goal was to reach and point at a target or pick up an object located 20 cm in front of the home position as quickly as possible with a stylus or a pair of chopsticks, respectively, in response to an auditory cue. Participants performed ten reaches per task condition. A 3-dimensional motion capture camera system was used to record trunk and arm kinematics. Representative results showed that there was a significant increase in movement duration, movement jerkiness, and trunk compensation as a function of task complexity, but not task difficulty in all participants. Chronic stroke survivors showed significantly slower, jerkier, and more feedback-dependent arm reaches and significantly more compensatory trunk movements than non-disabled adults. Our representative results support that this protocol can be used to investigate the impact of task conditions on motor control strategies in chronic stroke survivors with mild UE motor impairment.

This protocol is intended to investigate the impact of task conditions on movement strategies in chronic stroke survivors. Further, this protocol can be used to examine if a restriction in elbow extension induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation causes trunk compensation during goal-directed arm reaches in non-disabled adults.

Motoruppgiftsförhållandenas inverkan på målstyrd arm som når kinematik och bålkompensation hos kroniska strokeöverlevare

Trunk compensation is the most common movement strategy to substitute for upper extremity (UE) motor deficits in chronic stroke survivors. There is a lack ...

Head Implants for the Neuroimaging of Awake, Head-Fixed Rats

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular functions of the brain and can adversely influence neurophysiological results. The use of awake animals for research studies is advantageous but poses the major challenge of keeping the animals calm and stationary to minimize motion artifacts throughout data acquisition. Awake imaging in smaller-sized rodents (e.g., mice) is very common but remains scant in rats as rats are bigger, stronger, and have a greater tendency to oppose movement restraints and head fixation over the long durations required for imaging. A new model of neuroimaging of awake, head-fixed rats using customized hand-sewn slings, 3D-printed head implants, head caps, and a headframe is described. The results acquired following a single trial of single-whisker stimulation suggest an increase in the intensity of the evoked functional response. The acquisition of the evoked functional response from awake, head-fixed rats is faster than that from anesthetized rats, reliable, reproducible, and can be used for repeated longitudinal studies.

A detailed new procedure for functional imaging of awake, head-fixed rats is described.

Huvudimplantat för neuroimaging av vakna, huvudfixerade råttor

Anesthetics, commonly used in preclinical and fundamental scientific research, have a depressive influence on the metabolic, neuronal, and vascular ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.

Dual-task Stroop Paradigm för att upptäcka kognitiva underskott hos högfungerande strokepatienter

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task ...

Surgery and Behavioral Testing in the Tibial Neuroma Transposition Model in Rats

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia at the plantar surface of the hind paw innervated by the intact sural nerve. This TNT model is suitable to test therapies for neuroma pain, such as the potential superiority of certain surgical therapies that are already used in the clinic, or to evaluate new drugs and their effect on both pain modalities in the same animal. In this model, a distal lesion (neurotmesis) is made in the tibial nerve, and the proximal nerve end is transposed and fixed subcutaneously and pretibially to enable assessments of the neuroma site with a 15 g Von Frey monofilament. To assess allodynia over the sural nerve, Von Frey monofilaments can be used via the up-down method on the plantar lateral region of the hind paw. After cutting the tibial nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity develops at the neuroma site within 1 week after surgery and persists at least until 12 weeks after surgery. Allodynia at the sural innervated plantar surface develops within 3 weeks after surgery compared to the contralateral limb. At 12 weeks, a neuroma forms on the proximal end of the severed tibial nerve, indicated by dispersion and swirling of axons. For the TNT model surgery, multiple critical (micro)surgical steps need to be followed, and some surgery practice under terminal anesthesia is advised. Compared to other neuropathic pain models, such as the spared nerve injury model, allodynia over the neuroma site can be independently tested from sural nerve hypersensitivity in the TNT model. However, the neuroma site can be tested only in rats, not in mice. The tips and directions provided in this protocol can help research groups working on pain successfully implement the TNT model in their facility.

This protocol describes the tibial neuroma transposition model, which entails a lesion of the tibial nerve with subsequent transposition of the proximal nerve end toward a subcutaneous pretibial or lateral position. Behavioral testing of neuroma pain and plantar hyperalgesia is quantified using Von Frey monofilaments.

Kirurgi och beteendetestning i tibial neurom-transponeringsmodellen hos råttor

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia ...