Name: touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats
Uploaded: 2017-09-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Vi vill tacka Joy Bergmann, Attilio Ceretti, Sarah Cohen, Nina Duncan, Arron Hall, Hanna Lefebo, och Madeleine Salvatore för deras hjälp med beteende, och Dr. Vinay Parikh, Dr Brittney Yegla och Rob Cole för deras råd på SAT parametrar. Vi vill tacka Dr Jill McGaughy tips om förfarandet för utbildning. Detta arbete stöddes av National Institutes of Health grant NIMH 092438 och National Science Foundation bevilja D.A.B. IOS 1552416

alla experiment genomfördes i enlighet med riktlinjerna som National Institutes of Health och godkändes av Temple University institutionella djur användning och eftervård kommittén. Detta protokoll utvecklades med vuxen (~ 60 dagars ålder börjar när studien) manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor (Charles River).
 1. material för Touchscreen SAT <ol><li>Se till att en ljuddämpning cubicle omger varje pekskärm kammare och att chambers är utrustade med huset ljus, tongenerat...

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	<li>Cornblatt, B. A., Keilp, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+attention,+genetics,+and+the+pathophysiology+of+schizophrenia.">Impaired attention, genetics, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.</a> Schizphr Bull. 20 (1), 31-46 (1994).</li><li>Gmehlin, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attentional+Lapses+of+Adults+with+Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder+in+Tasks+of+Sustained+Attention.">Attentional Lapses of Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Tasks of Sustained Attention.</a> Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 31 (4), 343-357 (2016).</li><li>Perry, R. J., Hodges, J. 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Underskott i bibehållen uppmärksamhet redovisas i neuropsykiatriska, störningar i nervsystemets utveckling, och neurodegenerativa sjukdomar1,2,3, men de processer som bidrar till optimal kontra störd uppmärksamhet är understudied. Detta är delvis eftersom specialutrustning begränsar lätt anpassning av gnagare uppmärksamhet uppgifter. Dock pekskärm chambers lösa problemet genom att ge flexibilitet för att köra en m?...

Störningar alltifrån uppmärksamhet underskott hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) till schizofreni Alzheimers, dela uppmärksamhet nedskrivningar som funktionen1,2,3. Underskott i bibehållen uppmärksamhet — möjlighet att kontinuerligt övervaka en situation för intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser — är särskilt störande, eftersom bibehållen uppmärksamhet är avgörande för selektiv och delad uppmärksamhet, liksom andra kognitiva bearbetar4,5. Även hos friska människor påverkar svårigheter att bibehålla uppmärksamheten negativt kognition, försämrar daglig funktion6. Thus, förstå den neurobiologiska grunden för bibehållen uppmärksamhet och hur det blir dysreglerad kan leda till insatser att förbättra kognition som skulle gynna många människor.
För att avgränsa kretsar och molekylära processer som bidrar till korrekt kontra störd uppmärksamhet, många forskare har vänt sig till icke-mänskliga djur modeller, där manipulation av viss cellpopulationer och molekylära processer under uppmärksamhet uppgifter är möjligt. Arbetet har lett till utvecklingen av en mängd operant uppmärksamhet uppgifter som kan bedöma förmågan att upprätthålla uppmärksamhet7,8,9,10. Ett sådant paradigm, utvecklat av McGaughy och Sarter (1995), är känd som den ihållande uppmärksamhet uppgiften (SAT). Gnagare som utbildad i SAT måste skilja signal prövningar, där en signalljus blinkar kort, från icke-signal prövningar. Uppmärksamhet krav kan ökas genom att införa en visuell distraktor (blinkande houselight)10. Parametrarna som är avgörande för bedömningen av uppmärksamhet i SAT är väl dokumenterade och denna uppgift har validerats hos manliga och kvinnliga råttor och möss10,11,12. En version har även anpassats för människor, markera verktyget translationell SAT13. Ännu viktigare, användningen av denna uppgift hjälpte implicerade basala framhjärnan corticopetal systemet i bibehållen uppmärksamhet4. Specifikt, kolinerga neuron i nucleus basalis Meynert (NBM) / substantia inominata (SI) regionen av basala framhjärnan som projektet till prefrontala cortex är kritiska för träffar, som är korrekt svar på signal prövningar14, 15. Däremot är GABAergic nervceller i denna region tänkt att medla prestanda under rätt avslag (CRs), som är korrekt svar på icke-signal prövningar16. När den grundläggande kretsen för denna uppgift var etablerad, har faktorer som modulerar denna krets för att försämra uppmärksamhet alltifrån stresshormoner till neurotoxiska proteiner varit identifierade17,18. Sammantaget belysa dessa studier nyttan av SAT.
En begränsning att genomföra SAT i laboratoriet är att det ursprungliga förfarandet kräver operant chambers permanent konfigurerats för uppgiften, med en center panel ljus och två utdragbara spakarna, en designerat för träffar och en för CRs10. På en signal rättegång, panelen ljus tänds kort och sedan utöka spakar för att indikera ett 4 s svar fönster. Under fönstret, om utsedda träff spaken trycks får sedan råttan en belöning (antingen mat eller vatten). Felaktiga spaken pressar på signal prövningar, känd som missar, belönas inte. På icke-signalerade prövningar, panelen ljuset förblir avstängd och sedan spakar förlängs. Medan en CR belönas, belönas inte felaktiga spaken pressar på icke-signalerade prövningar, känd som falsklarm. Underlåtenhet att göra något svar under fönstret svar räknas som ett utelämnande. För att öka tillgången på SAT, ändrade vi nyligen uppgiften för touchscreen operant chambers, där en vägg är en pekskärm som kan både Visa visuella stimuli och spela in näsan-poke Svaren19. Touchscreen kamrarna blir populär på grund av deras mångsidighet att köra en mängd olika uppgifter (t.ex., Parade associera lärande, återföring lärande, etc.) med en bit av utrustning20. Liknar andra touchscreen förfaranden20,21,22, vår anpassning av SAT kräver användning av en ogenomskinlig plast touchscreen-cover, kallas en mask, med hål skär i den. En central, cirkulära hål kan för presentation av en signal genom att presentera en vit stimulans på skärmen bakom det, och två fyrkantiga svar områden, en designerat för träffar och för CRs, tillåter råttan att göra touch Svaren19. I de traditionella kammarna, fönstret 4-s svar indikeras normalt med en presentation av spakarna, men en tidigare studie visat att en ton kan också användas för att signalera den svar fönster23. I touchscreen lör signalera vi likaså fönstret svar med en kort ton. Andra utbildning parametrarna (t.ex.antal prövningar, intertrial intervall, etc.) hålls liknande mellan traditionella och pekskärm lör. Vi bedömde tidigare prestanda mellan traditionella och pekskärm SAT versioner och fann att det var jämförbara, vilket tyder på att pekskärmen SAT är ett giltigt sätt att mäta bibehållen uppmärksamhet19. Touchscreen ändringen gör SAT mer mångsidig eftersom den kan nu anpassas för utbredd användning i touchscreen operant lådor.
Detta protokoll Detaljer hur du kör touchscreen SAT i laboratoriet. Träningsscheman har ändrats något från vår föregående rapport av uppgift19 att optimera förvärv tid hos honråttor, som, till skillnad från män, hade svårt att avancera genom de tidigare schema24. Resultat som illustrerar typiska prestanda i han- och honråttor ingår, tillsammans med tips för felsökning av problem med uppgiften.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bussey-Saksida Rat Touch Screen Chambers Easy-Install System</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Includes: Touch Screen, Chamber base with perforated floors, Large Feeder Reward Area (44.5mm wide x 92.5mm high), Speaker, Houselight, Tone Generator, SAC; Trapezoidal animal working area is 126mm wide at the Feeder, 240mm wide and 332 mm deep at the Screen, and 300 mm in height</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sound Attenuation Cubicles (SAC)</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80604-20</td>
			<td>Attenuation to approximately 35dB; 38kg in weight; External dimensions: 600mm wide x 670mm tall x 352mm deep; Internal dimensions: 540mm wide x 610mm tall x 532mm deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abet II Software for Touch Screens</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>89505</td>
			<td>Version 2.19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisker Multimedia</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80698-1</td>
			<td>Required for Abet II Touch Operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>45mg Interchangeable Pellet Size Wheel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>80600-CAM</td>
			<td>Filtered and focused for IR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Windows</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Windows 7-64 bit recommended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Controller PC-Touch Screen Chambers</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument</td>
			<td>88530</td>
			<td>Dual Core Pentinum Processor; 2.5 GHz or greater; keyboard, mouse, and monitor; Installed PCI card, cable and expansion; Four RS232 ports; Four VGA ports</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dustless Precision Pellets</td>
			<td>BioServe</td>
			<td>F0165</td>
			<td>45 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black Acrylic Mask</td>
			<td>Everything Plastic</td>
			<td>Custom Product</td>
			<td>Black polycarbonate with one matte finish side, 3.18 mm thick; Central circular opening, 28.58 mm diameter, 107.95 mm from the bottom, centered between the left and right side; Two square response areas, 28.57 mm x 28.57mm each positioned below and off center, one 85.725 mm from the left and one 85.725 mm from right side, and both 34.925 mm from the bottom.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Utility Cart</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11-954-754</td>
			<td>30.75 in. x 18.38 in x 33 in</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Large enough to cover cages for animal transport</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Headlights with red lights</td>
			<td>Energizer</td>
			<td>HDL33A2E</td>
			<td>LED white and red light</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

touchscreen sustained attention task (sat) for rats

Bibehållen uppmärksamhet är förmågan att övervaka intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser över en längre tid. Denna uppmärksamhet process subserves andra aspekter av kognition och störs i vissa störningar i nervsystemets utveckling, neuropsykiatriska, och neurodegenerativa sjukdomar. Alltså, det är kliniskt viktigt att identifiera mekanismer som försämrar och förbättra bibehållen uppmärksamhet. Sådana mekanismer upptäcks ofta först med hjälp av djurmodeller. Flera beteende förfaranden för provning aspekter av ihållande uppmärksamhet har därför utvecklats för gnagare. En, först beskrevs av McGaughy och Sarter (1995), kallas bibehållen uppmärksamhet uppgiften (SAT), tränar råttor att skilja mellan signal (dvs, kort ljus presentation) och icke-signal prövningar. Signalerna är korta och därför kräver noggrann uppmärksamhet att uppfattas. Uppmärksamhet krav kan ökas ytterligare genom att införa en distraktor (t.ex., blinkande houselight). Vi har ändrat denna uppgift för touchscreen operant kammare, som är konfigurerade med en pekskärm på ena väggen som kan presentera stimuli och registrera svar. Här detalj vi våra protokoll för SAT i touchscreen chambers. Dessutom presenterar vi standardåtgärder prestanda i manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor. Jämförbara prestanda på denna uppgift i båda könen belyser dess användning för uppmärksamhet studier, särskilt som fler forskare är inklusive kvinnliga gnagare i deras experimentell design. Dessutom ökar lätt genomförandet av SAT för de alltmer populära touchscreen kamrarna dess verktyg.

Mest uppmärksamhet i studierna, råttor utbildas till kriterier lör och sedan manipulationer för att störa eller förbättra uppmärksamhet utförs. Förvärv data presenteras inte normalt, men vi gör så här för att illustrera priser av förvärvet i manliga och kvinnliga Sprague-Dawley-råttor. Detta kvantifierade vi median antalet dagar att nå kriterier lör (start på fasen peta näsan). Observera att några råttor aldrig gjort det till kriterier (n = 5 hanar och n = 1 kvinnl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats at JoVE.com

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task SAT for Rats

Touchscreen ihållande uppmärksamhet uppgift (lör) för råtta

Bibehållen uppmärksamhet, eller kontinuerligt övervaka situationer för intermittent och oförutsägbara händelser, är en viktig aspekt av kognition. Här detalj vi testa bibehållen uppmärksamhet i råttor med hjälp av touchscreen operant chambers. Vi visar jämförbara prestanda i han- och honråttor, att göra denna uppgift användbar för att studera uppmärksamhet hos båda könen.

Sustained attention is the ability to monitor intermittent and unpredictable events over a prolonged period of time. This attentional process subserves ...

The overall goal of this behavioral task with touchscreen operant chambers is to measure the sustained attention capacity of rats. This method can help uncover the neuro biological mechanisms critical for appropriate sustained attention which is the monitoring of intermittent and unpredictable events over time. The main advantage of this technique is that we have adapted a well validated rodent sustained attention task to the touchscreen operant chamber.An apparatus of growing popularity with programmability to many cognitive tasks. The applications of this technique extend toward the study of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders characterized by disrupted attention. Therapies for which, can be tested using the method presented here.Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle with setting up a system to ensure that the rats are being accurately tracked and that the data is being properly recorded. For this experiment, touchscreen chambers must be prepared within sound attenuation cubicles. Equip the chambers with the house light, a tone generator, a camera positioned above, a touchscreen and a pellet dispenser with the feeder reward area.The feeder reward area can be illuminated. Before loading the 45 milligram reward pellets, shake the dust off them using a flour sifter. This dust can clog the feeder.If the rats are outfitted with a head implant, use a feeder with a large aperture. Feed each chamber with a black acrylic mask to limit the response areas on the touchscreen. Leave a central circular hole for the light stimulus and two square response holes below the central hole positioned center.While in use, operate the chamber in a sound attenuation cubicle. This completes the chamber preparations. The text protocol describes how to set the perimeters for the experiment.For this experiment, rats can be housed individually or in groups. Prior to starting a study, handle the rats daily for five minutes per day, for five straight days. Always wear personal protective gear.Start the food restriction three days before starting the behavior shaping. On the first day, record each rats free-feeding weight and calculate their target weight which is 85%of the free-feeding weight. Prior to shaping, pre-expose the rats to 15 food reward pellets in their home cage.After the initial food restriction, adjust the food intake to maintain the target weight, allowing for slight weight gain over time. Prior to starting a new schedule, food restrict the rats a little more than usual, to increase their motivation. On days that rats do not perform the task, increase their food by at least one gram to compensate for not receiving pellet rewards.After each session, wait at least 30 minutes before providing food, to avoid making an association between the testing succession and their feeding time. If the rats are group housed, feed them separately for an hour before regrouping them. In preparation, power up the equipment.Ensure that the pellet dispensers are filled with pellets and ensure that the mask is in position in front of the touchscreen. Then, check the function of each box. Test the pellet dispenser, the screen, the lights and the tone generator.Testing the function of the chambers at the beginning of each day is critical because any one small malfunction can confuse the animals and prevent them from learning the task or performing at a normal level. Next, review the schedule for loading the boxes. Pay close attention to the test group and input the relevant information regarding animal ID, sex, experimental condition, user initials and other notes.With all the preparations made, retrieve the subjects. Generally, test the rats at least 30 minutes into their dark cycle. To work with the rats in the dark, use head mounted red lights.When transporting the rats during the dark cycle, cover their cages with black towels. Once in the behavior room, load the rats into their appropriate box and start the session for the sustained attention task. In the sustained attention task, rats are trained to distinguish signal trials from non-signal trials.Signal trials include a variable duration light flash followed by an audible tone and a four second response window. During the four seconds, if the rat then posed the correct area on the screen. In this case, it is the right response area, the rat is rewarded with a food pellet and this is called, a hit.If the rat pokes the other response area, this is considered a miss and the rat is not rewarded. A non-signal trial does not include the light and the rat must poke a different part of the screen to indicate that no signal was detected to earn a reward. A correct response on a non-signal trial is called, a correct rejection.If the rat pokes the other response area on a non-signal trial, this is considered a false alarm and is not rewarded. The correct response areas for signal and non-signal trials should be counter-balanced between subjects. For signal and non-signal trials, a failure to make any response during the response window counts as a, no mission and is not rewarded.There is also a distracter version of the sustained attention task, where the house light flashes during the second of three blocks of trials. After starting a session, monitor the rats during the first several minutes, to ensure that everything is functioning properly. Then, check their performance intermittently.Once a session is complete, record the summary data and any issues in the notebook. Between trials, wipe down each chamber with 10%ethanol and replace the bedding. After running all the trials for the day, thoroughly clean the chambers with 10%ethanol, making sure the floor grid is as clean as possible.Then, replace the bedding. After every session, it is a good idea to fully update the spreadsheets and back them up to a separate server. The median number of days to reach criteria on SAT was 54.5 days for male rats and 62 days for female rats with no significant difference.Performance measures on the SAT task showed that based on the percentages of hits and correct rejections, males and females were similarly accurate on the signaled and non-signaled trials. An overall measure of intentional performance, the vigilance index or VI, showed similar measures between the sexes as well. Nor were there sex differences in the low percentages of omissions recorded.During the tasks, the visual signal varied between 500, 50 and 25 milliseconds and performance declined with the shorter signals. There was no main effect based on sex. To increase attentional demands, the house light was flashed as a distracter during the second of the three trial blocks, in one subset of rats.As expected, there was a main effect for the trial block. With performance declining in block two and recovering in block three. Unexpectedly, females performed significantly worse than males.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to test sustained attention in rats using touchscreen operant chambers. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to keep track of each individual animal's performance and adjust feeding as necessary to ensure that they have acquired the task as quickly as possible. Don't forget, that when working with rodents, protocol should first be approved by IACUC and personal protective equipment should always be worn.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Touchscreen Sustained Attention Task (SAT) for Rats

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