Name: phagocytosis assay for apoptotic cells in drosophila embryos
Uploaded: 2017-08-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

感谢Kaz Nagaosa和Akiko Shiratsuchi的意见。

准备<ol><li> 新鲜葡萄汁琼脂平板的制备 <ol><li>加入100毫升水至4.4克琼脂，加热微波炉中的混合物溶解琼脂。 </li><li>向琼脂溶液中加入80 mL新鲜葡萄汁，5 mL乙酸和5 mL乙醇。 </li><li>用移液管将约1.5 mL的溶液倒入每个载玻片上，使其固化。 </li></ol></li><li> 6厘米培养皿琼脂糖板的制备 <ol><li>向0.5g琼脂糖中加入50mL水，并在微波炉中加热混合物以溶解琼脂糖。 </li><li>将大约2.5 mL...

<ol>
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G., Waibel, M., Wesselborg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+apoptotic+cells:+getting+rid+of+the+corpses.">Clearance of apoptotic cells: getting rid of the corpses.</a> Mol Cell. 14 (3), 277-287 (2004).</li><li>Ravichandran, K. S., Lorenz, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engulfment+of+apoptotic+cells:+signals+for+a+good+meal.">Engulfment of apoptotic cells: signals for a good meal.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 7 (12), 964-974 (2007).</li><li>Ravichandran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beginnings+of+a+good+apoptotic+meal:+the+find-me+and+eat-me+signaling+pathways.">Beginnings of a good apoptotic meal: the find-me and eat-me signaling pathways.</a> Immunity. 35 (4), 445-455 (2011).</li><li>Nakanishi, Y., Nagaosa, K., Shiratsuchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytic+removal+of+cells+that+have+become+unwanted:+implications+for+animal+development+and+tissue+homeostasis.">Phagocytic removal of cells that have become unwanted: implications for animal development and tissue homeostasis.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 53 (2), 149-160 (2011).</li><li>Reddien, P. W., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+engulfment+process+of+programmed+cell+death+in+caenorhabditis+elegans.">The engulfment process of programmed cell death in caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 20, 193-221 (2004).</li><li>Hedgecock, E. M., Sulston, J. E., Thomson, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+programmed+cell+deaths+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mutations affecting programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Science. 220 (4603), 1277-1279 (1983).</li><li>Ellis, R. E., Jacobson, D. M., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+required+for+the+engulfment+of+cell+corpses+during+programmed+cell+death+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 129 (1), 79-94 (1991).</li><li>Gumienny, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CED-12/ELMO,+a+novel+member+of+the+CrkII/Dock180/Rac+pathway,+is+required+for+phagocytosis+and+cell+migration.">CED-12/ELMO, a novel member of the CrkII/Dock180/Rac pathway, is required for phagocytosis and cell migration.</a> Cell. 107 (1), 27-41 (2001).</li><li>Hsu, T. Y., Wu, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engulfment+of+apoptotic+cells+in+C.+elegans+is+mediated+by+integrin+alpha/SRC+signaling.">Engulfment of apoptotic cells in C. elegans is mediated by integrin alpha/SRC signaling.</a> Curr Biol. 20 (6), 477-486 (2010).</li><li>Hanayama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+factor+that+links+apoptotic+cells+to+phagocytes.">Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes.</a> Nature. 417 (6885), 182-187 (2002).</li><li>Tepass, U., Fessler, L. I., Aziz, A., Hartenstein, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+origin+of+hemocytes+and+their+relationship+to+cell+death+in+Drosophila.">Embryonic origin of hemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila.</a> Development. 120 (7), 1829-1837 (1994).</li><li>Gold, K. S., Bruckner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+and+cellular+immunity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Macrophages and cellular immunity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Semin Immunol. 27, 357-368 (2015).</li><li>Abrams, J. M., White, K., Fessler, L. I., Steller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+during+Drosophila+embryogenesis.">Programmed cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis.</a> Development. 117 (1), 29-43 (1993).</li><li>Franc, N. C., Heitzler, P., Ezekowitz, R. A., White, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+for+croquemort+in+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila.">Requirement for croquemort in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila.</a> Science. 284 (5422), 1991-1994 (1999).</li><li>Mukae, N., Yokoyama, H., Yokokura, T., Sakoyama, Y., Nagata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+innate+immunity+in+Drosophila+by+endogenous+chromosomal+DNA+that+escaped+apoptotic+degradation.">Activation of the innate immunity in Drosophila by endogenous chromosomal DNA that escaped apoptotic degradation.</a> Genes Dev. 16 (20), 2662-2671 (2002).</li><li>Manaka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Draper-mediated+and+phosphatidylserine-independent+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+by+Drosophila+hemocytes/macrophages.">Draper-mediated and phosphatidylserine-independent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by Drosophila hemocytes/macrophages.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (46), 48466-48476 (2004).</li><li>Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: A Practical Approach. , 3868-3878 (1998).</li><li>Kuraishi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretaporter,+a+Drosophila+protein+serving+as+a+ligand+for+Draper+in+the+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells.">Pretaporter, a Drosophila protein serving as a ligand for Draper in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.</a> Embo j. 28 (24), 3868-3878 (2009).</li><li>Franc, N. C., Dimarcq, J. L., Lagueux, M., Hoffmann, J., Ezekowitz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Croquemort,+a+novel+Drosophila+hemocyte/macrophage+receptor+that+recognizes+apoptotic+cells.">Croquemort, a novel Drosophila hemocyte/macrophage receptor that recognizes apoptotic cells.</a> Immunity. 4 (5), 431-443 (1996).</li><li>Kuraishi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+calreticulin+as+a+marker+for+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila.">Identification of calreticulin as a marker for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila.</a> Exp Cell Res. 313 (3), 500-510 (2007).</li><li>Nagaosa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+betanu-mediated+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Integrin betanu-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila embryos.</a> J Biol Chem. 286 (29), 25770-25777 (2011).</li><li>Nonaka, S., Nagaosa, K., Mori, T., Shiratsuchi, A., Nakanishi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+alphaPS3/betanu-mediated+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+and+bacteria+in+Drosophila.">Integrin alphaPS3/betanu-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and bacteria in Drosophila.</a> J Biol Chem. 288 (15), 10374-10380 (2013).</li><li>Fujita, Y., Nagaosa, K., Shiratsuchi, A., Nakanishi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+NPxY+motif+in+Draper-mediated+apoptotic+cell+clearance+in+Drosophila.">Role of NPxY motif in Draper-mediated apoptotic cell clearance in Drosophila.</a> Drug Discov Ther. 6 (6), 291-297 (2012).</li><li>Bruckner, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PDGF/VEGF+receptor+controls+blood+cell+survival+in+Drosophila.">The PDGF/VEGF receptor controls blood cell survival in Drosophila.</a> Dev Cell. 7 (1), 73-84 (2004).</li><li>Nonaka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+Pathway+for+Phagocyte+Priming+upon+Encounter+with+Apoptotic+Cells.">Signaling Pathway for Phagocyte Priming upon Encounter with Apoptotic Cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 292 (19), 8059-8072 (2017).</li><li>Hanayama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+disease+and+impaired+uptake+of+apoptotic+cells+in+MFG-E8-deficient+mice.">Autoimmune disease and impaired uptake of apoptotic cells in MFG-E8-deficient mice.</a> Science. 304 (5674), 1147-1150 (2004).</li></ol>

<html>我们在此描述了使用果蝇胚胎的吞噬作用。通过使用分散的胚胎细胞定量测量吞噬作用，将血细胞， 果蝇专业吞噬细胞免疫染色用于血细胞标记Croquemort或srpHemo-驱动的GFP，并且在该方案中通过TUNEL检测凋亡细胞。吞噬水平通过计数血细胞总数和吞噬血细胞来表达为吞噬指数。使用分散的胚胎细胞使我们能够观察全胚胎中的所有吞噬细胞和凋亡细胞，并精确量化吞噬水平。?...

在后生动物， 如 线虫 ，果蝇果蝇和小鼠和人类，大量细胞的发育过程中发生凋亡来塑造自己的身体，并在成年后保持动态平衡1，2。凋亡细胞需要快速去除，因为它们通过释放免疫原性的细胞内物质而在周围组织中引起炎症3 。为了便于快速去除，本凋亡细胞所谓吃我信号由吞噬细胞的吞噬受体识别，并通过吞噬作用3，4，5，6被消除。因此，吞噬作用在维持宿主体内平衡方面起关键作用，因此阐明了分子<html>凋亡细胞吞噬的潜在机制是重要的。 负责凋亡细胞的吞噬功能的机制似乎在线虫，果蝇和小鼠7种之中进化上保守的。目前可以使用几种吞噬作用来评估这些模型动物中凋亡细胞的吞噬。在秀丽隐杆线虫中 ，131个体细胞在发育期间经历程序性细胞死亡，细胞尸体被非专业吞噬细胞的相邻细胞吞噬8 。因此，计数线虫中剩余细胞尸体的数量表示体内吞噬水平。通过搜索线虫突变体，显示死细胞数量的增加，吞噬作用所需的几个基因已被鉴定和基因表征9，10，S =“外部参照”&gt; 11,12。 原代培养吞噬细胞（通常是巨噬细胞）的离体吞噬作用常常用于小鼠。使用细胞系如Jurkat细胞制备凋亡细胞，并与原代吞噬细胞混合。孵育数小时后，计数吞噬细胞和吞噬吞噬细胞的总数，以评估吞噬水平。作为这种方法的一个复杂的变形例中，永田的小组开发的体外吞噬作用测定与细胞中表达一个抗胱天蛋白酶ICAD（抑制剂胱天蛋白酶活化的DNA酶），其中凋亡细胞不进行细胞凋亡的DNA片段化，但DNA仍裂解时细胞被吞噬。当这些细胞在吞噬作用测定中用作凋亡靶点时，只有吞噬凋亡细胞的DNA被破碎，并通过TdT介导的dUTP缺口末端标记（TUNEL）染色。所以，水稻通过在吞噬细胞和凋亡细胞的混合物中计数TUNEL信号来测量凋亡细胞吞噬13 。 在果蝇 ，名为血细胞，巨噬细胞果蝇 ，专业的吞噬细胞负责细胞凋亡14，15的吞噬作用。除了与培养的细胞系在体外吞噬作用测定法， 体内用全果蝇胚胎的吞噬作用测定法是可用的。 果蝇胚胎是用于检查凋亡细胞吞噬的水平，因为许多细胞发生凋亡和胚胎发育14，15，16时由血细胞吞噬的有力工具。 体内吞噬试验的一个实例是法国集团开发的方法。在他们的方法中，血细胞是de通过免疫染色过氧化物酶，血细胞标志物，凋亡细胞用核染料，7-氨基放线菌素D在整个果蝇胚胎中染色，双阳性细胞数被计为吞噬信号17 。对胚胎的吞噬作用测定的另一个例子是基于上述Nagata方法的概念;然而， 在体内的吞噬作用是使用DCAD的胚胎进行评估（ 果蝇胱天蛋白酶活化的DNA酶）突变体蝇18,19。这些体内吞噬试验可用于原位直接观察吞噬作用。然而，难以排除计数吞噬细胞步骤中的任何可能的偏差，因为由于其厚度难以观察全胚胎中的所有吞噬细胞和凋亡细胞。 为了克服这个限制，我们开发了在果蝇胚胎中进行新的吞噬作用测定。在我们的方法中，为了容易地计数吞噬血细胞，将整个胚胎均匀化以制备分散的胚胎细胞。通过吞噬细胞标志物的免疫染色检测吞噬细胞，并用这些分散的胚胎细胞用TUNEL检测凋亡细胞。使用分散的胚胎细胞使我们能够测量体内吞噬作用水平，好像我们进行了精确量化吞噬水平的体外吞噬作用。如果它们发展到胚胎20的第16阶段，则吞噬作用的凋亡细胞清除率最丰富的发育阶段，则可以在该测定中使用所有基因型的苍蝇。该方法具有定量评估吞噬水平的优点，因此有助于鉴定参与体内凋亡细胞吞噬的新分子。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>whole swine serum</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>55993</td>
			<td>For bloking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Treff micro test tube(easy fit)&#160; Dnase, Rnase free tube, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>TreffLab</td>
			<td>96. 4625. 9. 01</td>
			<td>For&#160; homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pellet mixer&#160; 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>TreffLab</td>
			<td>96. 7339. 9. 03</td>
			<td>For&#160; homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-0130</td>
			<td>For preparation of embryonic cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>27250-018</td>
			<td>For preparation of embryonic cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kpl Anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Ab MSA, AP</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>475-1612</td>
			<td>secondary antibody for 
			stainig hemocytes with an anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-bromo-4-chloro- 
			3-indolyl-phosphate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11383221001</td>
			<td>BCIP, For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitro blue tetrazolium</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11383213001</td>
			<td>NBT, For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>described previously in Manaka et al, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 48466-48476</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Anti-GFP 
			from mouse IgG1&#954; (clones 7.1 and 13.1)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814460001</td>
			<td>For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG-AP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-6520</td>
			<td>secondary antibody for stainig hemocytes with an anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apop Tag Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>S7100</td>
			<td>For staining of apoptoitc cells. This kit includes Equilibration buffer, Reaction buffer, STOP/Wash buffer, TdT enzyme, and Anti-Digoxigenin-Peroxidase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine 
			tetrahydrichloride</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>11009-41</td>
			<td>DAB, For staining of apoptoitc cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Table of Fly Strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>w1118</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Control flies, described in Freeman et al., Neuron, 38, 567-580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drpr&#916;5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>drpr mutant, described in Freeman et al, Neuron, 38, 567-580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Itgbn2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Itgbn mutant, described in Devenport et al., Development, 131, 5405-5415</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>srpHemoGAL4 UAS-EGFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>described in Br&#252;ckner et al., Dev. Cell., 7, 73-84</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-drpr-IR</td>
			<td>VDRC</td>
			<td>4833</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-Itgbn-IR</td>
			<td>NIG-fly</td>
			<td>1762R-1</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phagocytosis assay for apoptotic cells in drosophila embryos

由于其在免疫和炎症难治性疾病中的作用，需要更详细地阐明凋亡细胞吞噬作用的分子机制。我们本文开发了一种使用果蝇果蝇定量研究吞噬作用的实验方法，其中基因网络控制吞噬反应是从哺乳动物进化保守的。为了准确地检测和计数使用全部动物吞噬和吞噬吞噬细胞，将果蝇胚胎匀浆以获得包括吞噬细胞和凋亡细胞的分散细胞。使用分散的胚胎细胞使我们能够测量体内吞噬水平，就像我们进行体外吞噬作用测定一样，可以观察全胚胎中的所有吞噬细胞和凋亡细胞，并精确定量吞噬水平。我们确认这种方法再现了以前的研究确定了凋亡细胞吞噬所需的基因。这种方法允许吞噬死细胞，当与强大的果蝇遗传学结合时，将揭示吞噬细胞凋亡细胞的迁移，识别，吞噬和降解所引起的复杂的吞噬反应。

为了检测凋亡细胞的吞噬作用，收集了发育阶段16的果蝇胚胎，并作为分散细胞制备。血细胞，巨噬细胞果蝇 ，进行免疫细胞化学对血细胞标记“Croquemort” 17，22使用特异性抗体19,21染色，凋亡细胞通过TUNEL在分散的胚胎细胞（ 图1A）染色。 Croctemort...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

我们在此描述使用果蝇分散的胚胎细胞的吞噬作用。它使我们能够容易且准确地量化体内吞噬水平，并确定凋亡细胞吞噬所需的新分子。

细胞凋亡细胞的吞噬作用<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎

The molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells need to be elucidated in more detail because of its role in immune and ...

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Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

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Cell Death

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