Name: phagocytosis assay for apoptotic cells in drosophila embryos
Uploaded: 2017-08-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

그들의 조언에 대해 Kaz Nagaosa와 Akiko Shiratsuchi에게 감사드립니다.

1. 준비 <ol><li> 신선한 포도 주스 한천 접시 준비 <ol><li> 한천 4.4g에 물 100mL를 넣고 전자 레인지로 가열하여 한천을 녹인다. </li><li> 한천 용액에 신선한 포도 주스 80 mL, 아세트산 5 mL 및 에탄올 5 mL를 넣는다. </li><li> 각 유리 슬라이드 위에 피펫으로 약 1.5 mL의 용액을 부어 응고시킵니다. </li></ol></li><li> 6 cm 접시 아가로 오스 플레이트 준비 <ol><li> 아가로 오스 0.5g에 물 50mL?...

<ol>
	<li>Danial, N. N., Korsmeyer, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+death:+critical+control+points.">Cell death: critical control points.</a> Cell. 116 (2), 205-219 (2004).</li><li>Vaux, D. L., Korsmeyer, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+death+in+development.">Cell death in development.</a> Cell. 96 (2), 245-254 (1999).</li><li>Savill, J., Fadok, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corpse+clearance+defines+the+meaning+of+cell+death.">Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death.</a> Nature. 407 (6805), 784-788 (2000).</li><li>Lauber, K., Blumenthal, S. G., Waibel, M., Wesselborg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clearance+of+apoptotic+cells:+getting+rid+of+the+corpses.">Clearance of apoptotic cells: getting rid of the corpses.</a> Mol Cell. 14 (3), 277-287 (2004).</li><li>Ravichandran, K. S., Lorenz, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engulfment+of+apoptotic+cells:+signals+for+a+good+meal.">Engulfment of apoptotic cells: signals for a good meal.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 7 (12), 964-974 (2007).</li><li>Ravichandran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beginnings+of+a+good+apoptotic+meal:+the+find-me+and+eat-me+signaling+pathways.">Beginnings of a good apoptotic meal: the find-me and eat-me signaling pathways.</a> Immunity. 35 (4), 445-455 (2011).</li><li>Nakanishi, Y., Nagaosa, K., Shiratsuchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytic+removal+of+cells+that+have+become+unwanted:+implications+for+animal+development+and+tissue+homeostasis.">Phagocytic removal of cells that have become unwanted: implications for animal development and tissue homeostasis.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 53 (2), 149-160 (2011).</li><li>Reddien, P. W., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+engulfment+process+of+programmed+cell+death+in+caenorhabditis+elegans.">The engulfment process of programmed cell death in caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 20, 193-221 (2004).</li><li>Hedgecock, E. M., Sulston, J. E., Thomson, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+affecting+programmed+cell+deaths+in+the+nematode+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mutations affecting programmed cell deaths in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Science. 220 (4603), 1277-1279 (1983).</li><li>Ellis, R. E., Jacobson, D. M., Horvitz, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+required+for+the+engulfment+of+cell+corpses+during+programmed+cell+death+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 129 (1), 79-94 (1991).</li><li>Gumienny, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CED-12/ELMO,+a+novel+member+of+the+CrkII/Dock180/Rac+pathway,+is+required+for+phagocytosis+and+cell+migration.">CED-12/ELMO, a novel member of the CrkII/Dock180/Rac pathway, is required for phagocytosis and cell migration.</a> Cell. 107 (1), 27-41 (2001).</li><li>Hsu, T. Y., Wu, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engulfment+of+apoptotic+cells+in+C.+elegans+is+mediated+by+integrin+alpha/SRC+signaling.">Engulfment of apoptotic cells in C. elegans is mediated by integrin alpha/SRC signaling.</a> Curr Biol. 20 (6), 477-486 (2010).</li><li>Hanayama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+factor+that+links+apoptotic+cells+to+phagocytes.">Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes.</a> Nature. 417 (6885), 182-187 (2002).</li><li>Tepass, U., Fessler, L. I., Aziz, A., Hartenstein, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+origin+of+hemocytes+and+their+relationship+to+cell+death+in+Drosophila.">Embryonic origin of hemocytes and their relationship to cell death in Drosophila.</a> Development. 120 (7), 1829-1837 (1994).</li><li>Gold, K. S., Bruckner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+and+cellular+immunity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Macrophages and cellular immunity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Semin Immunol. 27, 357-368 (2015).</li><li>Abrams, J. M., White, K., Fessler, L. I., Steller, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+during+Drosophila+embryogenesis.">Programmed cell death during Drosophila embryogenesis.</a> Development. 117 (1), 29-43 (1993).</li><li>Franc, N. C., Heitzler, P., Ezekowitz, R. A., White, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+for+croquemort+in+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila.">Requirement for croquemort in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila.</a> Science. 284 (5422), 1991-1994 (1999).</li><li>Mukae, N., Yokoyama, H., Yokokura, T., Sakoyama, Y., Nagata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+the+innate+immunity+in+Drosophila+by+endogenous+chromosomal+DNA+that+escaped+apoptotic+degradation.">Activation of the innate immunity in Drosophila by endogenous chromosomal DNA that escaped apoptotic degradation.</a> Genes Dev. 16 (20), 2662-2671 (2002).</li><li>Manaka, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Draper-mediated+and+phosphatidylserine-independent+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+by+Drosophila+hemocytes/macrophages.">Draper-mediated and phosphatidylserine-independent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by Drosophila hemocytes/macrophages.</a> J Biol Chem. 279 (46), 48466-48476 (2004).</li><li>Roberts, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila: A Practical Approach. , 3868-3878 (1998).</li><li>Kuraishi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretaporter,+a+Drosophila+protein+serving+as+a+ligand+for+Draper+in+the+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells.">Pretaporter, a Drosophila protein serving as a ligand for Draper in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.</a> Embo j. 28 (24), 3868-3878 (2009).</li><li>Franc, N. C., Dimarcq, J. L., Lagueux, M., Hoffmann, J., Ezekowitz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Croquemort,+a+novel+Drosophila+hemocyte/macrophage+receptor+that+recognizes+apoptotic+cells.">Croquemort, a novel Drosophila hemocyte/macrophage receptor that recognizes apoptotic cells.</a> Immunity. 4 (5), 431-443 (1996).</li><li>Kuraishi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+calreticulin+as+a+marker+for+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila.">Identification of calreticulin as a marker for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila.</a> Exp Cell Res. 313 (3), 500-510 (2007).</li><li>Nagaosa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+betanu-mediated+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Integrin betanu-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in Drosophila embryos.</a> J Biol Chem. 286 (29), 25770-25777 (2011).</li><li>Nonaka, S., Nagaosa, K., Mori, T., Shiratsuchi, A., Nakanishi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrin+alphaPS3/betanu-mediated+phagocytosis+of+apoptotic+cells+and+bacteria+in+Drosophila.">Integrin alphaPS3/betanu-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and bacteria in Drosophila.</a> J Biol Chem. 288 (15), 10374-10380 (2013).</li><li>Fujita, Y., Nagaosa, K., Shiratsuchi, A., Nakanishi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+NPxY+motif+in+Draper-mediated+apoptotic+cell+clearance+in+Drosophila.">Role of NPxY motif in Draper-mediated apoptotic cell clearance in Drosophila.</a> Drug Discov Ther. 6 (6), 291-297 (2012).</li><li>Bruckner, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PDGF/VEGF+receptor+controls+blood+cell+survival+in+Drosophila.">The PDGF/VEGF receptor controls blood cell survival in Drosophila.</a> Dev Cell. 7 (1), 73-84 (2004).</li><li>Nonaka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+Pathway+for+Phagocyte+Priming+upon+Encounter+with+Apoptotic+Cells.">Signaling Pathway for Phagocyte Priming upon Encounter with Apoptotic Cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 292 (19), 8059-8072 (2017).</li><li>Hanayama, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoimmune+disease+and+impaired+uptake+of+apoptotic+cells+in+MFG-E8-deficient+mice.">Autoimmune disease and impaired uptake of apoptotic cells in MFG-E8-deficient mice.</a> Science. 304 (5674), 1147-1150 (2004).</li></ol>

<html> 우리는 여기에 Drosophila 배아를 사용하여 식균 작용 분석을 설명했다. 식균 작용을 정량적으로 측정하기 위해 분산 된 배아 세포를 사용함으로써 hemocyte, Drosophila professional phagocytes가 hemocyte marker Croquemort 또는 srpHemo- driven GFP에 대해 면역 염색되고, apoptotic 세포가이 프로토콜에서 TUNEL에 의해 검출됩니다. 식균 작용의 수준은 hemocytes와 phagocytosing hemocytes의 총 수를 세어 phagocy...

예를 들어 선충류 Caenorhabditis elegans , 초파리 Drosophila melanogaster 및 생쥐와 인간과 같은 전이 동물의 경우 많은 수의 세포가 발달 중에 체내를 형성하고 성인기에 항상성을 유지하기 위해 세포 사멸을 경험합니다 1 , 2 . 세포 사멸 세포는 완전히 제거되지 않으면 면역 원성 세포 내 물질을 방출하여 주변 조직에 염증을 유도하기 때문에 신속하게 제거해야합니다 3 . 신속한 제거를 촉진하기 위해 세포 사멸 세포는 식세포의 삼투 수용체에 의해 인식되고 식균 작용에 의해 제거되는 소위 먹기름 신호를 나타냅니다 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . 따라서, 식균 작용은 숙주 항상성의 유지에 결정적인 역할을하므로,<html> apoptotic 세포의 phagocytosis의 밑에 lar 기계 장치는 중요하다. 세포 사멸 세포의 식균 작용을 담당하는 메커니즘은 진화 적 선충, 초파리, 생쥐 7 종에 보존 한 것으로 나타났습니다. 여러 가지 식균 작용 분석법이 현재이 모델 동물에서 사멸 세포의 웅덩이를 평가하기 위해 이용 가능하다. C. 엘레 간스 에서 131 체세포는 발달 중에 프로그램 된 세포 사멸을 겪고 세포 시체는 비 전문적인 식세포 8 인 이웃 세포에 의해 탐식된다. 따라서, C. elegans 의 잔류 세포 시체 수를 세는 것은 생체 내에서 의 식균 작용의 정도를 나타낸다 . 증가 된 사멸 세포 수를 나타내는 선충 돌연변이를 탐색함으로써, 식균 작용에 필요한 여러 유전자가 동정되었고 유전 학적으로 9 , 10 ,s = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 11 , 12 . 일차 배양 식세포, 일반적으로 대 식세포를 사용한 생체 외 탐식 작용은 마우스에서 종종 이용된다. 아폽토시스 (apoptotic) 세포는 Jurkat 세포와 같은 세포주를 사용하여 준비되며 1 차 식균과 혼합됩니다. 수 시간 동안 배양 한 후, 식균 작용의 수준을 평가하기 위해 식세포와 삼투 식세포의 총 수를 세었다. 이 방법을 정교하게 변형시킨 Nagata의 연구팀은 apoptotic cell이 apoptotic DNA 단편화를 일으키지 않고 caspase-resistant ICAD (caspase-activated DNase의 억제제)를 발현하는 세포를 이용한 ex vivo 식균 작용 분석을 개발했다. 세포는 식균된다. 이러한 세포가 식균 작용 분석에서 세포 사멸 목표로 사용될 때, 삼투 된 세포 사멸 세포의 DNA 만 단편화되고 TdT 매개 dUTP 닉 엔드 라벨링 (TUNEL)에 의해 염색된다. 따라서,사멸 세포의 말림 (L)는 식세포 사멸 세포 및 13의 혼합물 TUNEL 신호를 카운트함으로써 측정된다. D. melanogaster에서 , hemocytes, Drosophila macrophages라는 전문 식세포가 세포 사멸 세포의 탐식 작용을 담당합니다 14 , 15 . 배양 세포주를 이용한 in vitro phagocytosis assay 에 더하여, 전체 Drosophila 배아를 이용한 in vivo phagocytosis assay가 가능합니다. 초파리 배아는 많은 세포가 사멸을 받아야하고 배아 발달 14, 15, 16시 혈구에 의해 포식하기 때문에 세포 사멸 세포 말림의 수준을 조사하기위한 강력한 도구입니다. 생체 내 식균 작용의 예는 프랑 그룹이 개발 한 방법입니다. 그들의 방법에서는, hemocytes는이다 deperoxidasin, 혈구 마커의 면역 염색에 의해 tected, 사멸 세포는 핵 염색 전체 초파리 배아 티노 마이신 D (7) 아미노산을 이용하여 염색하고, 이중 양성 세포의 수는 탐식 (17)의 신호로 간주된다. 배아에 대한 식균 작용 분석의 또 다른 예는 위에 기술 된 Nagata의 방법의 개념에 기초한다. 그러나, 생체 내 식균 작용은 dCAD ( Drosophila caspase-activated DNase) 돌연변이 파리 18 , 19 의 배아를 사용하여 평가됩니다. 이러한 in vivo phagocytosis assay는 in situ에서 phagocytosis를 직접 관찰하는데 유용합니다. 그러나, 어려움은 식균 세포를 계수하는 단계에서 가능한 모든 편향을 배제하는 것과 관련이 있는데, 그 이유는 그것의 두께로 인해 전체 배아에서 모든 식세포와 세포 사멸 세포를 관찰하기가 어렵 기 때문이다. 이 한계를 극복하기 위해 우리는Drosophila 배아에서 새로운 식균 작용을 분석했다. 우리의 방법에서는 식균 가능한 혈구를 쉽게 계산하기 위해 전체 배아를 균질화하여 분산 된 배아 세포를 준비한다. 식세포는 식세포 마커의 면역 염색에 의해 검출되며, 아폽토시스 세포는 이들 배아 세포가 분산 된 TUNEL에 의해 검출된다. 분산 된 배아 세포의 사용은 우리가 정확하게 식세포 증의 수준을 정량화하는 시험 관내 식균 작용을 수행하는 것처럼 생체 내 식균 작용 수준을 측정 할 수있게한다. phagocytosis에 의한 세포 사멸 (apoptotic cell clearance)이 가장 많은 발달 단계 인 배아 20의 16 단계로 발전하면 파리의 모든 유전형이이 분석에 사용될 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 식균 작용의 양을 정량적으로 평가할 수있는 장점이 있어 생체 내 apoptotic 세포의 식균 작용에 관여하는 새로운 분자의 동정에 기여할 수있다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>whole swine serum</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>55993</td>
			<td>For bloking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Treff micro test tube(easy fit)&#160; Dnase, Rnase free tube, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>TreffLab</td>
			<td>96. 4625. 9. 01</td>
			<td>For&#160; homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pellet mixer&#160; 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>TreffLab</td>
			<td>96. 7339. 9. 03</td>
			<td>For&#160; homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C-0130</td>
			<td>For preparation of embryonic cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>27250-018</td>
			<td>For preparation of embryonic cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kpl Anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Ab MSA, AP</td>
			<td>KPL</td>
			<td>475-1612</td>
			<td>secondary antibody for 
			stainig hemocytes with an anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-bromo-4-chloro- 
			3-indolyl-phosphate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11383221001</td>
			<td>BCIP, For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitro blue tetrazolium</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11383213001</td>
			<td>NBT, For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>described previously in Manaka et al, J. Biol. Chem., 279, 48466-48476</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Anti-GFP 
			from mouse IgG1&#954; (clones 7.1 and 13.1)&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814460001</td>
			<td>For staining of hemocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG-AP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-6520</td>
			<td>secondary antibody for stainig hemocytes with an anti-Croquemort antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apop Tag Peroxidase In Situ Apoptosis Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>S7100</td>
			<td>For staining of apoptoitc cells. This kit includes Equilibration buffer, Reaction buffer, STOP/Wash buffer, TdT enzyme, and Anti-Digoxigenin-Peroxidase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine 
			tetrahydrichloride</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>11009-41</td>
			<td>DAB, For staining of apoptoitc cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Table of Fly Strains</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>w1118</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Control flies, described in Freeman et al., Neuron, 38, 567-580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drpr&#916;5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>drpr mutant, described in Freeman et al, Neuron, 38, 567-580</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Itgbn2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Itgbn mutant, described in Devenport et al., Development, 131, 5405-5415</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>srpHemoGAL4 UAS-EGFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>described in Br&#252;ckner et al., Dev. Cell., 7, 73-84</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-drpr-IR</td>
			<td>VDRC</td>
			<td>4833</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UAS-Itgbn-IR</td>
			<td>NIG-fly</td>
			<td>1762R-1</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phagocytosis assay for apoptotic cells in drosophila embryos

세포 사멸 세포의 탐식 작용을하는 분자 기작은 면역 및 염증성 난치병에서의 역할 때문에 더 자세하게 밝혀야한다. 우리는 여기에 과일 파리 Drosophila를 사용하여 정량적으로 식균 작용을 조사하는 실험적 방법을 개발했다.이 방법은 삼투 반응을 조절하는 유전자 네트워크가 포유 동물로부터 진화 적으로 보존되어있다. 전체 동물을 사용하여 삼투 및 삼투 식각 세포를 정확하게 검출하고 계산하기 위해 Drosophila 배아를 균질화하여 식균 및 아폽토시스 세포를 포함한 분산 된 세포를 얻었다. 분산 된 배아 세포의 사용은 마치 전체 배아에서 모든 식세포와 세포 사멸 세포를 관찰하고 식균 작용의 수준을 정량화 할 수 있는 시험 관내 식균 작용을 수행하는 것처럼 생체 내 식균 작용 수준을 측정 할 수있게한다. 이 방법이 이전 연구의 결과를 재현한다는 것을 확인했습니다.apoptotic 세포의 phagocytosis에 필요한 유전자를 확인했다. 이 방법은 죽은 세포의 삼투를 분석하고, 강력한 유전학 인 Drosophila 와 결합하면 식세포에 의한 세포 사멸 (apoptotic) 세포의 이동, 인식, 삼투 및 분해로 구성된 복잡한 식균 반응을 나타냅니다.

apoptotic 세포의 식균 작용을 조사하기 위해 발달 단계의 Drosophila 배아를 모아서 분산 세포로 만들었다. Hemocytes, Drosophila macrophages는 특정 항체 19 , 21을 사용하여 hemocyte 마커 &quot;Croquemort&quot; 17 , 22에 대한 면역 세포 화학 검사로 염색되었으며, apoptotic 세포는 분산 배아 세...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

우리는 여기에 Drosophila 의 분산 배아 세포를 사용하여 식균 작용 분석을 설명합니다. 그것은 우리가 생체 내 식균 작용 수준을 쉽고 정확하게 정량화 할 수있게하며, 세포 사멸 세포의 식균 작용에 필요한 새로운 분자를 확인합니다.

에있는 Apoptotic 세포를위한 Phagocytosis 검정<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 태아

The molecular mechanisms underlying the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells need to be elucidated in more detail because of its role in immune and ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure in vivo phagocytosis in Drosophila to assess the involvement of specific genes of interest in apoptotic cell engulfment. This method can help answer key questions in the immunology and developmental biology fields about the mechanisms involved in apoptotic cell engulfment. The main advantage of this technique is that the cells can be used easily and precisely measured in vivo phagocytosis levels.The implication of this technique extend toward therapy of inflammatory disorders and autoimmune disease as apoptotic cell by phagocytosis is necessary for removing dangerous cells that cause inflammation. Begin by adding 200 adult female and 200 adult male fruit flies and a plate of fresh grape juice agar on yeast into a 50 milliliter conical tube. Close the tube with a sponge cap and incubate the flies in the light at 16 degrees Celsius for two to three days.At the end of the incubation, move the flies to 25 degrees Celsius in the dark for one hour and replace the old plate with a new plate without yeast. Allow the flies to lay eggs for two hours. Then incubate the plate at 16 degrees Celsius for 26 hours.The next day, use a paint brush to transfer the embryos into one milliliter of PBS supplemented with 0.2%Triton X-100. After two washes, add 1.2 milliliters of sodium hypochlorite solution to the embryos to remove the chorion. After three minutes, wash the embryos four times in fresh PBS plus Triton X-100.Transfer the washed embryos onto a six centimeter agarose plate and place the plate under a dissecting microscope. Identify stage 16 embryos using a micro tip. Use a micro pipette to transfer approximately 50 of the stage 16 embryos into a 1.5 milliliter micro test tube.To isolate the embryonic cells, first wash the embryos two times with 150 microliters of PBS. Transfer the embryos into a new 1.5 milliliter micro test tube. Then add 200 microliters of collagenase and homogenize the embryos 30 times with a pellet mixer.At the end of the homogenization, triturate the embryonic cells 10 times and transfer the cell suspension into a new 1.5 milliliter tube. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for one minute. Then triturate the cells 10 more times and return them to the 37 degrees Celsius incubator for another minute.At the end of the second incubation, add 800 microliters of PBS to the cells and collect the cells by centrifugation. Resuspend the pellet in 200 microliters of Trypsin before filtering the cell suspension through a 70 micron cell strainer. Stop the enzymatic activity with 40 microliters of heat inactivated fetal bovine serum in 800 microliters of PBS and collect the cells by centrifugation.Resuspend the precipitated cells in 200 microliters of fresh PBS and collect the cells with another centrifugation. Resuspend the pellet in 30 microliters of PBS and mount the cells onto an aminopropyltriethoxysilane-coated glass slide. When the cells have attached, use a pipette to remove the excess PBS from the slide and fix the cells with 60 to 70 microliters of 4%paraformaldehyde.After 10 to 15 minutes, remove the fixative and wash the cells in PBS for one minute. To immunostain the cells with anti-Croquemort antibody, first serially soak the slide in methanol then PBS supplemented with 0.2%Triton X-100 followed by PBS alone. Next, block the nonspecific binding with 20 microliters of 5%whole swine serum in PBS plus 0.2%Triton X-100 for 20 minutes at room temperature.Remove the excess blocking solution and label the cells with 20 microliters of anti-Croquemort antiserum at four degrees Celsius overnight. The next morning, wash the slide in PBS plus Triton X-100 for five 10-minute incubations. After the last wash, rinse the slide in PBS for 10 minutes.Then label the cells with 20 microliters of alkaline phosphatase-labeled Anti-Rat IgG at room temperature for one hour. At the end of the incubation, wash the slide five times in PBS plus Triton X-100 as demonstrated followed by a 10-minute soak in buffer solution. Then label the cells with phosphatase substrate solution and observe the cells under a light microscope.When strong purple signals appear in the hemocyte granules, remove the excess substrate and soak the slide in buffer supplemented with EDTA for five to 10 minutes. At the end of the incubation, rinse the cells with two five-minute PBS washes and treat them with equilibration buffer for 10 minutes. After removing the solution, label the cells with 20 microliters of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase solution at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour.Then remove the solution from the slide and soak the cells in 0.5 milliliters stop wash buffer in 17 milliliters of water for 10 minutes. Next, rinse the cells with three five-minute PBS washes and label them with 20 microliters of anti-digoxigenin peroxidase for 30 minutes at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, wash the cells four times in PBS as demonstrated and soak the slide in peroxidase substrate for 30-second increments until the apoptotic cells turn brown.When an optimal staining has been achieved, soak the slide in water to stop the peroxidase reaction. In these images, Drosophila macrophages called hemocytes were stained for the hemocyte marker Croquemort and for the presence of phagocytosed apoptotic cells by TUNEL in dispersed embryonic cells as just demonstrated. Croquemort positive cells exhibit purple signals in the small granules of their cells while TUNEL positive cells demonstrated brown signal in their whole corpuses.Alternatively, hemocytes can be stained with an anti-GFP antibody which stains the entire hemocyte instead of just the granules. In this experiment, the ratio of phagocytosing hemocytes to total hemocytes in wild type or single mutant embryos was analyzed, demonstrating that the phagocytic index was lower in both single mutant strains than in wild type flies while the total numbers of hemocytes and apoptotic cells were similar indicating the requirement of the mutated genes for apoptotic cell engulfment. RNAi knockdown of single genes also reduces the phagocytic index while the total numbers of hemocytes and apoptotic cells remained comparable, further underscoring the involvement of the investigated phagocytosis receptors in apoptotic cell mediated phagocytosis.Once mastered, this technique can be completed in about 15 hours if it is performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to avoid excess hemocyte marker and TUNEL staining for optimal evaluation of the phagocytotic ability of the cells. Following this procedure, in situ phagocytosis assay of all Drosophila embryos can be performed to answer additional questions about the site of engulfment or the distribution of the hemocytes.After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the immunology field to explore the mechanisms of apoptotic cell engulfment in Drosophila. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to measure in vivo phagocytosis in Drosophila embryos.

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Immunology and Infection

Phagocytosis Assay for Apoptotic Cells in Drosophila Embryos

Unit 1

Cell Death

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

에 관련된 호스트 요인에 대한 RNAi 심사 우두</em사용하기> 바이러스 감염 Drosophila 전지

Viral pathogens represent a significant public health threat; not only can viruses cause natural epidemics of human disease, but their potential use in ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Direct Observation of Phagocytosis and NET-formation by Neutrophils in Infected Lungs using 2-photon Microscopy

2 광자 현미경을 사용하여 감염된 폐의 Neutrophils에 의해 Phagocytosis와 NET - 형성의 직접 관측

After the gastrointestinal tract, the lung is the second largest surface for interaction between the vertebrate body and the 
environment. Here, an ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

에 셀 운명을 따라<em&gt; E. 대장균</em&gt; 파지 람다에 의해 감염 후

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Novel Whole-tissue Quantitative Assay of Nitric Oxide Levels in Drosophila Neuroinflammatory Response

Neuroinflammation is a complex innate immune response vital to the healthy function of the central nervous system (CNS). Under normal conditions, an ...

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fc&#947; Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

단핵구 단층 분석의 사용은 Fcγ 수용체 - 매개 식균 작용을 평가하기

Although originally developed for predicting transfusion outcomes of serologically incompatible blood, the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a highly ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

개발 및 검증 磁 단일 분자의 배열 디지털 효소 연결 된 Immunosorbent 분석 결과 인간 인터페론-α에 대 한

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Bacteria Clearance in Mice

치경 대 식 세포 식 균 작용 및 생쥐에서 박테리아 클리어런스

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) guard the alveolar space of the lung. Phagocytosis by AMs plays a critical role in the defense against invading pathogens, the ...

Assessing the Cellular Immune Response of the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

Assessing the Cellular Immune Response of the Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster, Using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

과일 파리, 초파리 melanogaster에 비보 먹어서 분석 결과 사용 하 여의 세포 면역 반응 평가

In all animals, innate immunity provides an immediate and robust defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Humoral and cellular immune responses are ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from Human Breast Milk for Use in an Antibody-dependent Cellular Phagocytosis Assay of HIV Targets

HIV 표적의 항체 의존적 세포 식세포 분석에서 사용하기 위해 인간 모유에서 백혈구의 분리

Even in the absence of antiretroviral drugs, only ~15% of infants breastfed by HIV-infected mothers become infected, suggesting a strong protective effect ...

Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry

Measuring Phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia by Human Leukocytes using Flow Cytometry

유세포 측정을 사용하여 인간 백혈구에 의한 아스퍼질러스 훈증 코니디아의 식세포증 측정

Invasive pulmonary infection by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus poses a great threat to immunocompromised patients. Inhaled fungal conidia (spores) are ...