Name: differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cortical interneuron precursors
Uploaded: 2017-12-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors at JoVE.com

Agradecemos a Xu Qing para el desarrollo de la Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6:GFP reportero doble mESC línea como Jennifer Tyson, Asif Maroof y Tim Petros por su temprano trabajo en ayudar a desarrollar este protocolo. También agradecemos a la base de citometría de flujo CHOP para asistencia técnica. Este trabajo fue apoyado por un NIH R01 MH066912 (SA) y F30 MH105045-02 (DT).

Nota: La línea de mESC reportero dual descrita en el presente Protocolo está disponible a petición (sande@mail.med.upenn.edu).
1. preparación de medios de comunicación
Nota: Calentar todos los medios a 37 ° C antes de su uso en cultivo celular.
<ol><li>
Medios de fibroblastos embrionarios del ratón (MEF) (para la preparación de 500 mL)
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<li>Añadir el suero bovino fetal (FBS) de 50 mL a mL 449 de Dulbecco modificado Eagle Medium (DMEM...

<ol>
	<li>Jones, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origins+of+cortical+interneurons:+mouse+versus+monkey+and+human.">The origins of cortical interneurons: mouse versus monkey and human.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19, 1953-1956 (2009).</li><li>Wonders, C. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+and+specification+of+cortical+interneurons.">The origin and specification of cortical interneurons.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 7 (6), 687-696 (2006).</li><li>Ascoli, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Petilla+terminology:+nomenclature+of+features+of+GABAergic+interneurons+of+the+cerebral+cortex.">Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 9, 557-568 (2008).</li><li>DeFelipe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+classification+and+nomenclature+of+cortical+GABAergic+interneurons.">New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 14, 202-216 (2013).</li><li>Xu, X., Roby, K. D., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunochemical+characterization+of+inhibitory+mouse+cortical+neurons:+three+chemically+distinct+classes+of+inhibitory+cells.">Immunochemical characterization of inhibitory mouse cortical neurons: three chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells.</a> J Comp Neurol. 518, 389-404 (2010).</li><li>Inan, M., Petros, T. J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Losing+your+inhibition:+Linking+cortical+GABAergic+interneurons+to+schizophrenia.">Losing your inhibition: Linking cortical GABAergic interneurons to schizophrenia.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 53, 36-48 (2013).</li><li>Benes, F. M., Berretta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+interneurons:+implications+for+understanding+schizophrenia+and+bipolar+disorder.">GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 25, 1-27 (2001).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., Goldberg, E. M., Maroof, A. M., Petros, T. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+culture+and+Sonic+Hedgehog+signaling+differentially+specify+PV+versus+SST+cortical+interneuron+fates+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Duration of culture and Sonic Hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells.</a> Development. 142, 1267-1278 (2015).</li><li>Au, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+gain-of-function+approach+to+generate+cortical+interneuron+subtypes+from+ES+cells.">A modular gain-of-function approach to generate cortical interneuron subtypes from ES cells.</a> Neuron. 80, 1145-1158 (2013).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Maurer, C. W., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+derivation+of+mouse+ESC-derived+cortical+interneurons+by+expression+of+Nkx2.1.">Enhanced derivation of mouse ESC-derived cortical interneurons by expression of Nkx2.1.</a> Stem Cell Res. 11, 647-656 (2013).</li><li>Cambray, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activin+induces+cortical+interneuron+identity+and+differentiation+in+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+telencephalic+neural+precursors.">Activin induces cortical interneuron identity and differentiation in embryonic stem cell-derived telencephalic neural precursors.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 841 (2012).</li><li>Chen, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+"MGE+Enhancers"+for+Labeling+and+Selection+of+Embryonic+Stem+Cell-Derived+Medial+Ganglionic+Eminence+(MGE)+Progenitors+and+Neurons.">Use of "MGE Enhancers" for Labeling and Selection of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Progenitors and Neurons.</a> PloS one. 8, e61956 (2013).</li><li>Danjo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subregional+specification+of+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+ventral+telencephalic+tissues+by+timed+and+combinatory+treatment+with+extrinsic+signals.">Subregional specification of embryonic stem cell-derived ventral telencephalic tissues by timed and combinatory treatment with extrinsic signals.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 31, 1919-1933 (2011).</li><li>Watanabe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+telencephalic+precursors+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells.</a> Nat Neurosci. 8, 288-296 (2005).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+culture+and+sonic+hedgehog+signaling+differentially+specify+PV+versus+SST+cortical+interneuron+fates+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Duration of culture and sonic hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells.</a> Development. 142, 1267-1278 (2015).</li><li>Maroof, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+and+functional+maturation+of+cortical+interneurons+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Directed differentiation and functional maturation of cortical interneurons from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12, 559-572 (2013).</li><li>Tischfield, D. J., Kim, J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+PKC+and+Notch+Inhibition+Differentially+Modulate+Cortical+Interneuron+Subclass+Fate+from+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Atypical PKC and Notch Inhibition Differentially Modulate Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate from Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 8, 1135-1143 (2017).</li><li>Liodis, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lhx6+activity+is+required+for+the+normal+migration+and+specification+of+cortical+interneuron+subtypes.">Lhx6 activity is required for the normal migration and specification of cortical interneuron subtypes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 3078-3089 (2007).</li><li>Du, T., Xu, Q., Ocbina, P. J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKX2.1+specifies+cortical+interneuron+fate+by+activating+Lhx6.">NKX2.1 specifies cortical interneuron fate by activating Lhx6.</a> Development. 135, 1559-1567 (2008).</li><li>Marin, O., Anderson, S. A., Rubenstein, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+molecular+specification+of+striatal+interneurons.">Origin and molecular specification of striatal interneurons.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20, 6063-6076 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Q., Wonders, C. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+maintains+the+identity+of+cortical+interneuron+progenitors+in+the+ventral+telencephalon.">Sonic hedgehog maintains the identity of cortical interneuron progenitors in the ventral telencephalon.</a> Development. 132, 4987-4998 (2005).</li><li>Glickstein, S. B., Alexander, S., Ross, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+cyclin+D2+and+D1+protein+expression+distinguish+forebrain+progenitor+subsets.">Differences in cyclin D2 and D1 protein expression distinguish forebrain progenitor subsets.</a> Cereb Cortex. 17, 632-642 (2007).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Bultje, R. S., Ross, M. E., Fishell, G., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apical+versus+Basal+Neurogenesis+Directs+Cortical+Interneuron+Subclass+Fate.">Apical versus Basal Neurogenesis Directs Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate.</a> Cell Rep. 13, 1090-1095 (2015).</li><li>Xu, Q., Tam, M., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+Nkx2.1-lineage+cells+in+the+mouse+telencephalon.">Fate mapping Nkx2.1-lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon.</a> J Comp Neurol. 506, 16-29 (2008).</li><li>Wonders, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spatial+bias+for+the+origins+of+interneuron+subgroups+within+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">A spatial bias for the origins of interneuron subgroups within the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Dev Biol. 314, 127-136 (2008).</li><li>Inan, M., Welagen, J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+temporal+bias+in+the+mitotic+origins+of+somatostatin-+and+parvalbumin-expressing+interneuron+subgroups+and+the+chandelier+subtype+in+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">Spatial and temporal bias in the mitotic origins of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneuron subgroups and the chandelier subtype in the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Cereb Cortex. 22, 820-827 (2012).</li><li>Flames, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delineation+of+multiple+subpallial+progenitor+domains+by+the+combinatorial+expression+of+transcriptional+codes.">Delineation of multiple subpallial progenitor domains by the combinatorial expression of transcriptional codes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 9682-9695 (2007).</li><li>Fogarty, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+genetic+patterning+of+the+embryonic+neuroepithelium+generates+GABAergic+interneuron+diversity+in+the+adult+cortex.">Spatial genetic patterning of the embryonic neuroepithelium generates GABAergic interneuron diversity in the adult cortex.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 10935-10946 (2007).</li><li>Eiraku, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organized+formation+of+polarized+cortical+tissues+from+ESCs+and+its+active+manipulation+by+extrinsic+signals.">Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 519-532 (2008).</li><li>Colasante, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Conversion+of+Fibroblasts+into+Functional+Forebrain+GABAergic+Interneurons+by+Direct+Genetic+Reprogramming.">Rapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic Reprogramming.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17, 719-734 (2015).</li><li>Xu, Q., Cobos, I., De La Cruz, E., Rubenstein, J. L., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+of+cortical+interneuron+subtypes.">Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 24, 2612-2622 (2004).</li><li>Southwell, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneurons+from+embryonic+development+to+cell-based+therapy.">Interneurons from embryonic development to cell-based therapy.</a> Science. 344, 1240622 (2014).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+interneuron+transplants+to+study+development+and+treat+disease.">GABAergic interneuron transplants to study development and treat disease.</a> Trends Neurosci. 37, 169-177 (2014).</li><li>Donegan, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+cell-derived+interneuron+transplants+as+a+treatment+for+schizophrenia:+preclinical+validation+in+a+rodent+model.">Stem cell-derived interneuron transplants as a treatment for schizophrenia: preclinical validation in a rodent model.</a> Mol Psychiatry. , (2016).</li><li>Deglincerti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organization+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+on+micropatterns.">Self-organization of human embryonic stem cells on micropatterns.</a> Nat Protoc. 11, 2223-2232 (2016).</li><li>Chambers, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+neural+conversion+of+human+ES+and+iPS+cells+by+dual+inhibition+of+SMAD+signaling.">Highly efficient neural conversion of human ES and iPS cells by dual inhibition of SMAD signaling.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 27, 275-280 (2009).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+cultivation+of+naive-like+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+based+on+HERVH+expression.">Isolation and cultivation of naive-like human pluripotent stem cells based on HERVH expression.</a> Nat Protoc. 11, 327-346 (2016).</li><li>Zeltner, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+the+biology+of+disease+severity+in+a+PSC-based+model+of+familial+dysautonomia.">Capturing the biology of disease severity in a PSC-based model of familial dysautonomia.</a> Nat Med. 22, 1421-1427 (2016).</li><li>Blahos, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+site+on+the+Galpha+-protein+that+recognizes+heptahelical+receptors.">A novel site on the Galpha -protein that recognizes heptahelical receptors.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 3262-3269 (2001).</li></ol>

Mientras que este método es altamente efectivo en patrones derivados de J1 troncales (SCRC-1010), hemos experimentado éxito variable con otras líneas de mESC y aislamientos clonales. Por ejemplo, Foxg1::venus troncales (EB3-derivado; Danjo et al. 13) responden mal a este protocolo y Foxg1 inducción por DD12 es típicamente del orden de 1-2%. Por razones que no entendemos, Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP otro reportero doble clon (llamado JQ59) fue aislado simultáneamente como la línea des...

En ratones y seres humanos, aproximadamente la mitad de todo corticales inhibitorios interneurons (CIns) originan dentro de una estructura subcortical transitoria conocida como la eminencia ganglionar medial (MGE), donde los progenitores neuroepiteliales de CIns y neuronal y glial los subgrupos expresan el factor de transcripción Nkx2.11,2. CIn los subgrupos o subtipos son definidos por la intersección electrofisiológicos, neuroquímicos y morfológicas y características de conectividad de3,4. El CIns derivado de MGE se pueden agrupar en subgrupos no superpuestos sobre todo basan en su expresión de PV o SST, la expresión de que se correlaciona con particular electrofisiológicos y conectividad tendencias5. Disfunción de interneuronas, especialmente ésos en el subgrupo de PV, se ha implicado en múltiples neuropsiquiátricos desórdenes y enfermedades6,7. El objetivo general de este método es producir derivados de células mitóticas progenitores y precursores migratorias enriquecidos por PV o SST CIn destino para estudiar biología cortical interneurona y para uso en terapias basadas en células.
Hemos desarrollado un método escalable, altamente eficiente para la derivación de expresa Nkx2.1 interneurona progenitores y su progenie de troncales. Utilizando un Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP reportero doble mESC línea8, Nkx2.1 progenitores o su progenie poste-mitotic expresando Lhx6 puede ser aislado por FACS y posteriormente utilizado en un número de aplicaciones posteriores. Mediante la manipulación de un número de vías de señalización, duración de la cultura y modo de la neurogénesis, podemos obtener millones de precursores de interneurona fluorescente etiquetado adecuados para multitud de aplicaciones posteriores.
Aunque existen varios otros métodos para la generación de MGE-como progenitores de troncales9,10,11,12,13,14, nuestro método, que depende de la Wnt antagonista XAV-939, es particularmente eficaz en generar Foxg1/Nkx2.1 Co expresando progenitores telencéfalo. Además, la capacidad para seleccionar progenitores interneurona o su progenie poste-mitotic Lhx6 expresando a través de nuestro sistema dual de reportero, realza grandemente la capacidad de generar distintos progenitores y su progenie.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle-top vacuum filter system</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS430769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Tube with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Corning 352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (CF-1 MEF IRR 7M)</td>
			<td>MTI-Globalstem</td>
			<td>GSC-6101G</td>
			<td>1 vial of 7M MEFs is sufficient for four 10-cm TC plates. References: 29,35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primocin</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>Ant-pm-2</td>
			<td>Also known as antimicrobial agent. Do not filter with base media -- add after filtration. References: 9,11,36,37</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement-B</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7156</td>
			<td>Do not filter with base media -- add after filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Also known as L-alanine-L-glutamine. References: 9,11,38,39</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>Also known as serum-free medium supplement. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-NEAA (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10829018</td>
			<td>Also known as non-glutamine containing DMEM. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyclone FBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82013-578</td>
			<td>Also known as stem cell grade FBS. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture treated dish (10cm)</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-adherent sterile petri dish (10cm)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF)</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
			<td>Do not freeze, store at 4&#39;C. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11330032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Gelatin Solution</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC PCS-999-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A1110501</td>
			<td>Also known as non-trypsin containing cell dissociation reagent. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RQ1 RNase-Free DNase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M610A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDN-193189</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>04-0074</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XAV939</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>04-0046</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhFGF-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>233-FB</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhIGF-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>291-G1</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632)</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smoothened agonist (SAG)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>566660-1MG</td>
			<td>Resuspend in H20 and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rm Sonic Hedgehog/SHH</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>464-SH-025</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKC&#950; Pseudosubstrate Inhibitor, Myristoylated</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>539624</td>
			<td>Resuspend in H20 and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cortical interneuron precursors

Interneuronas corticales de GABAérgico son una población heterogénea de células que desempeñan un papel crítico en la regulación de la salida de neuronas piramidales excitatorias como sincronizar las salidas de conjuntos de neuronas piramidales. Déficits en la función de interneurona se han implicado en una variedad de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos, incluyendo autismo, la esquizofrenia y la epilepsia. La derivación de interneuronas corticales de las células madre embrionarias no sólo permite el estudio de su desarrollo y función, sino que proporciona una idea de los mecanismos moleculares subyacentes a la patogénesis de trastornos relacionados con la interneurona corticales. Interneuronas también tienen la notable capacidad de sobrevivir, migrar e integrar en host circuitos corticales poste-trasplante, haciéndolos candidatos ideales para su uso en terapias basadas en células. Aquí, presentamos un método de cuerpo para monocapa embryoid escalable, altamente eficiente, modificado para la derivación de expresa Nkx2.1 interneurona progenitores y su progenie de células madre embrionarias de ratón (troncales). Usando una línea de Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP doble reportero mESC, Nkx2.1 progenitores o su progenie poste-mitotic expresando Lhx6 puede ser aislado a través de células activado por fluorescencia (FACS) de clasificación y posteriormente utilizado en un número de aplicaciones posteriores. También ofrecemos métodos para enriquecer parvalbúmina (PV) o somatostatina subgrupos de interneurona (SST), que puede ser útil para estudiar aspectos de la determinación de destino o para su uso en aplicaciones terapéuticas que se beneficiarían de interneurona enriquecido de subgrupo trasplantes.

El protocolo descrito en este documento es una versión modificada de nuestros protocolos publicados15,16,17 y ha sido optimizado para su uso con nuestra línea de mESC dual-reportero de Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP. Mediante la adición de los inhibidores de Wnt XAV-939 de DD0-5, combinado con nuevo chapado en DD8, logramos robusta inducción Nkx2.1, en donde más del 50% de todos los núcleos DAPI...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors at JoVE.com

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

Este protocolo describe un método para generar progenitores interneurona cortical y poste-mitotic interneurona precursores de células madre embrionarias del ratón usando un método modificado de cuerpo para monocapa embryoid. Estos progenitores/precursores puede ser usado en vitro fluorescencia ordenados y trasplantado en neocortex neonatal para el estudio de determinación de destino o utilizado en aplicaciones terapéuticas.

Diferenciación de células madre embrionarias de ratón en precursores corticales interneurona

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate cortical interneuron progenitors in post-mitotic interneuron precursors for mouse embryonic stem cells using a modified embryoid body to monolayer method. This method can help answer key questions in the neuroscience field, such as how sub-types of cortical interneurons achieve their individual fates during development. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables efficient generation of Nkx2.1 expressing interneuron progenitors, as well as methods to enrich for parvalbumin or somatostatin interneuron subgroups.To begin this procedure, plate mitotically inactive MEF feeder cells in MEF media onto tissue culture treated plates. Allow at least 12 hours for them to settle in a cell culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius before plating the mESCs. If not used immediately, replace the MEF media every three days.Next, add mESCs containing mouse leukemia inhibitory factor to the MEF plates. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in 5%carbon dioxide. Passage mESCs using trypsin-EDTA once the dish becomes 70 to 80%confluent, and maintain the mESCs on a MEF feeder layer in mESC media to keep pluripotency.Before starting differentiation, passage the cells at least once onto gelatin-coated plates without MEFs to dilute them out. To do so, prepare gelatin-coated plates by adding 0.1%gelatin and PBS with calcium and magnesium to a tissue culture treated dish and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for at least 1 hour. Plate 1.5 to two times 10 to the sixth cells on each ten centimeter plate and allow them to expand for two days before beginning differentiation.On DD0, after the mESCs have grown on the gelatin coated plates for two days, aspirate the media and wash the cells once with PBS without calcium and magnesium. Then, add enough trypsin-EDTA to cover the surface of the plates. And place the cells back into the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for four minutes.After four minutes, quench trypsin-EDTA using two times its volume of mESC media. Transfer the cells to an appropriately sized centrifuge tube, and centrifuge the cells at 200 times g for five minutes. Next, remove the tube and aspirate the media without disturbing the pellet.Resuspend the pellet in one millileter of KSR-N2 media. Subsequently, measure the cell concentration using a hemocytometer, or an automated cell counter. Start growing the cells as embryoid bodies by adding 75, 000 cells per millileter in KSR-N2 media in the non-adherent tissue culture dishes.And incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius. On DD1, prepare for cell landing by coating the tissue culture treated dishes with poly-L-lysine for at least one hour or overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. On DD2, aspirate the poly-L-lysine and coat the plates with laminin overnight at 37 degrees Celsius.On DD3, before beginning EB dissociation, aspirate laminin and allow the plates to completely dry in a tissue culture hood. Afterward, transfer the EB's with the media into a 15 milliliter tube, and centrifuge for three to four minutes at 15 times g or until the EB's have pelleted. Aspirate the media, and add three milliliters of cell detachment solution containing DNase.Then, incubate the sample at 37 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. Gently flick the tube every three minutes to aid in EB dissociation. Once the EB's are no longer visible, or 15 minutes have elapsed, add six milliliters of KSR-N2 containing DNase, and centrifuge for five minutes at 200 times g.Then, plate the cells in KSR-N2 containing LDN193189, XAV939, and the ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, at 4.5 to five times ten to the fourth cells per centimeter squared. On DD5, change media with KSR-N2 containing FGF2, IGF1, and SSH. Next, prepare tissue culture plates for replating on day 8, using the instructions outlined in the procedures on DD1 and DD2.On DD7, change the media with KSR-N2 containing FGF2, IGF1 and SHH. On DD8, replate the cells by detaching them from the plates with trypsin-EDTA for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Quench trypsin-EDTA using two times its volume with KSR-N2.And centrifuge at 200 times g for five minutes. Filter the cells through a 40 micron filter tube to remove any clumps. Then, replate the cells at 250, 000 cells per centimeter squared in N2-KSR containing FGF2, IGF1 and Y27632 with SHH.On DD10, change the media with KSR-N2 containing SHH. Wash the cells once with PBS without calcium and magnesium, and add pre-warmed, non-trypsin containing cell dissociation reagent, containing DNase to the cells. Place them in the incubator at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 to 30 minutes, or until the cells have detached.Then, gently tap the plates every five minutes to aid the dissociation. On DD5, change the media with KSR-N2 containing FGF2 and IGF1. Next, prepare tissue culture plates for replating on DD8.On DD7, change the media with KSR-N2 containing FGF2 and IGF1. On DD8, replate the cells with smoothened agonist and add atypical PKC inhibitor. On DD10, change the media with KSR-N2 containing aPKCi.On DD11, detach the cells from the plates for FACS. If the cells were not detached for FACS on DD11, change media on DD12 with KSR-N2 containing aPKCi. On DD14, change the media with KSR-N2 containing aPKCi.And on DD16, change the media with KSR-N2 containing aPKCi. Then, on DD17, collect the Nkx-2.1:mCherry positive cells. Shown here are the representative images of immunostaining for Nkx2.1, Nkx2.1:mCherry, and Lhx6:GFP from a differentiation day 12 culture.Note that these images are overlapping channels from the same field of view. This graph shows the quantification of the average percentage of DAPI positive nuclei that express Nkx2.1 at DD12 in culture. And this is a representative FACS plot, demonstrating the four different cell populations that can be isolated using our dual reporter mESC line.Note that mCherry is on the x-axis, and GFP is on the y-axis. Thus, the top right box represents cells that are mCherry-GFP double positive. Here is the timecourse of Nkx2.1:mCherry and Lhx6:GFP induction from DD6 to 16, expressed as the percentage of cells in culture that are either mCherry only expressing, GFP only expressing or mCherry-GFP co-expressing.Once mastered, this protocol can be completed within 17 days from start to finish, if performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to always start with pleuripotent, undifferentiated, healthy appearing stem cells. Following this procedure, other methods, like transplantation into neonatal or adult mouse neocortex can be performed in order answer additional questions regarding interneuron fate determination or the effect of interneuron transplantation on circuit function and animal behavior.After its development, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of developmental neuroscience to explore factors driving interneuron fate determination in mice, and by extension, patients affected by interneuron related disorders. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to derive Nkx2.1 expressing progenitors, and their post-mitotic progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells. Thanks for watching, and good luck with your experiments.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Guiada por ultrasonido microinyección en el cerebro anterior Ratón In Utero En E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Growth and Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Arctic Ground Squirrel Neural Stem Cells

Crecimiento y diferenciación de las células del hipocampo adulto ardilla de tierra del Ártico troncales nerviosas

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These ...

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Nucleofection y cultivos primarios de neuronas del hipocampo de embriones de ratón y corticales

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Establishing Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cell Culture Using the Neurosphere Assay

El establecimiento de embriones de ratón con células madre neurales Cultura mediante el ensayo de neuroesfera

In mammalians, stem cells acts as a source of undifferentiated cells to maintain cell genesis and renewal in different tissues and organs during the life ...

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Generación de las células troncales nerviosas de desechados Humanos tejido cortical fetal

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

El trasplante quirúrgico de células madre neurales en la médula espinal de los ratones infectados con el virus neurotrópico Hepatitis Ratón

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Aislamiento y cultivo de células de la cresta neural de embriones murinos del Tubo Neural

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dirigida dopaminérgica Neurona La diferenciación de las células madre pluripotentes humanas

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Homochronic trasplante de precursores de interneurona en cerebros de ratón Postnatal temprana

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the ...