Name: assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability by intravenous infusion of fitc-labeled albumin in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease
Uploaded: 2017-11-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af "Fondazione Neuromed" og finansieret af det italienske sundhedsministerium "Ricerca Corrente" til V.M.

alle procedurer på dyr blev godkendt af IRCCS Neuromed Animal Care Review Board og ved &#34; Istituto Superiore di Sanità &#34; (autorisationsnummer: 1163/2015-PR) og var i overensstemmelse med retningslinjerne i EU direktiv 2010 / 63/EU for dyreforsøg.
 1. fremstilling af FITC-albumin løsning til at blive injiceret i halsfedt Bemærk: alle eksperimenter blev udført i manifest (11 - uger gamle) HD R6/2-mus og i alder og køn-matchede wild-type (WT) kontrol litt...

<ol>
	<li>Obermeier, B., Verma, A., Ransohoff, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier.">The blood-brain barrier.</a> Handb Clin Neurol. 133, 39-59 (2016).</li><li>Serlin, Y., Shelef, I., Knyazer, B., Friedman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Anatomy and physiology of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 38, 2-6 (2015).</li><li>Moretti, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+dysfunction+in+disorders+of+the+developing+brain.">Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in disorders of the developing brain.</a> Front Neurosci. 9, 40 (2015).</li><li>Zhao, Z., Nelson, A. R., Betsholtz, C., Zlokovic, B. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+Dysfunction+of+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier.">Establishment and Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier.</a> Cell. 163 (5), 1064-1078 (2015).</li><li>Drouin-Ouellet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrovascular+and+blood-brain+barrier+impairments+in+Huntington's+disease:+Potential+implications+for+its+pathophysiology.">Cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier impairments in Huntington's disease: Potential implications for its pathophysiology.</a> Ann Neurol. 78 (2), 160-177 (2015).</li><li>Di Pardo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairment+of+blood-brain+barrier+is+an+early+event+in+R6/2+mouse+model+of+Huntington+Disease.">Impairment of blood-brain barrier is an early event in R6/2 mouse model of Huntington Disease.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 41316 (2017).</li><li>Lecler, A., Fournier, L., Diard-Detoeuf, C., Balvay, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-Brain+Barrier+Leakage+in+Early+Alzheimer+Disease.">Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage in Early Alzheimer Disease.</a> Radiology. 282 (3), 923-925 (2017).</li><li>van de Haar, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-Brain+Barrier+Leakage+in+Patients+with+Early+Alzheimer+Disease.">Blood-Brain Barrier Leakage in Patients with Early Alzheimer Disease.</a> Radiology. 282 (2), 615 (2017).</li><li>Fernandez-Lopez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+permeability+is+increased+after+acute+adult+stroke+but+not+neonatal+stroke+in+the+rat.">Blood-brain barrier permeability is increased after acute adult stroke but not neonatal stroke in the rat.</a> J Neurosci. 32 (28), 9588-9600 (2012).</li><li>Yang, Y., Rosenberg, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+in+acute+and+chronic+cerebrovascular+disease.">Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease.</a> Stroke. 42 (11), 3323-3328 (2011).</li><li>Walantus, W., Castaneda, D., Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+intraventricular+injection+and+electroporation+of+E15+mouse+embryos.">In utero intraventricular injection and electroporation of E15 mouse embryos.</a> J Vis Exp. (6), e239 (2007).</li><li>Szot, G. L., Koudria, P., Bluestone, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+pancreatic+islets+into+the+kidney+capsule+of+diabetic+mice.">Transplantation of pancreatic islets into the kidney capsule of diabetic mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (9), e404 (2007).</li><li>Gage, G. J., Kipke, D. R., Shain, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+animal+perfusion+fixation+for+rodents.">Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents.</a> J Vis Exp. (65), (2012).</li><li>McCloy, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partial+inhibition+of+Cdk1+in+G+2+phase+overrides+the+SAC+and+decouples+mitotic+events.">Partial inhibition of Cdk1 in G 2 phase overrides the SAC and decouples mitotic events.</a> Cell Cycle. 13 (9), 1400-1412 (2014).</li><li>Burgess, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+human+Greatwall+results+in+G2+arrest+and+multiple+mitotic+defects+due+to+deregulation+of+the+cyclin+B-Cdc2/PP2A+balance.">Loss of human Greatwall results in G2 arrest and multiple mitotic defects due to deregulation of the cyclin B-Cdc2/PP2A balance.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (28), 12564-12569 (2010).</li><li>Krueger, M., Hartig, W., Reichenbach, A., Bechmann, I., Michalski, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+after+embolic+stroke+in+rats+occurs+without+ultrastructural+evidence+for+disrupting+tight+junctions.">Blood-brain barrier breakdown after embolic stroke in rats occurs without ultrastructural evidence for disrupting tight junctions.</a> PLoS One. 8 (2), e56419 (2013).</li><li>Hirano, A., Kawanami, T., Llena, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+microscopy+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+disease.">Electron microscopy of the blood-brain barrier in disease.</a> Microsc Res Tech. 27 (6), 543-556 (1994).</li></ol>

Den teknik vi beskrive her er primært nyttig til påvisning af BBB lækage under hjernen sygdomstilstande. BBB dysfunktion er ved at vinde opmærksomhed som en fælles funktion af forskellige neurologiske sygdomme4. Vi har tidligere brugt denne metode til at beskrive den tidlige derangement af BBB integritet i en musemodel af en sjælden neurodegenerativ sygdom som HD6.
Denne metode tager fordel af den relative enkelhed og effektivitet af den pr...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56389/assessment-blood-brain-barrier-permeability-intravenous-infusion-fitc">Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease</a>. One of the author&#39;s names was corrected from:
Maglione Vittorio
to:
Vittorio Maglione

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/56389/assessment-blood-brain-barrier-permeability-intravenous-infusion-fitc">Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease</a>. One of the author's names was corrected.

Erratum: Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Homøostase i centralnervesystemet (CNS) er en forudsætning for korrekt kommunikation og funktionen af de neuronale celler. CNS parenkym er stramt afspærret fra periferien af i endothelial blod - hjerne barrieren (BBB), som repræsenterer grænsefladen mellem de perifere blodbanen og hjernen og spiller en central rolle i cross-talk mellem disse to distrikter1 ,2. BBB er en kompleks og dynamisk tredimensional struktur hovedsagelig består af specialiserede mikro-fartøj endotelceller (ECs) knyttet til hinanden gennem intercellulære junctional komplekser - stramme kryds (TJs) - og omgivet af pericytes, neuron slutninger og astrocyte fod processer1,2.
Fysiologiske betingelser, ekstremt lav permeabilitet af intakt BBB sikrer en streng regulering af transport af næringsstoffer og andre molekyler ind og ud af hjernen, og giver CNS med en enestående beskyttelse mod ændringer i de sammensætning af blodet, som kan påvirke neurale aktivitet og mod potentiale perifere fornærmelser1,2,3.
Afbrydelse af BBB integritet og dets øget permeabilitet har længe været kendt at udgøre et centralt element for mange neurologiske og neurodegenerative lidelser4 herunder Huntington's chorea (HD)5,6, men , uanset om sådan en dysfunktion er en forårsagende fænomen eller en propagative begivenhed i sygdomsforløbet er stadig uklart. Timingen af BBB opdeling er også fortsat undvigende, men nye beviser af vores gruppe og andre angiver forstyrret BBB integritet ikke repræsenterer en sen begivenhed i sygdomsprogression, men snarere et tidligt trin6,7 , 8, der kan have langsigtede konsekvenser.
Med dette i tankerne er det vigtigt at precociously afsløre BBB opdeling i neurodegeneration for at udvikle strategier nyttigt at forudsige sygdomsprogression og hjerneskade og udvikle alternative og mere målrettede interventioner i stand til med succes afbøde de kliniske konsekvenser af sådanne forstyrrelser. Pålidelig billeddannelse af BBB værdiforringelse er derfor af stor betydning i både eksperimentelle forskning og kliniske behandling af hjernesygdomme.
I dette papir beskriver vi en vellykket og enkel procedure for evaluering af BBB permeabilitet i en HD musen model ved hjælp af en høj molekylvægt fluorescein isothiocyanat mærket-albumin (FITC-albumin). Ekstravasation af FITC-albumin, som normalt ikke kan krydse barrieren, ind i hjernen parenkym blev målt som et indeks af BBB lækage. Denne teknik er let at tilpasse til rotter og andre patologiske tilstande præget af cerebrovasculature værdiforringelse9,10.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin-fluorescin isothiocyanate conjiugate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>A9771-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pAb anti-Laminin</td>
			<td>Novus Biologicals</td>
			<td>NB300-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CY3 anti-rabbit made in goat</td>
			<td>MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>AP132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SUPERFROST PLUS</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Slips 24 X 50 mm</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific (DIAPATH)</td>
			<td>61050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kilik Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) compound</td>
			<td>Bio Optica</td>
			<td>05-9801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VECTASHIELD Mounting Media</td>
			<td>VECTOR</td>
			<td>H-1500</td>
			<td>Mounting media with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iNSu/Light Insulin Disposible Syringe</td>
			<td>RAYS Health &#38;Safety</td>
			<td>INS1ML26G13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G 1/2&#34;</td>
			<td>BD Microlance</td>
			<td>304000</td>
			<td>Needle for Insulin disposible Syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>91003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#22 Disposable Scalpel blads</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>10022-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Iris scissors 10.5 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14094-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Forceps #5745 45&#176; 0.10 x 0.06 mm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11251-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps 10 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11051-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Forceps #5 0.1 X 0.06 mm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11251-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medical patch</td>
			<td>Medicalis</td>
			<td>34788</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile disposable towel drape</td>
			<td>Dispotech</td>
			<td>TVO50VE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereoscopic Microscope</td>
			<td>NIKON</td>
			<td>SMZ 745 T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optic Illuminator LED light (C-FLED2)</td>
			<td>NIKON</td>
			<td>1003167</td>
			<td>Optic Illuminator for Stereoscopic Micrscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eclipse Ni-U Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>932162</td>
			<td>Epifluorescence Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope digital Camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-Ri2</td>
			<td>Microscope camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intenslight</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C-HGFI</td>
			<td>Microscope lamp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements 64 bit</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>AR 4.40.00</td>
			<td>Analysis Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Razor</td>
			<td>Gemei</td>
			<td>GM-3007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of blood-brain barrier permeability by intravenous infusion of fitc-labeled albumin in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease

Afbrydelse af blod - hjerne barrieren (BBB) integritet er et fælles træk for forskellige neurologiske og neurodegenerative sygdomme. Selv om samspillet mellem foruroliget BBB homøostase og patogenesen af hjernen lidelser har brug for yderligere undersøgelse, kan udvikling og validering af en pålidelig procedure til præcist afsløre BBB ændringer være afgørende og repræsenterer en nyttig værktøj for potentielt forudsige sygdom målrettet progression og udvikling af terapeutiske strategier.
Her præsenterer vi en let og effektiv procedure for evaluering BBB lækage i neurodegenerative tilstand, som det forekommer i en prækliniske musemodel af Huntingtons sygdom, hvor fejl i permeabilitet af BBB er klart påviselige precociously i sygdommen. Specifikt, den høj molekylvægt fluorescein isothiocyanat mærket (FITC)-albumin, som er i stand til at krydse BBB kun når sidstnævnte er nedsat, er akut infunderet i en mus halsfedt og dens fordeling i distrikterne vaskulære eller parenkymalt bestemmes derefter af Fluorescens mikroskopi.
Ophobning af grøn fluorescerende-albumin i hjernen parenkym fungerer som et indeks af afvigende BBB permeabilitet, og når quantitated ved hjælp af billede Jørgensen forarbejdning software, er rapporteret som grøn fluorescens intensitet.

Ordentlig infusion af FITC-albumin i halsfedt resultater i ekstravasation af grønne fluorescens tracer fra blodbanen til hjernen parenchymawhen BBB er kompromitteret6. Fysiologiske betingelser, distribution af infunderet fluorescerende albumin er begrænset til indersiden af hjernen blodkar og intet signal i den omkringliggende perivascular område og/eller hjernen parenkym er påviselige (figur 1A, micrographs på den Top). Omvendt, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease at JoVE.com

Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

I denne undersøgelse præsenterer vi en let og effektiv procedure til evaluering af forstyrrelser af blod - hjerne barrieren neurodegenerative betingelser. For at nå vores mål, vi infunderes høj molekylvægt fluorescein isothiocyanat mærket (FITC)-albumin i mus jugularis vene og vurderet dets lækage i hjernen parenkym af Fluorescens mikroskopi.

Vurdering af blod - hjerne barrieren permeabilitet af intravenøs Infusion af FITC-mærket Albumin i en musemodel af neurodegenerativ sygdom

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a common feature for different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the interplay ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assess the brain-blood barrier permeability in a mouse model of degenerative disorder by intrajugular injection of FITC-labeled albumin. This method can help answer the key questions in the study of brain homeostasis. It can be particularly useful to investigate any possible link between blood-brain barrier damage and neurodegeneration.The main advantage of this technique is that it is fast and easy to perform and can be applied, also, to larger animal models and to other neuro-pathological settings. Demonstrating the surgical procedure of intrajugular injection of FITC-albumen will be Luca Capocci. Salvatore Castaldo will demonstrate the histological sectioning of a brains.And Enrico Amico will demonstrate the procedure for micrograph acquisition. Begin by preparing FITC-albumen solution by dissolving FITC-albumen powder in phosphate buffered saline at 10 milligrams per milliliter. Lay out the autoclaved surgical instruments.Clean the surgical bench with 70%ethanol and place a surgical sterile disposable drape. Then set up the operating stereo microscope. After anesthetizing the mouse with an intraperitoneal injection of an appropriate does of ketamine xylazine solution, monitor animal sedation by giving a gentle toe pinch and ensuring the absence of the withdrawal reflex.Place the anesthetized mouse in a face-up supine position and fix the four legs and the tail on the surgical workbench with adhesive tape. After the mouse is secured, carefully shave the appropriate surgical margin on the neck and disinfect it with povidone-iodine solution in 70%ethanol. Dry the exposed shaved surface with cotton swabs.Next, after making a 1.5 centimeter long longitudinal incision in the mid-clavicular line, starting midway on the thorax and extending to just below the neck, carefully stretch apart connective tissue with forceps under microscopic observation to expose the external jugular vein. Ensure sufficient space on the right and on the left of the jugular vein to facilitate the insertion of the 30 and a half gauge needle for the infusion of the FITC-albumen solution. Inject 100 microliters of 10 milligrams per milliliter FITC-albumen in the right jugular vein over three minutes.This is the most critical step during the procedure. Incorrect insertion of the needle can cause irreversible damage of the vein wall and compromise the entire experiment. Fifteen minutes after injection, after euthanizing the mouse by decapitation, rapidly remove the brain from the skull and immerse it in a volume of pre-chilled isopentane, that is ten times that of the brain, for 15 minutes.Move the isopentane frozen brain into a pre-chilled tube and store it in a 80 degrees Celsius freezer until histological sectioning. Embed frozen brain in optimal cutting temperature compound prior to cryostat sectioning. Cut the brain into 20 micron thick sections with a cryostat and mount them onto microscope glass slides.Perform the FITC-albumin laminin co-staining by using a specific anti-laminin antibody, as previously described. Cover slip slides with mounting medium containing DAPI and leave the slide to dry overnight at four degrees Celsius in the dark. The next day, observe the fluorescence staining under a fluorescence microscope at 20 times magnification, equipped with both FITC and Cy3 filters.Turn on the fluorescence lamp about 10 minutes before use. Turn on the microscope, the connected computer and the digital camera. Run the image analysis software.Use the appropriate objective for optimal signal collection and spatial resolution and select appropriate filters. Acquire a minimum of four, 24-bit color exposures per brain slice. Analyze the fluorescence intensity for each single channel, using the freely available ImageJ software.The following representative fluorescence micrographs of brain cryosections show differential distribution of green fluorescent albumin under both physiological and pathological conditions. The red staining, shown here, represents the vascular marker, laminin, under physiological conditions and under conditions of blood-brain barrier compromise. These merged images show co-localization of green fluorescent albumin and laminin, along with DAPI staining of nuclei in the intact and compromised blood-brain barriers.This graph displays the quantification of the green fluorescence emitted by FITC-albumin, which is reported as the green fluorescence intensity in both healthy and compromised conditions. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to freshly prepare each single reagent and predispose the surgical bench. After watching this video, you may have a good understanding of how to assess the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in an animal model of neurodegenerative disease, by measuring the affixation of the green fluorescent albumin into brain parenchyma.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Methods for Intravenous Self Administration in a Mouse Model

Fremgangsmåder til intravenøs selvindgivelse i en musemodel

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Funktionel Neuroimaging Med Ultrasonic blod-hjerne barrieren forstyrrelser og mangan-forstærket MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Olfaktoriske Analyser for musemodeller for neurodegenerativ sygdom

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

En In Vivo blod - hjerne barrieren permeabilitet Assay i mus ved hjælp af Fluorescently mærket røbestoffer

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized barrier that protects the brain microenvironment from toxins and pathogens in the circulation and maintains ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

En In Vivo evaluering af blod - hjerne barrieren forstyrrelser i en rotte Model af iskæmisk slagtilfælde

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain

En menneskelige blod-hjerne Interface Model til at studere barriere overfarter af patogener eller lægemidler og deres interaktioner med hjernen

The early screening of nervous system medicines on a pertinent and reliable in cellulo BBB model for their penetration and their interaction with the ...

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

En benchtop tilgang til placeringsspecifik blodhjernebarriereåbning ved hjælp af fokuseret ultralyd i en rottemodel

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

Induction and Assessment of Levodopa-induced Dyskinesias in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Induktion og vurdering af Levodopa-induceret dyskinesier i en rottemodel af Parkinsons sygdom

Levodopa (L-DOPA) remains the gold-standard therapy used to treat Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, unwanted involuntary movements ...

Forstoppelsesanalyser i Drosophila-fluer

Measuring Constipation in a Drosophila Model of Parkinson's Disease

Forfatter Spotlight: Udforskning af ikke-motoriske symptomer ved Parkinsons sygdom 

Måling af forstoppelse i en Drosophila model af Parkinsons sygdom

Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are common, difficult to treat, and significantly impair quality of life. One prevalent non-motor symptom ...