Name: assay development for high content quantification of sod1 mutant protein aggregate formation in living cells
Uploaded: 2017-10-04T12:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato supportato da una sovvenzione finanziata dal governo coreano (MSIP) (NRF-2014K1A4A7A01074642) e il programma di supporto individuale scienziato National Research Foundation di Corea (NRF) (NRF-2013M3A9B5076486/NRF-2015R1D1A1A09057239).

1. produzione di lentivirus Nota: la produzione e la manipolazione di vettori lentivirali è stato effettuato secondo le direttive del National Institutes of Health (NIH) per la ricerca che coinvolge ricombinante DNA. Il plasmide che codifica la wild-type e mutante A4V SOD1 taggati con avanzata YFP (SOD1WT-YFP e SOD1A4V-YFP) sono descritti in Kim et al. 11 entrambi prodotti di fusione del gene sono stati amplificati utilizzando la coppia di primer PCR 5 &#8242...

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F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detergent-insoluble+aggregates+associated+with+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis+in+transgenic+mice+contain+primarily+full-length,+unmodified+superoxide+dismutase-1.">Detergent-insoluble aggregates associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in transgenic mice contain primarily full-length, unmodified superoxide dismutase-1.</a> J Biol Chem. 283 (13), 8340-8350 (2008).</li><li>Banci, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOD1+and+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis:+Mutations+and+oligomerization.">SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Mutations and oligomerization.</a> PLoS ONE. 3 (2), 1-8 (2008).</li><li>Johnston, J. a., Dalton, M. J., Gurney, M. E., Kopito, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+high+molecular+weight+complexes+of+mutant+Cu,+Zn-superoxide+dismutase+in+a+mouse+model+for+familial+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Formation of high molecular weight complexes of mutant Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase in a mouse model for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci. 97 (23), 12571-12576 (2000).</li><li>Niwa, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disulfide+bond+mediates+aggregation,+toxicity,+and+ubiquitylation+of+familial+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis-linked+mutant+SOD1.">Disulfide bond mediates aggregation, toxicity, and ubiquitylation of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked mutant SOD1.</a> J Biol Chem. 282 (38), 28087-28095 (2007).</li><li>Juneja, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognosis+in+familial+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis:+progression+and+survival+in+patients+with+glu100gly+and+ala4val+mutations+in+Cu,Zn+superoxide+dismutase.">Prognosis in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progression and survival in patients with glu100gly and ala4val mutations in Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase.</a> Neurology. 48 (1), 55-57 (1997).</li><li>Kaur, S. J., McKeown, S. R., Rashid, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+SOD1+mediated+pathogenesis+of+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis.">Mutant SOD1 mediated pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.</a> Gene. 577 (2), 109-118 (2016).</li><li>de Bruyns, A., Geiling, B., Dankort, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+Modular+Lentiviral+Vectors+for+Effective+Gene+Expression+and+Knockdown.">Construction of Modular Lentiviral Vectors for Effective Gene Expression and Knockdown.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1448, 3-21 (2016).</li><li>Sirven, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Transgene+Expression+in+Cord+Blood+CD34+-Derived+Hematopoietic+Cells,+Including+Developing+T+Cells+and+NOD/SCID+Mouse+Repopulating+Cells,+Following+Transduction+with+Modified+TRIP+Lentiviral+Vectors.">Enhanced Transgene Expression in Cord Blood CD34+-Derived Hematopoietic Cells, Including Developing T Cells and NOD/SCID Mouse Repopulating Cells, Following Transduction with Modified TRIP Lentiviral Vectors.</a> Mol Ther. 3 (4), 438-448 (2001).</li><li>Wu, C., Lu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-titre+retroviral+vector+system+for+efficient+gene+delivery+into+human+and+mouse+cells+of+haematopoietic+and+lymphocytic+lineages.">High-titre retroviral vector system for efficient gene delivery into human and mouse cells of haematopoietic and lymphocytic lineages.</a> J gen virol. 91 (Pt 8), 1909-1918 (2010).</li><li>Irshad, H., Veillard, A., Roux, L., Racoceanu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+nuclei+detection,+segmentation,+and+classification+in+digital+histopathology:+A+review-current+status+and+future+potential.">Methods for nuclei detection, segmentation, and classification in digital histopathology: A review-current status and future potential.</a> IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. 7, 97-114 (2014).</li><li>Purschke, M., Rubio, N., Held, K. D., Redmond, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phototoxicity+of+Hoechst+33342+in+time-lapse+fluorescence+microscopy.">Phototoxicity of Hoechst 33342 in time-lapse fluorescence microscopy.</a> Photochem Photobiol Sci. 9 (12), 1634-1639 (2010).</li><li>Jaskova, K., Pavlovicova, M., Jurkovicova, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+transporters+and+their+role+in+the+development+of+neuronal+disease+and+neuronal+damage.">Calcium transporters and their role in the development of neuronal disease and neuronal damage.</a> Gen physiol biophys. 31 (4), 375-382 (2012).</li><li>Kieran, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+with+arimoclomol,+a+coinducer+of+heat+shock+proteins,+delays+disease+progression+in+ALS+mice.">Treatment with arimoclomol, a coinducer of heat shock proteins, delays disease progression in ALS mice.</a> Nat Med. 10 (4), 402-405 (2004).</li></ol>

Ci sono due approcci principali per la generazione di linee cellulari stabili. Il primo richiede parecchie settimane e selezione di transfezione e resistenza transitoria dei vettori di DNA genomico plasmide integrato. Il secondo prende una questione di ore attraverso l'uso dei lentivirus, rendendo questo protocollo suscettibili dell'efficace espressione di proteina bersaglio in linee cellulari multiple con sforzo limitato. Il viaggio-CMV vettore19 era un vettore di sostenuta da utilizzare, con eff...

L'aggregazione di proteine è un processo biologico mediante il quale misfolded gruppo di proteine fino e può agire come agenti causativi nelle malattie neurodegenerative (amiloidosi). Che caratterizzano l'aggregazione proteica è essenziale nella comprensione del ruolo degli aggregati in disfunzione cellulare anche come facilitare la scoperta di nuovi fattori che influenzano l'insorgenza della patologia. La visualizzazione delle proteine fluorescenza-etichettate in cellule viventi è un metodo potente che può essere di aiuto nello sviluppo di saggi applicabili al contenuto elevato di screening (HCS)1,2,3,4.
Sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (ALS) è considerata come una malattia proteopathic causata dalla presenza di proteine misfolded con la propensione ad aggregare e si accumulano in motoneuroni ALS familiare (fALS) sia sporadico di ALS (SLAs)5,6 . Un sottoinsieme di ~ 20% dei casi di fALS sono associati con le mutazioni dominanti nel gene che codifica per l'enzima antiossidante citosolico rame-zinco superossido dismutasi di tipo 1 (SOD1)7,8. Sono state proposte diverse possibili cause per questa disfunzione geneticamente derivata, compreso i cambiamenti nella struttura e nella funzione di SOD1 varianti, quali stabilità aberrante, tasso aumentato di spiegamento e propensione all'aggregazione9, 10. In particolare, l'unica proprietà verificata e potenzialmente tossico condiviso da entrambe le varianti di ALS-collegato SOD1 e wild type (WT) SOD1 è una tendenza aumentata a formare aggregati proteici compartimenti o inclusioni proteiche11,12 . Misfolded mutante SOD1, é costantemente poliubiquitinate e degradato dal sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma. Di conseguenza, un basso livello di inibizione del proteasoma conduce all'accumulazione del mutante che SOD1 aggrega13,14, quali strutture amorfe di forma è composta da componenti solubili che possono scambiare con SOD1 mutante solubile nel citosol15. In particolare, SOD1 mutante A4V (alanina a codone 4 cambiato a valina) è la mutazione più comune causa di ALS e conduce alla neurodegenerazione di tipo rapido con un tempo di sopravvivenza medio di meno di 2 anni dopo la malattia inizio16. Biochimicamente, SOD1 A4V ha un'aumentata tendenza al monomerize, aggregare e formare pori dell'amiloide; i poro-come i complessi sono simili a pori dell'amiloide di altre forme mutanti legate alla patologia, come α-synuclein e β-amiloide proteina17. Per studiare la dinamica di accumulo di SOD1-aggregato, metodi per il monitoraggio solubili e insolubili forme di aggregazione SOD1 rimangono per essere sviluppato.
Precedentemente abbiamo indicato, usando la formazione immagine di cellule vive e cellule HEK-293 transfected transitoriamente con fluorescente contrassegnati proteina SOD1, che mutazioni associate a ALS alterano SOD1 dimerizzazione e aggregazione11. Anche se i sistemi di espressione transiente possono fornire utili informazioni circa l'esito biologico della sovraespressione genica a breve termine, metodi fornendo integrazione stabile dei geni desiderati possono essere preferiti per sviluppo di analisi. Come tale, vettori lentivirali offrono la possibilità di conferire l'espressione genica a lungo termine e regolata su cellule di mammifero 18. In questo studio, ci siamo concentrati sulla generazione di linee cellulari stabilizzate trasformata con lentivirus ricombinanti WT del cuscinetto e mutante SOD1 contrassegnati con la proteina fluorescente gialla (YFP). Utilizzando cellule vive imaging microscopia e quantificazione automatizzata dell'aggregazione di SOD1, abbiamo attivato e quantificato SOD1 tra gli eventi di aggregazione all'inibizione del proteasoma.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ALLN (C20H37N3O4)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>208719</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MG132 (C26H41N3O5)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxomicin (C28H50N4O7)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>H-3570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opera</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>OP-QEHS-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opera EvoShell software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Ver 1.8.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operetta</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>OPRT1288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harmony Imaging software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Ver 3.0.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Columbus Image analysis software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Ver 2.3.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CyBi Hummingwell liquid handling</td>
			<td>CyBio AG</td>
			<td>OL 3387 3 0110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assay development for high content quantification of sod1 mutant protein aggregate formation in living cells

Sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (ALS) è una malattia neurodegenerative mortale che può essere causata da mutazioni ereditarie nel gene codifica dello rame-zinco superossido dismutasi 1 (SOD1). L'instabilità strutturale della SOD1 e il rilevamento delle inclusioni di SOD1-positivi nei pazienti di ALS familiare supporta un potenziale ruolo causale per SOD1 misfolded e/o aggregate in patologia di ALS. In questo studio, descriviamo lo sviluppo di un'analisi basata su celle progettato per quantificare la dinamica di SOD1 aggregazione in cellule viventi di alto contenuto approcci di screening. Utilizzo di vettori lentivirali, abbiamo generato linee cellulari stabili che esprimono wild-type e mutante SOD1 A4V etichettati come proteina fluorescente gialla e trovato che entrambe le proteine sono state espresse nel citosol senza alcun segno di aggregazione. È interessante notare che, solo SOD1 A4V stabilmente espressa in HEK-293, ma non in linee cellulari di U2OS o SH-SY5Y, formano aggregati al trattamento con un inibitore del proteasoma. Mostriamo che è possibile quantificare aggregazione basata sull'analisi di dose-risposta di vari inibitori del proteosoma e per tenere traccia di cinetica di formazione di aggregati da microscopia time-lapse. Il nostro approccio introduce la possibilità di quantificare l'effetto delle mutazioni ALS sul ruolo della SOD1 nella formazione di aggregati così come screening per piccole molecole che impediscono l'aggregazione A4V SOD1.

Generazione stabile di cellula utilizzando lentivirus: Strategia globale per il monitoraggio di aggregati di proteine SOD1 è illustrata nella Figura 1. In una prima fase, abbiamo generato un vettore di espressione lentivirali per consegna stabile gene SOD1 in linee cellulari (passaggio 1). Due vettori lentivirali codifica YFP-etichetta SOD1 WT e SOD1 A4V (SOD1WT-YFP e SOD1A4V-YFP, rispettivamente) con imballaggio e busta plasmidi sono stati ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells at JoVE.com

Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Descriviamo un metodo per quantificare l'aggregazione delle proteine misfolded. I nostri dettagli di protocollo lentivirali indotto generazione linea cellulare stabile, imaging confocale automatizzata e l'analisi di immagine di aggregati proteici. Come un'applicazione illustrativa, abbiamo studiato l'effetto di piccole molecole nel promuovere l'aggregazione di SOD1 nel tempo - e dose-dipendente.

Sviluppo di analisi per la quantificazione alto contenuto di formazione aggregata di Sod1 mutante della proteina in cellule viventi

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to develop an assay for studying the effect of small molecules in modulating the aggregation of misfolded proteins in a time and dose dependent manner. This method can help answer the key questions for development of cellular assay, and it's use is for high-content screening techniques. The main advantage of this technique is to provide a simple method to detect and quantify protein aggregation occurring in several neurodegenerative disorders.The implication of this technique extends towards potential therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, because it proposes a simple method that allow to develop cellular assay and perform screening for small molecule moderators. To start virus production, prior to plasmid transfection split HEK-293 T-cells at 30 to 40%confluence in a 10 centimeter tissue culture dish and 10 milliliters of cell culture medium. Incubate the culture plate in a 5%carbon dioxide incubator at 37 degrees Celsius overnight.On the following day, prepare DNA transfection solution with packaging plasmids lentiviral vector, 125 microliters of one molar calcium chloride and add distilled water to adjust the volume to 500 microliters. Gently add 500 microliters of 0.05 molar HEPS buffer and incubate for 10 minutes at room temperature. After that, replace HEK-293 T-cell medium with 10 milliliters pre-warmed antibiotic-free fresh culture medium mixed with one milliliter of DNA transfection solution.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide incubator over night. Replace cell supernatent with fresh culture medium on the following day and incubate again overnight. Finally, on the following day harvest the supernatent and transfer to a 15 milliliter tube.To remove the dead cells and debris, centrifuge the tube at 500 times g for five minutes. To further purify the supernatent, pass it through a 0.45 micrometer filter using a 60-milliliter syringe. Then, immediately dispense the filtered supernatent into 300-microliter single use aliquots.To prepare the cells for transduction, split them to be infected at 60%confluence in a six-well tissue culture plate in two milliliters of DMAM supplemented with 10%FBS. Incubate the cells in a 37-degree Celsius incubator at 5%carbon dioxide overnight. On the following day, thaw one aliquot of the frozen lentivirus on ice for each use.Meanwhile, warm the cell culture medium containing the serum compatible with the cell line of interest. Once the virus is fully thawed, dilute it in DMEM in new 1.5 milliliter micro-centrifuge tubes. Then adjust the volume to one milliliter with reduced serum medium.Next, add two microliters of polybrene to one milliliter of virus per medium and mix well by pipetting. Add one milliliter of this mixture to the cells and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After incubation, remove the virus containing medium and replace it with normal DMEM supplemented with 10%FBS and return the cells to the incubator.Monitor the cell growth and change the medium every two days When the cells reach confluence, expand each well of the six-well dish into a 10-centimeter tissue culture plate. Move the plates to the incubator. Finally, save 1.5 times 10 to the 4th cells per well and 50 microliters of DMEM on 384 well assay plates.Then check the expression level of the YFP-tagged protein under the microscope. If the expression shows signal-to-noise ratio equal or greater than three, prepare cell stock for the corresponding cell line. For the compound transfer, on a 384-well storage polypropylene plate, add serial dilutions of compounds by the standard one to three dilution series.Then, using a liquid handler equipped with a 384-capillary head, distribute 0.25 microliters of proteasome inhibitors on empty, flat-bottomed black 384-well assay plates. Then seed 1.5 times 10 to the 4th cells on these plates. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours.Prior to imaging the cell line treated with proteasome inhibitors, add 10 microliters of pre-warmed DMEM with staining solution and incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes. After staining, start the automated microscope operating software by selecting the microscope tab. First, select the configuration tab and then select 20 times objective in the correct plate type.To allow proper focus with different plate types, make sure that the caller is set to the correct value on the objective. Next, select exposure one. Set focus height to zero micrometers, then select focus.Once it is focused, expose camera one. To optimize the exposure plane, adjust the focus height and click on take height. Change exposure times and laser power for a maximum pixel intensity of approximately 3000 and save exposure parameters.Select experiment definition tab, create a layout and sublayout. Next, drag and drop the relevant layout exposure, reference image, skew crop file, and sublayout. Then, save the experiment.Finally, select automatic experiment tab and acquire images. For two-channel images, first select the software algorithm to segment the primary objects, such as nuclei, cytosol, and aggregates. First, distribute 0.25 microliters of proteasome inhibitor dissolved in 100%DMSO or DMSO on 384-well flat-bottomed plates.On the same plate, manually seed 1.5 times 10 to the 4th cells per well in 50-microliters of DMEM. Then set up the microscope system environmental control unit to 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Operate the microscope in wide-field florescence mode and as software settings, choose LWD 20 times objective non-confocal mode, four fields per well, and capture interval of one hour.Then, select the appropriate algorithm to segment the primary object such as cytosol and aggregates. Adjust background threshold and contrast parameters if required. The tested cell lines transduced with SOD-1 wild type and SOD-1 A4V mutant remained healthy, showed high expression levels, and longterm wide phi-labeling irrespective of the SOD form.Treatment with proteasome inhibitor ALLN for 24 hours promoted the accumulation of SOD-1 A4V YFP aggregates in HEK-293 cells but not in SOD-1 Wild Type YFP transduced cells. Furthermore, there were very low levels of aggregation in U2 OS and SH-SY5Y cell lines SOD-1 A4V YFP transduced with the same vectors. After seeding the cells in the presence or absence of ALLN, they were monitored for aggregate formation for a period of 50 hours.ALLN aggregate formation reached a plateau at 24 hours and remained stable over the next 12 hours. Furthermore, cell density significantly decreased after 28 hours as a result of the cytotoxic effect of ALLN, while cell number increased in the DMSO-treated negative control. SOD-1 A4V YFP cells cultured in the presence of proteasome inhibitors for 24 hours were stained with Hoechst solution.The relative toxicity for three different proteasome inhibitors was quatified by measuring the number of adherent cell lines remaining in the well labeled with Hoechst dye. The total cell number decreased in response to increased dose of protease inhibitors. Inversely, the percentage of cells expressing SOD-1 A4V aggregates increased with the concentration of protease inhibitor.When doing this process it is important to remember that the cell quality will drastically influence your result. So it's important to determine that the cells are microplasma free and are healthy all along the steps. Following this process, another imaging method can be used in order to answer additional questions regarding the degradation of protein or the interaction of the protein with others using resonance energy transfer.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to generate the tools to test the fate of protein in multiple living cells using high-content image analysis. So this method can provide insight into protein aggregation as it occurs in simple cellular models. It can also be applied to other systems such as neuron differentiated from patient specific induced pluripotent stem cells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

High Sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine Detection in Balb/C Brain Tissue

High Sensitivity 5-hydroxymethylcytosine rilevamento in Balb / C tessuto cerebrale

DNA hydroxymethylation is a long known modification of DNA, but has recently become a focus in epigenetic research.   Mammalian DNA is enzymatically ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Preparation of Living Isolated Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells for Fluorescence Imaging

Preparazione delle condizioni di vita isolata fotorecettori dei Vertebrati per l&#39;imaging di fluorescenza

In the vertebrate retina, phototransduction, the conversion of light to an electrical signal, is carried out by the rod and cone photoreceptor cells1-4.  ...

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

Un saggio di migrazione cellulare quantitativa per murini enterici neurali Progenitori

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...

A High Content Imaging Assay for Identification of Botulinum Neurotoxin Inhibitors

Un alto dosaggio Imaging contenuti per l&#39;identificazione di neurotossina botulinica inibitori

Synaptosomal-associated protein-25 (SNAP-25) is a component of the soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex that is essential for synaptic ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Assay Semplice per la quantificazione della Social Prevenzione in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

High-resolution Quantification of Odor-guided Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Using the Flywalk Paradigm

Ad alta risoluzione quantificazione del comportamento Odor-guidata<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Utilizzo della<em&gt; Flywalk</em&gt; Paradigm

In their natural environment, insects such as the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster are bombarded with a huge amount of chemically distinct odorants. To ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Nuovo metodo di analisi per Cold nocicezione in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Le larve

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

High-throughput analisi del comportamento motorio nell'analisi di Isola della drosofila

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

High-resolution Confocal Imaging of the Blood-brain Barrier: Imaging, 3D Reconstruction, and Quantification of Transcytosis

Imaging ad alta risoluzione confocale della barriera sangue - cervello: Imaging, ricostruzione 3D e quantificazione di transcitosi

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the circulation and the brain. ...

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

A Temperature Gradient Assay to Determine Thermal Preferences of Drosophila Larvae

Un'analisi di gradiente di temperatura per determinare le preferenze termiche delle larve di Drosophila

Many animals, including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are capable of discriminating minute differences in&#160;environmental temperature, which ...