Name: a rankl-based osteoclast culture assay of mouse bone marrow to investigate the role of mtorc1 in osteoclast formation
Uploaded: 2018-03-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Minghan Tong and S. Kato for kindly providing reagents and mice. We thank the members of the Zou lab for useful discussions. This work was supported in part by grants from 973 Program from the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) [2014CB964704 and 2015CB964503], Clinical Research Program of 9th People&#39;s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Thanks for the help of Core Facility for Cell Biology and Core Facility for Chemical Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

All procedures relating to the animals were performed according to the protocol approved by the Stanford Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care (APLAC) and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology.
1. Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Generate osteoclast specific Raptor deletion mice (Raptorfl/fl; Ctsk-cre, hereafter RapCtsk) by mating Raptorfl/fl mic...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disorders+of+bone+remodeling.">Disorders of bone remodeling.</a> Annu Rev Pathol. 6, 121-145 (2011).</li><li>Boyce, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+osteoclast+biology+reveal+potential+new+drug+targets+and+new+roles+for+osteoclasts.">Advances in osteoclast biology reveal potential new drug targets and new roles for osteoclasts.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 28 (4), 711-722 (2013).</li><li>Ibbotson, K. J., Roodman, G. D., McManus, L. M., Mundy, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+osteoclast-like+cells+and+their+progenitors+in+cultures+of+feline+marrow+mononuclear+cells.">Identification and characterization of osteoclast-like cells and their progenitors in cultures of feline marrow mononuclear cells.</a> J Cell Biol. 99 (2), 471-480 (1984).</li><li>Lacey, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoprotegerin+ligand+is+a+cytokine+that+regulates+osteoclast+differentiation+and+activation.">Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation.</a> Cell. 93 (2), 165-176 (1998).</li><li>Wong, B. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRANCE+is+a+novel+ligand+of+the+tumor+necrosis+factor+receptor+family+that+activates+c-Jun+N-terminal+kinase+in+T+cells.">TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 272 (40), 25190-25194 (1997).</li><li>Zoncu, R., Efeyan, A., Sabatini, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mTOR:+from+growth+signal+integration+to+cancer,+diabetes+and+ageing.">mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12 (1), 21-35 (2011).</li><li>Bhaskar, P. T., Hay, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+two+TORCs+and+Akt.">The two TORCs and Akt.</a> Dev Cell. 12 (4), 487-502 (2007).</li><li>Dai, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+Regulatory-associated+Protein+of+mTOR+(Raptor)/Mammalian+Target+of+Rapamycin+Complex+1+(mTORC1)+Signaling+in+Osteoclasts+Increases+Bone+Mass+by+Inhibiting+Osteoclast+Differentiation+in+Mice.">Inactivation of Regulatory-associated Protein of mTOR (Raptor)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Signaling in Osteoclasts Increases Bone Mass by Inhibiting Osteoclast Differentiation in Mice.</a> J Biol Chem. 292 (1), 196-204 (2017).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. , (1989).</li><li>Weischenfeldt, J., Porse, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+Marrow-Derived+Macrophages+(BMM):+Isolation+and+Applications.">Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages (BMM): Isolation and Applications.</a> CSH Protoc. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Bradley, E. W., Oursler, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+culture+and+resorption+assays.">Osteoclast culture and resorption assays.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 455, 19-35 (2008).</li><li>Tevlin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+derivation+from+mouse+bone+marrow.">Osteoclast derivation from mouse bone marrow.</a> J Vis Exp. (93), e52056 (2014).</li><li>Xing, L., Boyce, B. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RANKL-based+osteoclastogenic+assays+from+murine+bone+marrow+cells.">RANKL-based osteoclastogenic assays from murine bone marrow cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1130, 307-313 (2014).</li><li>Hsu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+necrosis+factor+receptor+family+member+RANK+mediates+osteoclast+differentiation+and+activation+induced+by+osteoprotegerin+ligand.">Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96 (7), 3540-3545 (1999).</li><li>Underwood, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+where+comes+the+osteoclast?.">From where comes the osteoclast?.</a> J Pathol. 144 (4), 225-226 (1984).</li><li>Wein, M. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+bone+resorption+in+mice+by+Schnurri-3.">Control of bone resorption in mice by Schnurri-3.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (21), 8173-8178 (2012).</li></ol>

The osteoclastogenic assay is the most widely used method to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro12,13. While several RANKL-based osteoclast inductions have been described13,14,15, the present study described a protocol with some modifications based on the previous methods.
In the previous study, BMMs were plating immediately afte...

Bone is an ever-changing organ and is remodeled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life. Osteoclasts are responsible for mineralized matrix resorption and osteoblasts synthesize and secrete new bone matrices1. The balance between bone resorption and bone formation is crucial for bone health including maintenance of bone mass and response to stimulation and injury. If this balance is disrupted, a series of bone metabolic diseases may occur, including osteoporosis and periodontal diseases. In these diseases, bone mass loss resulting from osteoclastic bone resorption exceeds the bone forming capacity of osteoblasts2,3. Thus, in order to develop pharmaceutical targets to treat skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, it is critical to understand the generation and biology of osteoclasts4.
Osteoclasts are unique giant multinucleated cells located at or near the bone surface, and belong to the monocyte/macrophage family1. Ibbotson K. J. et al. reported a method to generate osteoclast-like cells in vitro with medium containing 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D35. The identification of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor-&#954; B ligand (RANKL) as essential factors of osteoclast formation has dramatically increased the efficiency of osteoclastogenesis in vitro1,6,7. The ability to culture osteoclasts in vitro has improved our understanding of the generation and regulation of osteoclasts.
The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions in two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, namely mTORC1 and mTORC28,9. The two multi-protein complexes are distinct from each other due to their different components and downstream substrates. mTORC1 contains the unique regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), while mTORC2 contains the rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor)9. mTORC1 can integrate and transmit important signals to regulate cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Recently, we demonstrated that mTORC1 plays a key role in the network of catabolic bone resorption by deletion of Raptor to inactivate mTORC1 in osteoclasts10. However, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based osteoclastogenic method was used to generate osteoclasts from bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) of wild-type (WT) and RapCtsk mice, and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Raptorfl/fl mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>013188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ctsk-cre mice</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>a gift from S. Kato, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>10-022-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal calf serum</td>
			<td>BioInd</td>
			<td>04-001-1A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mouse M-CSF protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>Q3U4F9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mouse RANKL protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D</td>
			<td>Q3TWY5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RBC lysis buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C3702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>302643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citrate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>915</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Phosphatase, Leukocyte (TRAP) Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A-1KT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Garnet GBC Base solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Nitrite Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Naphthol AS-BI Phosphate Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3871</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tartrate solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3873</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-031-CVR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-tartaric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>251380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium tartrate dibasic dehydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>s4797</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnCl2</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chemical Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphatase substrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Raptor</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2280</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-P-ribosomal protein S6 (S235/236)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2317</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-ribosomal protein S6</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>2211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-&#946;-actin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-130300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Xilong scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (ECL)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>00000367MSDS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IX71</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Envision</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45-mm Syringe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mosquito forcep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rankl-based osteoclast culture assay of mouse bone marrow to investigate the role of mtorc1 in osteoclast formation

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result in a series of bone metabolic diseases, including osteoporosis. To develop pharmaceutical targets for the prevention of pathological bone mass loss, the mechanisms by which osteoclasts differentiate from precursors must be understood. The ability to isolate and culture a large number of osteoclasts in vitro is critical in order to determine the role of specific genes in osteoclast differentiation. Inactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in osteoclasts can decrease osteoclast number and increase bone mass; however, the underlying mechanisms require further study. In the present study, a RANKL-based protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow and to study the influence of mTORC1 inactivation on osteoclast formation is described. This protocol successfully resulted in a large number of giant osteoclasts, typically within one week. Deletion of Raptor impaired osteoclast formation and decreased the activity of secretory tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, indicating that mTORC1 is critical for osteoclast formation.

Using the present protocol, a large number of giant osteoclasts were seen on day 6; if giant osteoclasts are not seen, one more day of osteoclast differentiation may be needed (Figure 1). Successful osteoclast formation was confirmed by TRAP staining (Figure 2A). Osteoclasts were giant wine red/purple cells with more than 3 nuclei. More than 250 osteoclasts were obtained in each well of the 96-well plate in WT BMMs (<strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation at JoVE.com

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation

This manuscript describes a protocol to isolate and culture osteoclasts in vitro from mouse bone marrow, and to study the role of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 in osteoclast formation.

Osteoclasts are unique bone-resorbing cells that differentiate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of bone marrow. Dysfunction of osteoclasts may result ...

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