Name: an array-based comparative genomic hybridization platform for efficient detection of copy number variations in fast neutron-induced medicago truncatula mutants
Uploaded: 2017-11-08T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutant

Funding of this work is provided in part by a grant from NSF Plant Genome Research (IOS-1127155).

NOTE: Figure 1 shows the five steps for the array CGH protocol. They are: 1) Preparation of plant materials; 2) Isolation of high quality DNA samples; 3) Labeling and purification of DNA samples; 4) Hybridization, washing, and scanning of whole genome arrays; and 5) CGH data analysis. M. truncatula whole genome tiling arrays contain a total of 971,041 unique oligo probes targeting more than 50,000 genes or gene models in the genome (See Table of Materials). The uniq...

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We have developed an array-based CGH platform for the detection and characterization of fast neutron bombardment (FNB)-induced mutants in M. truncatula cv. Jemalong A17. To demonstrate the use of the array CGH method in detecting gene mutations, we performed aCGH analysis of the mutant FN6191, which exhibited a hyper-nodulation phenotype in contrast to wild type plants, when inoculated with S. meliloti Sm1021. For segmentation analysis, a segment was deemed significant if the log2 ratio mean ...

Legumes (Fabaceae) are the third largest family of flowering plants, with many economically important species such as soybean (Glycine max) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Legume plants can interact with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, generally called Rhizobia to develop root nodules in which the atmospheric dinitrogen is reduced to ammonia for use by the host plant. As such, cultivation of legume crops requires little input of nitrogen fertilizers and thus contributes to sustainable agriculture. Legume crops produce leaves and seeds with high protein content, serving as excellent forage and grain crops. However, cultivated legume species generally have complex genome structures, making functional studies of genes that play key roles in legume-specific processes cumbersome. Medicago truncatula has been widely adopted as a model species for legume studies primarily because (1) it has a diploid genome with a relatively small haploid genome size (~550 Mbp); (2) plants can be stably transformed for gene functional studies; and (3) it is closely related to alfalfa (M. sativa), the queen of forages, and many other economically important crops for translational studies. Recently, the genome sequence of M. truncatula cv Jemalong A17 has been released1,2. Annotation of the genome shows that there are more than 50,000 predicted genes or gene models in the genome. To determine the function of most of the genes in the M. truncatula genome is a challenging task. To facilitate functional studies of genes, a comprehensive collection of mutants in the range of over 150,000 M1 lines has been generated using fast neutron bombardment (FNB) mutagenesis in M. truncatula cv Jemalong A173,4. Fast neutron, a high energy ionization mutagen, has been used in generating mutants in many plant species including Arabidopsis5,6, rice (Oryza sativa)7, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), soybean (Glycine soja; G. max)8,9, barley (Hordeum vulgare), and Lotus japonicus10. A large portion of mutations derived from FNB mutagenesis are due to DNA deletions that range in size from a few base pairs to mega base pairs9,11. Many phenotype-associated genes have been successfully identified and characterized4,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19. Previously, molecular cloning of the underlying genes from FNB mutants relied on a map-based approach, which is time consuming and limits the number of mutants to be characterized at the molecular level. Recently, several complimentary approaches including transcript-based methods, genome tiling array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for DNA copy number variation detection, and whole genome sequencing, have been employed to facilitate the characterization of deletion mutants in diverse organisms including animals and plants20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31.
To facilitate the characterization of FNB mutants in M. truncatula, a whole-genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) platform has been developed and validated. As reported in animal systems, the array-based CGH platform allows detection of copy number variations (CNVs) at the whole genome level in M. truncatula FNB mutants. Furthermore, lesions can be confirmed by PCR and deletion borders can be identified by sequencing. Overall, the array CGH platform is an efficient and effective tool in identifying lesions in M. truncatula FNB mutants. Here, the array CGH procedure and PCR characterization of deletion borders in an M. truncatula FNB mutant are illustrated.
The following protocol provides experimental steps and information about reagents, equipment and analysis tools for researchers who are interested in carrying out whole genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of copy number variations in plants. As an example, Medicago truncatula FN6191 mutant was used to identify deletion regions and candidate genes associated with mutant phenotypes. M. truncatula FN6191 mutant, originally isolated from a fast neutron bombardment-induced deletion mutant collection32 (see Table of Materials), exhibited a hyper-nodulation phenotype after inoculation with the soil bacterium, Sihorhizobium meliloti Sm1021, in contrast to wild type plants.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Medicago truncatula genome array, 1 x 1 M</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G4123A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medicago truncatula FN6191 (mutant)</td>
			<td>In house</td>
			<td>FN6191</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medicago truncatula Jemalong A17 (reference)</td>
			<td>In house</td>
			<td>A17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNeasy Plant Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1000D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SureTag DNA Labeling Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5190-3400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random primer</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5190-3399</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler</td>
			<td>MJ research</td>
			<td>PTC-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Labnet international Inc</td>
			<td>Spectrafuge 24D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stabilization and Drying Solution</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5185-5979</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Hybridization Kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5188-5380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Chamber gasket slides</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G2505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Cot-1 DNA</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5190-3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligo aCGH/ChIP-on-chip Wash Buffer 1 and 2</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5188-5221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization Chamber, stainless</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G2534A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>G2545A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purification Columns</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5190-3391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser scanner</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>MS200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NimbleScan 2.6</td>
			<td>Roche Nimblegen</td>
			<td>5225035001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal Map 1.9</td>
			<td>Roche Nimblegen</td>
			<td>Signalmap1.9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an array-based comparative genomic hybridization platform for efficient detection of copy number variations in fast neutron-induced medicago truncatula mutants

Mutants are invaluable genetic resources for gene function studies. To generate mutant collections, three types of mutagens can be utilized, including biological such as T-DNA or transposon, chemical such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or physical such as ionization radiation. The type of mutation observed varies depending on the mutagen used. For ionization radiation induced mutants, mutations include deletion, duplication, or rearrangement. While T-DNA or transposon-based mutagenesis is limited to species that are susceptible to transformation, chemical or physical mutagenesis can be applied to a broad range of species. However, the characterization of mutations derived from chemical or physical mutagenesis traditionally relies on a map-based cloning approach, which is labor intensive and time consuming. Here, we show that a high-density genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) platform can be applied to efficiently detect and characterize copy number variations (CNVs) in mutants derived from fast neutron bombardment (FNB) mutagenesis in Medicago truncatula, a legume species. Whole genome sequence analysis shows that there are more than 50,000 genes or gene models in M. truncatula. At present, FNB-induced mutants in M. truncatula are derived from more than 150,000 M1 lines, representing invaluable genetic resources for functional studies of genes in the genome. The aCGH platform described here is an efficient tool for characterizing FNB-induced mutants in M. truncatula.

Figure 2 shows the distribution of normalized log2 ratios of mutant versus WT signals across the whole genome. Analysis of CGH data revealed an approximate 22 kb deletion on chromosome 4 that encompasses the entire SUNN gene33 and several other annotated genes in FN6191 mutant (Figure 2, Figure 3). The candidate deleted region was covered by 73 consecutive ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutant

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

This protocol provides experimental steps and information about reagents, equipment, and analysis tools for researchers who are interested in carrying out whole genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of copy number variations in plants.

An Array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Platform for Efficient Detection of Copy Number Variations in Fast Neutron-induced Medicago truncatula Mutants

Mutants are invaluable genetic resources for gene function studies. To generate mutant collections, three types of mutagens can be utilized, including ...

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