Name: synthesis and evaluation of a ruthenium-based mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor
Uploaded: 2017-10-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor at JoVE.com

Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta dalla Cornell University. Questo lavoro fatto uso del Cornell Center per servizi in comune ricerca materiali, che sono supportati tramite il programma NSF MRSEC (Grant DMR-1120296). S.R.N. riconosce il sostegno di un NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (Grant DGE - 1650441) e Dr. Dave Holowka per assistenza con gli esperimenti di calcio. Opinioni, conclusioni e conclusioni o raccomandazioni espresse in questo materiale sono quelle degli autori (s) e non riflettono necessariamente le opinioni di National Science Foundation.

Nota: acidi concentrati e basi sono utilizzati in questa sintesi. Utilizzare tutte le pratiche di sicurezza appropriate quando si esegue la reazione compreso l'uso di controlli tecnici (cappa) e dispositivi di protezione individuale (PPE) tra cui occhiali, guanti, camice da laboratorio, pieno lunghezza pantaloni e scarpe chiuse.
 1. preparazione di [(OH 2) (NH 3) 4 Ru (µ-O) Ru (NH 3) 4 (OH 2)] Cl 5 <ol><li>sintesi di Cl [Ru (NH...

<ol>
	<li>De Stefani, D., Rizzuto, R., Pozzan, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enjoy+the+trip:+Calcium+in+mitochondria+back+and+forth.">Enjoy the trip: Calcium in mitochondria back and forth.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 85, 161-192 (2016).</li><li>Contreras, L., Drago, I., Zampese, E., Pozzan, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria:+the+calcium+connection.">Mitochondria: the calcium connection.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1797 (6-7), 607-618 (2010).</li><li>Giorgi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+calcium+homeostasis+as+potential+target+for+mitochondrial+medicine.">Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis as potential target for mitochondrial medicine.</a> Mitochondrion. 12 (1), 77-85 (2012).</li><li>De Stefani, D., Raffaello, A., Teardo, E., Szab&#242;, I., Rizzuto, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+forty-kilodalton+protein+of+the+inner+membrane+is+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">A forty-kilodalton protein of the inner membrane is the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nature. 476 (7360), 336-340 (2011).</li><li>Baughman, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+genomics+identifies+MCU+as+an+essential+component+of+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">Integrative genomics identifies MCU as an essential component of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nature. 476 (7360), 341-356 (2011).</li><li>Kamer, K. J., Mootha, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+era+of+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">The molecular era of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 16 (9), 545-553 (2015).</li><li>Ying, W. -. L., Emerson, J., Clarke, M. J., Sanadi, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+mitochondrial+calcium+ion+transport+by+an+oxo-bridged+dinuclear+ruthenium+ammine+complex.">Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium ion transport by an oxo-bridged dinuclear ruthenium ammine complex.</a> Biochemistry. 30 (20), 4949-4952 (1991).</li><li>Emerson, J., Clarke, M. J., Ying, W. -. L., Sanadi, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+component+of+"ruthenium+red"+responsible+for+inhibition+of+mitochondrial+calcium+ion+transport.+Spectra,+electrochemistry,+and+aquation+kinetics.+Crystal+structure+of+&#181;-O-[(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru]2Cl3.">The component of "ruthenium red" responsible for inhibition of mitochondrial calcium ion transport. Spectra, electrochemistry, and aquation kinetics. Crystal structure of &#181;-O-[(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru]2Cl3.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (25), 11799-11805 (1993).</li><li>Matlib, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxygen-bridged+Dinuclear+Ruthenium+Amine+Complex+Specifically+Inhibits+Ca2++Uptake+into+Mitochondria+in+Vitro+and+in+Situ+in+Single+Cardiac+Myocytes.">Oxygen-bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Amine Complex Specifically Inhibits Ca2+ Uptake into Mitochondria in Vitro and in Situ in Single Cardiac Myocytes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 273 (17), 10223-10231 (1998).</li><li>Oxenoid, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architecture+of+the+mitochondrial+calcium+uniporter.">Architecture of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter.</a> Nature. 533 (7602), 269-273 (2016).</li><li>Nathan, S. 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Il calcio mitocondriale assorbimento inibitore [(OH2) (NH3)4Ru Ru (µ-O) (NH3)4(OH2)] Cl5 può essere sintetizzato da [Ru (NH3)5Cl] Cl2, un ruthenium(III) ben noto a partire del materiale, come descritto in questa procedura. La sintesi di [Ru (NH3)5Cl] Cl2 è realizzata prontamente con poca difficoltà. Dopo agitazione RuCl3 per 16 h in idrazina idrato, il pH della solu...

Calcio mitocondriale è un regolatore chiave per un certo numero di processi che sono fondamentali per la funzione normale delle cellule, tra cui l'apoptosi e la produzione di energia. 1 , 2 , 3 il calcio mitocondriale uniporter (MCU), una proteina del trasportatore dello ione che si trova sulla membrana mitocondriale interna, regola l'afflusso degli ioni di calcio nei mitocondri. 4 , 5 , 6 inibitori chimici della MCU sono strumenti preziosi per proseguire gli sforzi per studiare la funzione e i ruoli cellulari di questa proteina di trasporto e di calcio mitocondriale. Il composto [(HCO2) (NH3)4Ru Ru (µ-O) (NH3)4(O2CH)]3 +, Ru360, è uno degli inibitori selettivi noti soli per la MCU con un valore did K riferito di 24 µM.7 ,8,9,10 , questo complesso è una comune impurità trovata in formulazioni commerciali del rutenio rosso (RuRed), un triruthenium di-µ-oxo "a ponte" hexacation della formula [(NH3) 5 Ru (µ-O) Ru (NH3)4(µ-O) Ru (NH3)5)]6 +, che è stato utilizzato anche come un inibitore di assorbimento del calcio. Anche se Ru360 è disponibile in commercio, è molto costoso. Inoltre, la sintesi e l'isolamento di Ru360 è sfidato da purificazione difficili procedure e metodi di caratterizzazione ambigua.
Recentemente abbiamo segnalato procedure alternative per accedere un Ru360 analogici, [(OH2) (NH3)4Ru Ru (µ-O) (NH3)4(OH2)] Cl5. 11 questo composto inibisce la MCU con alta affinità, simile a Ru360. In questo protocollo, descriveremo la nostra sintesi più efficace di questo composto, che comincia da [Ru (NH3)5Cl] Cl2. Purificazione del prodotto utilizzando la resina a scambio cationico fortemente acido è dettagliato, insieme a trabocchetti comuni per questa procedura. Inoltre presentiamo metodi di caratterizzazione e valutazione della purezza del composto e delineare un approccio semplice per testare la sua efficacia nel bloccare l'assorbimento di calcio mitocondriale.

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:663pt" width="884">
	<colgroup>
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		<col style="width:227pt" width="302" />
		<col style="width:129pt" width="172" />
		<col style="width:125pt" width="167" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="23" style="height:17.25pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="23" style="width:182pt;height:17.25pt" width="243">Ruthenium Trichloride hydrate</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Pressure Chemical</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">3750</td>
			<td class="xl70" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">9535</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">Concentrated ammonium hydroxide</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:227pt" width="302">Mallinckrodt Chemical Works</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:129pt" width="172">A669C-2 1</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24" style="height:18.0pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="24" style="width:182pt;height:18.0pt" width="243">Dowex 50 WX2 200-400 Mesh</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">13945</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25" style="height:18.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="25" style="width:182pt;height:18.75pt" width="243">Calcium Green 5N</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Invitrogen</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">C3737</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Digitonin</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl71" style="width:129pt" width="172">260746</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">DMSO</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">471267</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">EGTA</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">E3889</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">KCl</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">USB</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">20598</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">KH2PO4</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">P3786</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">MgCl2</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">M33-500</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">HEPES</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fluka</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">54466</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">Sodium Succinate</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">33386</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22" style="height:16.5pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="22" style="width:182pt;height:16.5pt" width="243">EDTA</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">8993-01</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Glucose</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">G5000</td>
			<td class="xl70"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl69" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">200 Round bottom flask</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:227pt" width="302">ChemGlass</td>
			<td class="xl75">CG-1506-14</td>
			<td class="xl74" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Glass stopper</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ChemGlass</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172">CG-3000-05</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42" style="height:31.5pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="42" style="width:182pt;height:31.5pt" width="243">10 mm x 15 cm glass column with reservoirs</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Custom - similar to Chemglass columns</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:129pt" width="172">Similar to CG-1203-20</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20" style="height:15.0pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="20" style="width:182pt;height:15.0pt" width="243">DMEM</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:129pt" width="172">10-017-CV</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">FBS</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Gibco</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">10437028</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">PBS</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">21-040-CV</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Round bottom Falcon tubes</td>
			<td class="xl77" style="width:227pt" width="302">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl69" style="width:129pt" width="172">14-959-11B&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">500 cm2 petri dishes</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">Corning</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">431110</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Trypan blue</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">15250061</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">Aldrich</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">Z359629</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Acrylic Cuvettes</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl76" style="width:129pt" width="172">58017-875</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">UV-Vis spectrometer</td>
			<td class="xl68">Agilent Model Cary 8454&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Spectrofluorimeter</td>
			<td class="xl68">SLM Model 8100C</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl72" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">IR spectrometer</td>
			<td class="xl68">Bruker Hyprion FTIR with ATR attachment</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Centrifuge</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">ALC Model PM140R</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172"></td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl65" height="21" style="width:182pt;height:15.75pt" width="243">Inverted light microscope</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:227pt" width="302">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl65" style="width:129pt" width="172">89404-462</td>
			<td class="xl68"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and evaluation of a ruthenium-based mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor

Dettagliamo la sintesi e la purificazione di un inibitore di assorbimento di calcio mitocondriale, [(OH2) (NH3)4Ru Ru (µ-O) (NH3)4(OH2)]+ 5. La sintesi ottimizzata di questo composto ha inizio dalla [Ru (NH3)5Cl] Cl2 in 1m NH4OH in un contenitore chiuso, ottenendo una soluzione verde. Purificazione viene eseguita mediante cromatografia a scambio cationico. Questo composto è caratterizzato e verificato per essere puro mediante spettroscopia UV-vis e IR. Le proprietà inibitorie di assorbimento di calcio mitocondriale sono valutate in cellule HeLa permeabilized dalla spettroscopia di fluorescenza.

Questo metodo descrive una sintesi di calcio mitocondriale assorbimento inibitore [(OH2) (NH3)4Ru Ru (µ-O) (NH3)4(OH2)] Cl5 a partire da [Ru (NH3)5Cl] Cl2, un materiale di partenza ben noto ruthenium(III). [Ru (NH3)5Cl] CL2 è caratterizzato dalla spettroscopia IR, con modi vibrazionali a 3200 cm-1, 1608 cm-1, 1298 cm-1<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

Sintesi e valutazione di un inibitore di assorbimento di calcio mitocondriale a base di rutenio

Un protocollo per la sintesi, purificazione e caratterizzazione di un inibitore dell'assorbimento del calcio mitocondriale basato sul rutenio è presentato. Una procedura per valutare la sua efficacia in cellule di mammifero permeabilized è dimostrata.

We detail the synthesis and purification of a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]5+. The optimized synthesis of ...

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Preparazione ed uso di samario diioduro (SMI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) Nella sintesi organica: il ruolo meccanicistico di HMPA e Ni (II) sali nella reazione Samario Barbier

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of multicomponent nanostructures consisting of CdS and CdSe with rod and tetrapod morphologies. A seeded ...

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Antitumorali metallo Complessi: Sintesi e citotossicità valutazione da parte del saggio MTT

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Sintesi e purificazione di Iodoaziridines Coinvolgere quantitativa Selezione del Ottimale fase stazionaria per cromatografia

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di funzionalizzato metallo-organici quadri

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Sintesi ed esfoliazione della discotici zirconio Fosfati di ottenere cristalli liquidi colloidale

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Synthesis and Structure Determination of ÃƒÆ’Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµ-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Sintesi e determinazione della struttura di µ-conotossina PIIIA isomeri con bisolfuro diverse connettività

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

Sintesi in fase solida di [4,4] Spirocyclic ossime

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of ...

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Sintesi degli esteri tramite un'esterificazione Steglich più verde in Acetonitrile

The Steglich esterification is a widely-used reaction for the synthesis of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols. While efficient and mild, the ...

Synthesis Method for Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Metodo di sintesi per Cellulosa Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels

Here, a method to synthesize cellulose nanofiber biotemplated palladium composite aerogels is presented. Noble metal aerogel synthesis methods often ...