Name: visualization of thalamocortical axon branching and synapse formation in organotypic cocultures
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures at JoVE.com

Vi tackar också Gabriel Hand för kritisk läsning.

Alla experimenten utfördes enligt riktlinjer fastställda av djurskydd kommittéerna av Osaka University och Japan neurovetenskap Society.
1. Organotypic cocultures av thalamus och hjärnbarken
Obs: För detaljerade förfarandet, se den ursprungliga publikationer7,8,13. Alla bör utföras under sterila förhållanden. Sprague-Dawley (SD) råttor används för neuronala kultu...

<ol>
	<li>Kageyama, G. H., Robertson, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+geniculocortical+projections+to+visual+cortex+in+rat:+evidence+early+ingrowth+and+synaptogenesis.">Development of geniculocortical projections to visual cortex in rat: evidence early ingrowth and synaptogenesis.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 335 (1), 123-148 (1993).</li><li>Lopez-Bendito, G., Molnar, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalamocortical+development:+how+are+we+going+to+get+there.">Thalamocortical development: how are we going to get there.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4 (4), 276-289 (2003).</li><li>Espinosa, J. S., Stryker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+plasticity+of+the+primary+visual+cortex.">Development and plasticity of the primary visual cortex.</a> Neuron. 75 (2), 230-249 (2012).</li><li>Portera-Cailliau, C., Weimer, R. M., De Paola, V., Caroni, P., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+modes+of+axon+elaboration+in+the+developing+neocortex.">Diverse modes of axon elaboration in the developing neocortex.</a> PLoS Biol. 3 (8), 272 (2005).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+structural+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10 (9), 647-658 (2009).</li><li>Bhatt, D. H., Zhang, S., Gan, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+spine+dynamics.">Dendritic spine dynamics.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 71, 261-282 (2009).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., Kurotani, T., Toyama, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+connections+between+the+lateral+geniculate+nucleus+and+visual+cortex+in+vitro.">Neural connections between the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in vitro.</a> Science. 245 (4914), 192-194 (1989).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., Yamada, K., Kurotani, T., Toyama, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+specificity+of+extrinsic+cortical+connections+studied+in+coculture+preparations.">Laminar specificity of extrinsic cortical connections studied in coculture preparations.</a> Neuron. 9 (2), 217-228 (1992).</li><li>Uesaka, N., Hirai, S., Maruyama, T., Ruthazer, E. S., Yamamoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+dependence+of+cortical+axon+branch+formation:+a+morphological+and+electrophysiological+study+using+organotypic+slice+cultures.">Activity dependence of cortical axon branch formation: a morphological and electrophysiological study using organotypic slice cultures.</a> J. Neurosci. 25 (1), 1-9 (2005).</li><li>Uesaka, N., Hayano, Y., Yamada, A., Yamamoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interplay+between+laminar+specificity+and+activity-dependent+mechanisms+of+thalamocortical+axon+branching.">Interplay between laminar specificity and activity-dependent mechanisms of thalamocortical axon branching.</a> J. Neurosci. 27 (19), 5215-5223 (2007).</li><li>Uesaka, N., Nishiwaki, M., Yamamoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+electroporation+method+for+axon+tracing+in+cultured+slices.">Single cell electroporation method for axon tracing in cultured slices.</a> Dev. Growth Differ. 50 (6), 475-477 (2008).</li><li>Matsumoto, N., Hoshiko, M., Sugo, N., Fukazawa, Y., Yamamoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synapse-dependent+and+independent+mechanisms+of+thalamocortical+axon+branching+are+regulated+by+neuronal+activity.">Synapse-dependent and independent mechanisms of thalamocortical axon branching are regulated by neuronal activity.</a> Dev Neurobiol. 76 (3), 323-336 (2016).</li><li>Matsumoto, N., Sasaki, K., Yamamoto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+Method+for+Mammalian+CNS+Neurons+in+Organotypic+Slice+Cultures.">Electroporation Method for Mammalian CNS Neurons in Organotypic Slice Cultures.</a> Electroporation Methods in Neuroscience. , 159-168 (2015).</li><li>Molnar, Z., Blakemore, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lack+of+regional+specificity+for+connections+formed+between+thalamus+and+cortex+in+coculture.">Lack of regional specificity for connections formed between thalamus and cortex in coculture.</a> Nature. 351 (6326), 475-477 (1991).</li><li>Bolz, J., Novak, N., Staiger, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+specific+afferent+connections+in+organotypic+slice+cultures+from+rat+visual+cortex+cocultured+with+lateral+geniculate+nucleus.">Formation of specific afferent connections in organotypic slice cultures from rat visual cortex cocultured with lateral geniculate nucleus.</a> J. Neurosci. 12 (8), 3054-3070 (1992).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+mechanism+by+polysialic+acid+for+lamina-specific+branch+formation+of+thalamocortical+axons.">Inhibitory mechanism by polysialic acid for lamina-specific branch formation of thalamocortical axons.</a> J. Neurosci. 20 (24), 9145-9151 (2000).</li><li>Yamamoto, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+factors+regulating+lamina-specific+growth+of+thalamocortical+axons.">Characterization of factors regulating lamina-specific growth of thalamocortical axons.</a> J Neurobiol. 42 (1), 56-68 (2000).</li><li>Ohnami, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+RhoA+in+activity-dependent+cortical+axon+branching.">Role of RhoA in activity-dependent cortical axon branching.</a> J. Neurosci. 28 (37), 9117-9121 (2008).</li><li>Yamada, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+pre-+and+postsynaptic+activity+in+thalamocortical+axon+branching.">Role of pre- and postsynaptic activity in thalamocortical axon branching.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (16), 7562-7567 (2010).</li></ol>

Det nuvarande protokollet är också ett kraftfullt verktyg att studera utvecklingsmässiga aspekter av växande axoner annat än av TC projektion11. Exempelvis kan en kombination av kortikala slice kultur och elektroporation tekniken visualisera enskilda axonal morfologi av kortikala nervceller och långsiktig observation9,18.
Med hjälp av det nuvarande protokollet, kan rollerna av intressanta gener i axon fö...

Thalamocortical (TC) projektionen i däggdjur hjärnan är ett lämpligt system att undersöka axon vägledning och inriktning mekanismer. Under utveckling växer sensoriska TC axoner i kortikala plattan, och formuläret grenar och synapser prioriterat i lager IV av de primära sensoriska områdena i hjärnbarken1,2. Även efter etableringen av grundläggande anslutningar, är axonal arbors och synaptiska terminaler ombyggda beroende på miljöförändringar3,4. Dock är hur TC axon morfologi ändras dynamiskt dåligt känd. En av de främsta orsakerna är bristen på en lämplig teknik att iaktta strukturella förändringar på en enda cell-nivå. Även om den senaste utvecklingen inom mikroskopi, såsom 2-foton mikroskopi, har gett direkt observation av levande kortikala nervceller i vivo, finns det fortfarande tekniska begränsningar för att fånga den totala TC banor5, 6. därför in vitro- metoder för levande avbildning av TC axoner skulle ge kraftfulla verktyg för strukturella analyser av axon förgrening och synaps bildas.
Vår grupp för första gången etablerade en statisk slice kultur metod med högpermeabla membran7. Med den här metoden en råtta kortikala skiva var cocultured med en sensorisk thalamic block och lamina-specifika TC anslutningar var återgetts i detta organotypic cocultures7,8. Glesa märkning med en fluorescerande protein ytterligare tillät oss att iaktta TC axon tillväxt och gren bildandet9,10,11. Nyligen har vi utvecklat en ny metod för samtidig avbildning av förgrening och synapsen bildandet av enskilda TC axoner i organotypic cocultures12. För att visualisera TC axoner och presynaptiska platser samtidigt, var DsRed och andra-taggade synaptophysin (SYP-andra) samtidig transfekterade till ett litet antal thalamic nervceller av elektroporation av den organotypic coculture. Den nuvarande metoden underlättar Morfologisk analys av TC axoner och möjliggör långsiktig observation, som kan användas för att Visa sambandet mellan axon förgrening och synaps bildas.

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			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Sigma&#160;</td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Sodium selenite</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Wako Pure 
			Chemical Industries</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">192-10843</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Transferrin&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">T1147</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Putrescine&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Sigma</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">P5780</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Glucose</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Wako 
			Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">16806-25</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">35 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Falcon</td>
			<td class="xl21" style="width:84pt" width="112">351008</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Millicell-CM insert</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Millipore</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">PICMORG50</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">100 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">BIO-BIK</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">I-90-20</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77">petri dish sterrile</td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">HiPure Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Invitrogen</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">K210006</td>
			<td class="xl23" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="59" style="width:113pt;height:44.25pt" width="151">Disposable sterile plastic pipettes</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119"></td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">202-IS</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77">transfer pipets sterile</td>
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		<tr height="54" style="height:40.5pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="54" style="width:113pt;height:40.5pt" width="151">Glass capillary: OD 1.2 mm</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Narishige</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">&#160;G-1.2</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77">inner diameter, 1.2 mm</td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="53" style="width:113pt;height:39.75pt" width="151">Silver wire: 0.2 and 1 mm&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Nilaco</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">AG-401265 (diameter, 0.2 mm), AG-401485 (diameter, 1.0 mm)</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Terumo</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">SS-01T</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Stimulator&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">A.M.P.I</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">Master 8</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Biphasic isolator&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">BAK ELECTRONICS</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">BSI-2</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">A-M Systems</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">Model 1800</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Hitachi</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">VC-6723</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Manipulator</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Narishige</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">SM-15</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Narishige</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">MO-10</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Stereomicroscope&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Olympus</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">SZ40</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
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		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Universal stand&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Olympus</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">SZ-STU2</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Light illumination system&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Olympus</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">LG-PS2, LG-DI, HLL301</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Electrode puller&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Narishige</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">PC-10</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Nikon</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">Digital eclipse C1 laser</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">x20 objective</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Nikon</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">ELWD 20x/0.45</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Culture chamber</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Tokai Hit</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">UK A16-U</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Japan SLC and Nihon-Dobutsu</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112"></td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40" style="height:30.0pt">
			<td class="xl20" height="40" style="width:113pt;height:30.0pt" width="151">Microsurgery scissors</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:89pt" width="119">Natsume&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:84pt" width="112">MB-54-1</td>
			<td class="xl20" style="width:58pt" width="77"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of thalamocortical axon branching and synapse formation in organotypic cocultures

Axon förgrening och synapsen bildandet är avgörande processer för att fastställa exakt neuronala kretsar. Under utveckling bildar sensorisk thalamocortical (TC) axoner grenar och synapser i specifika lager av hjärnbarken. Trots uppenbara rumsliga sambandet mellan axon förgrening och synapsen bildandet, är orsakssambandet mellan dem dåligt förstått. För att lösa problemet, utvecklat vi nyligen en metod för samtidig avbildning av förgrening och synapsen bildandet av enskilda TC axoner i organotypic cocultures.
Det här protokollet beskriver en metod som består av en kombination av en organotypic coculture och elektroporation. Organotypic cocultures av thalamus och hjärnbarken underlätta gen manipulation och observation av axonal processer, bevara karakteristiska strukturer såsom laminar konfiguration. Två distinkta plasmider kodning DsRed och andra-taggade synaptophysin (SYP-andra) var samtidig transfekterade till ett litet antal thalamic nervceller av en elektroporation teknik. Denna metod tillät oss att visualisera enskilda axonal morfologier TC nervceller och deras presynaptiska webbplatser samtidigt. Metoden också aktiverat långsiktig observation som avslöjade orsakssambandet mellan axon förgrening och synaps bildas.

Experimentet beskrivs här syftar till att avslöja förhållandet mellan TC axon förgrening och synaps bildas. För att samtidigt visualisera axonal banor och platser av presynaptiska platser, enstaka eller ett fåtal thalamic celler i organotypic cocultures var transfekterade med två plasmider kodning SYP-andra och DsRed med elektroporation. Under den andra veckan i kultur, var individuellt distinguishable TC axoner tydligt märkt av DsRed (figur 3). Enda...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures at JoVE.com

Visualization of Thalamocortical Axon Branching and Synapse Formation in Organotypic Cocultures

Det här protokollet beskriver en metod för samtidig avbildning av thalamocortical axon förgrening och synapsen bildande i organotypic cocultures av thalamus och hjärnbarken. Enskilda thalamocortical axoner och deras presynaptiska terminaler visualiseras av en enda cell elektroporation teknik med DsRed och GFP-märkta synaptophysin.

Visualisering av Thalamocortical Axon förgrening och synapsen bildande i Organotypic Cocultures

Axon branching and synapse formation are crucial processes for establishing precise neuronal circuits. During development, sensory thalamocortical (TC) ...

The overall goal of this method is to study dynamic morphological changes of axon branching and synapse formation in the thalamocortical projection. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neurobiology, such as new neural circuit formation. The main advantage of this technique is simultaneous observation of axon growth and the synapse formation in individual living cells.This method can provide insight into the relationship between axon branching and synapse formation in the thalamocortical projections. It can also be applied to other neural circuits, such as intrinsic connection in the cerebral cortex. To begin this procedure, sterilize all the surgical instruments with 70%ethanol for 10 minutes or longer.Next, dissect the whole brain quickly from a postnatal day-two rat under ice-cold anesthesia. Then, place the brain into a 100-millimeter petri dish containing 40 milliliters of cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution. Under a binocular microscope, remove the pia matter carefully with fine forceps, and cut the primary visual and somatosensory cortex into 300 to 400-micron thick slices using microsurgical scissors.After that, transfer the cortical slices onto the membrane filter of the culture insert using a disposable plastic pipette. Adjust the positions of the slices near the center of the culture insert with the disposable plastic pipette, and remove excess medium from the insert. Maintain the slices in the serum-containing culture medium at 37 degrees Celsius, and culture them alone for one day before placing a thalamic block from an E15 embryo next to it.Adjust the level of the medium slightly below the surface of the slice, so that the slices can receive sufficient supply of both the gas and the medium. This is crucial for the viability of the slices. In this step, make the glass capillaries with an electrode puller.Then break the tips of the glass capillaries for plasmid injection. For the electrode pipettes, grind and polish the tips of the glass capillaries with sandpaper. And then fire polish them to achieve an inner diameter of 50 to 200 microns.Next, attach the electrode pipette and the ejection pipette to the manipulators. Transfer five microliters of plasmid solution to a petri dish. Then draw the solution into the electrode pipette with capillary action.Insert the 0.2-millimeter diameter electrode into the electrode pipette. After connecting the ejection pipette to a one-milliliter syringe with a plastic tube, transfer five microliters of plasmid solution to a petri dish again. Then slowly draw the solution into the ejection pipette using the syringe.Following that, transfer the coculture on the electroporation stage and insert the one-millimeter diameter electrode into the culture medium. Subsequently, place the ejection pipette on the cultured thalamic block. Push the syringe manually after the tip touches the surface of the thalamic block.Place the electrode pipette on the thalamic block immediately after the retraction of the ejection pipette. Now, deliver the electrical pulses. Monitor the amplitude and the number of trains on the oscilloscope.Afterward, retract the electrode pipette and return the dish to the incubator. To observe the sample, place the culture dish on the stage of an upright confocal microscope equipped with two filter sets for EGFP and DsRed. Then take images of 10 to 25 optical sections, at one to seven-micron step sizes, with a 20x long working distance objective lens.Select individually-distinguishable labeled axons, which express both DsRed and Syp-EGFP. Shown here is an organotypic coculture of thalamic and cortical slices after 12 DIV. Here is a magnified image of the boxed region.And here is a DsRed-labeled thalamic cell extending an axon into the cortical slice, and forming branches in upper layers. These images show the DsRed-labeled thalamocortical axon and Syp-EGFP puncta. Discrete accumulation of Syp-EGFP was observed along a single thalamocortical axon.DsRed plus Syp-EGFP plasmids were introduced into cultured thalamic cells at one DIV using electroporation. This axon was imaged daily over four days. Axon branching and synapse formation were dynamic, with addition and elimination.Following these procedures, electroporation with interesting genes together with Syp-EGFP and DsRed can be performed in order to investigate the role of the gene in axon branching and synapse formations. This technique paves the way for researchers in the field of the neurobiology to explore the mechanisms of dynamic changes of neural circuits.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication

Automatisk Interaktiv Videouppspelning för studier av djurkommunikation

Video playback is a widely-used technique for the controlled manipulation and presentation of visual signals in animal communication. In particular, ...

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualisering av proprioceptorer i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver och puppor

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Kopplade Hela Cell Inspelningar i Organotypic hippocampus Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Inhibitory Synapse Formation in a Co-culture Model Incorporating GABAergic Medium Spiny Neurons and HEK293 Cells Stably Expressing GABAA Receptors

Hämmande Synapse Formation i en Co-kultur Modell Införliva GABAergiska Medium Spiny neuron och HEK293 celler som stabilt uttrycker GABA<sub&gt; A</sub&gt; Receptorer

Inhibitory neurons act in the central nervous system to regulate the dynamics and spatio-temporal co-ordination of neuronal networks. GABA ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

Hela-mount avbildning av Mouse Embryo Sensorisk Axon Projektioner

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

Med hjälp av kombinerade Metoder för att definiera rollen av plasmamembranet leverans under Axon förgrening och Neuronal Morphogenesis

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Quadruple Immunostaining av Olfactory Bulb för Visualisering av Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory ...

Improving the Application of High Molecular Weight Biotinylated Dextran Amine for Thalamocortical Projection Tracing in the Rat

Förbättra tillämpningen av hög molekylvikt biotinylerade Dextran Amine för Thalamocortical projektion spåring i råtta

High molecular weight biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) has been used as a highly sensitive neuroanatomical tracer for many decades. Since the quality of ...

Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

Utvärdering av synaps densitet i hippocampus gnagare hjärnan skivor

In the brain, synapses are specialized junctions between neurons, determining the strength and spread of neuronal signaling. The number of synapses is ...

Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy

Visualisering och levande avbildning av Oligodendrocyte organeller i Organotypic hjärnan skivor med hjälp av Adeno-associerade Virus och konfokalmikroskopi

Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced ...