Name: microfluidic devices for characterizing pore-scale event processes in porous media for oil recovery applications
Uploaded: 2018-01-16T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications at JoVE.com

Vi erkjenner økonomisk støtte fra Rice University konsortiet for prosesser i porøse medier (Houston, TX, USA).

Advarsel: Denne protokollen innebærer håndtering en høy temperatur ovn, giftige kjemikalier, og UV-lyset. Vennligst les alle Studer Produktdatablad nøye og Følg institusjonens kjemiske sikkerhetsretningslinjer.
1. enheten Design
<ol><li>Utforme en photomask i et CAD-program.<ol>
<li>Tegne et rektangulært kanal som er 3 cm lange og 0,5 cm bredt (figur 1b-øverst til høyre).</li>
		<li>Opprette en rekke lukkede figurer som representerer kornene av porøse m...

<ol>
	<li>Blaker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foam+for+Gas+Mobility+Control+in+the+Snorre+Field:+The+FAWAG+Project.">Foam for Gas Mobility Control in the Snorre Field: The FAWAG Project.</a> SPE Reserv Eval Eng. 5 (04), 317-323 (2002).</li><li>Mannhardt, K., Svorst&#248;l, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+oil+saturation+on+foam+propagation+in+Snorre+reservoir+core.">Effect of oil saturation on foam propagation in Snorre reservoir core.</a> J Petrol Sci Eng. 23 (3-4), 189-200 (1999).</li><li>Falls, A. H., Lawson, J. B., Hirasaki, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Noncondensable+Gas+in+Steam+Foams.">The Role of Noncondensable Gas in Steam Foams.</a> J Petrol Technol. 40 (01), 95-104 (1988).</li><li>Hirasaki, G. J., Miller, C. A., Szafranski, R., Lawson, J. B., Akiya, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Surfactant/Foam Process for Aquifer Remediation. , (1997).</li><li>Lv, Q., Li, Z., Li, B., Li, S., Sun, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+Nanoparticle-Surfactant-Stabilized+Foam+as+a+Fracturing+Fluid.">Study of Nanoparticle-Surfactant-Stabilized Foam as a Fracturing Fluid.</a> Ind Eng Chem Res. 54 (38), 9468-9477 (2015).</li><li>Conn, C. A., Ma, K., Hirasaki, G. J., Biswal, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+oil+displacement+with+foam+in+a+microfluidic+device+with+permeability+contrast.">Visualizing oil displacement with foam in a microfluidic device with permeability contrast.</a> Lab Chip. 14 (20), 3968-3977 (2014).</li><li>Ma, K., Liontas, R., Conn, C. A., Hirasaki, G. J., Biswal, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+improved+sweep+with+foam+in+heterogeneous+porous+media+using+microfluidics.">Visualization of improved sweep with foam in heterogeneous porous media using microfluidics.</a> Soft Matter. 8 (41), 10669 (2012).</li><li>Anna, S. L., Bontoux, N., Stone, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+dispersions+using+"flow+focusing"+in+microchannels.">Formation of dispersions using "flow focusing" in microchannels.</a> Appl Phys Lett. 82 (3), 364 (2003).</li><li>Gauteplass, J., Chaudhary, K., Kovscek, A. R., Fern&#248;, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pore-level+foam+generation+and+flow+for+mobility+control+in+fractured+systems.">Pore-level foam generation and flow for mobility control in fractured systems.</a> Colloid Surface A. 468, 184-192 (2015).</li><li>Kovscek, A. R., Radke, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gas+bubble+snap-off+under+pressure-driven+flow+in+constricted+noncircular+capillaries.">Gas bubble snap-off under pressure-driven flow in constricted noncircular capillaries.</a> Colloid Surface A. 117 (1-2), 55-76 (1996).</li><li>G&#233;raud, B., Jones, S. A., Cantat, I., Dollet, B., M&#233;heust, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+flow+of+a+foam+in+a+two-dimensional+porous+medium:+FOAM+FLOW+IN+A+2-D+POROUS+MEDIUM.">The flow of a foam in a two-dimensional porous medium: FOAM FLOW IN A 2-D POROUS MEDIUM.</a> Water Resour Res. 52 (2), 773-790 (2016).</li><li>Lin, Y. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examining+Asphaltene+Solubility+on+Deposition+in+Model+Porous+Media.">Examining Asphaltene Solubility on Deposition in Model Porous Media.</a> Langmuir. 32 (34), 8729-8734 (2016).</li><li>Bartolo, D., Degr&#233;, G., Nghe, P., Studer, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+stickers.">Microfluidic stickers.</a> Lab Chip. 8 (2), 274-279 (2008).</li><li>Kenzhekhanov, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chemical EOR process visualization using NOA81 micromodels. , (2017).</li><li>Zhuang, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Investigation+of+Asphaltene+Deposition+in+a+Transparent+Microchannel.">Experimental Investigation of Asphaltene Deposition in a Transparent Microchannel.</a> Proceedings of the 1st Thermal and Fluid Engineering Summer Conference. , (2016).</li><li>Ma, K., Rivera, J., Hirasaki, G. J., Biswal, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wettability+control+and+patterning+of+PDMS+using+UV-ozone+and+water+immersion.">Wettability control and patterning of PDMS using UV-ozone and water immersion.</a> J Colloid Interf Sci. 363 (1), 371-378 (2011).</li><li>Duffy, D. C., McDonald, J. C., Schueller, O. J. A., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Prototyping+of+Microfluidic+Systems+in+Poly(dimethylsiloxane).">Rapid Prototyping of Microfluidic Systems in Poly(dimethylsiloxane).</a> Anal Chem. 70 (23), 4974-4984 (1998).</li><li>Sollier, E., Murray, C., Maoddi, P., Di Carlo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+prototyping+polymers+for+microfluidic+devices+and+high+pressure+injections.">Rapid prototyping polymers for microfluidic devices and high pressure injections.</a> Lab Chip. 11 (22), 3752 (2011).</li><li>Lee, J. N., Park, C., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+Compatibility+of+Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based+Microfluidic+Devices.">Solvent Compatibility of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Microfluidic Devices.</a> Anal Chem. 75 (23), 6544-6554 (2003).</li><li>Silvestrini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tailoring+the+wetting+properties+of+thiolene+microfluidic+materials.">Tailoring the wetting properties of thiolene microfluidic materials.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (20), 4041 (2012).</li><li>W&#228;gli, P., Homsy, A., de Rooij, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Norland+optical+adhesive+(NOA81)+microchannels+with+adjustable+wetting+behavior+and+high+chemical+resistance+against+a+range+of+mid-infrared-transparent+organic+solvents.">Norland optical adhesive (NOA81) microchannels with adjustable wetting behavior and high chemical resistance against a range of mid-infrared-transparent organic solvents.</a> Sensor Actuat B-Chem. 156 (2), 994-1001 (2011).</li><li>Hung, L. -. H., Lin, R., Lee, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+microfabrication+of+solvent-resistant+biocompatible+microfluidic+devices.">Rapid microfabrication of solvent-resistant biocompatible microfluidic devices.</a> Lab Chip. 8 (6), 983 (2008).</li></ol>

Denne protokollen for å studere olje utvinning prosesser i optisk lim micromodels streiker en balanse mellom robusthet av ikke-polymere micromodels-som glass eller silisium- og lettvinte fabrikasjon av PDMS microfluidic enheter. I motsetning til micromodels laget av glass eller optisk selvklebende, mangler PDMS enheter motstand mot lys organisk arter. PDMS micromodels er heller ikke ideelt for mange eksperimenter fordi overflater av disse enhetene har ustabile wetting egenskaper, og polymer matrise er permeabel gass<sup...

Formålet med denne metoden er å visualisere og analysere multi-fase, multi-komponent væske interaksjoner og komplekse pore skala dynamikk i porøse medier. Strømning og transport i porøse medier har vært rundt i mange år fordi disse systemene er gjelder for flere geologiske prosesser som utvinning, akvifer Utbedring og hydraulisk oppsprekking1,2, 3 , 4 , 5. bruker micromodels for å etterligne disse komplekse pore-strukturer, unik innsikt oppnås ved å visualisere pore nivå dynamisk hendelser mellom de ulike væske fasene og media6,7,8 ,9,10,11.
Fabrikasjon av tradisjonelle silisium-baserte micromodels er dyrt, tidkrevende og utfordrende, men konstruere micromodels fra optisk lim tilbyr en relativt billig, rask og enkelt alternative12,13, 14,15. Sammenlignet med andre polymer-baserte micromodels, utstillinger optisk lim mer stabil overflate wetting egenskaper. For eksempel vil polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micromodel flater raskt bli hydrofobe i løpet av en typisk forskyvning eksperiment16. Videre er den unge modulus av PDMS 2,5 MPa mens det av optisk lim er 325 MPa13,17,18. Dermed er optisk lim mindre utsatt for press indusert deformasjon og kanal feil. Viktigere, er herdet optisk lim mye mer motstandsdyktig mot hevelse av lav molekylvekt organisk komponenter, som lar forsøk med råolje og lys løsemidler å være gjennomført18. Samlet, optisk lim er et godt alternativ til PDMS for forskyvning studier involverer råolje når silisium-baserte micromodels er prohibitively kompleks eller dyre og høy temperatur og trykk studier er ikke nødvendig.
Protokollen som beskrives i denne publikasjonen gir trinnvise fabrikasjon instruksjonene for optisk selvklebende micromodels og rapporter subtile triksene som lykkes i manipulering av små mengder av væske. Design og fabrikasjon av optisk selvklebende basert micromodels med myk litografi er først beskrevet. Deretter er væske forskyvning strategien gitt for ultra-lav flow priser som ofte uoppnåelig med masse flow-kontrollere. Deretter er et representativt eksperimentelle resultat gitt som et eksempel. Dette eksperimentet avslører skum destabilisering og forplantning atferd i nærvær av råolje og heterogene porøse medier. Til slutt, typisk image bearbeiding og dataanalyse er rapportert.
Metoden gitt her er egnet for applikasjoner med multi-fase strøm og interaksjoner i trange microchannel mellomrom. Spesielt denne metoden er optimalisert for karakteristiske mikro-funksjonen resolusjoner større enn 5 og mindre enn 700 µm. typisk flow priser er på 0,1 til 1 mL/t. I studier av råolje eller lett løsemiddel forskyvning av vandig eller gass væsker på parameterne optimalisert på omgivelsesforhold, bør denne protokollen være riktig.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3 mL Leur-Lok Syringe</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14-823-435</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Glass Syringe</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>1482698G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomask</td>
			<td>CAD/Art Services</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon Wafer</td>
			<td>University Wafer</td>
			<td>452</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene-Glycol-Methyl-Ether-Acetate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>484431-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>150 mm Glass Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply</td>
			<td>#721134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Plastic Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply</td>
			<td>#741246</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask Aligner</td>
			<td>EV Group</td>
			<td>EVG 620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mm Biopsy Punch</td>
			<td>Miltex, Plainsboro, NJ</td>
			<td>69031-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Industrial Dispensing Tip</td>
			<td>CML Supply</td>
			<td>Gauge 23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>IX-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma System</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-32G</td>
			<td>Plasma cleaner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimehtylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning, Midland, MI</td>
			<td>SYLGARD 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Norland Optical Adhesive 81 (NOA81) or (OA)</td>
			<td>Norland Products Inc.</td>
			<td>8116</td>
			<td>Optical adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quick-Set Epoxy</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Slides</td>
			<td>Globe Scientic Inc.</td>
			<td>1321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU-8 2015 Photoresist</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2015</td>
			<td>Photo resist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>Fusion 400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Capillary Tubing</td>
			<td>SGE Analytical Science</td>
			<td>1154710C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Speed Camera</td>
			<td>Vision Research</td>
			<td>V 4.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Tubing</td>
			<td>Scientific Commodities Inc.</td>
			<td>#BB31695-PE/3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microfluidic devices for characterizing pore-scale event processes in porous media for oil recovery applications

Microfluidic enheter er allsidig verktøy for å studere transport prosesser på en mikroskopisk skala. En etterspørsel finnes for microfluidic enheter som er resistente mot lav molekylvekt oljekomponenter, i motsetning til tradisjonelle polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) enheter. Her viser vi en lettvint metode for å gjøre en enhet med denne egenskapen, og vi bruker produktet av denne protokollen for å undersøke pore skala mekanismer av hvilke skum gjenoppretter råolje. Et mønster er først utviklet bruker programvare for datamaskinassistert utforming (CAD) og trykt på gjennomsiktighet med en skriver med høy oppløsning. Dette mønsteret er deretter overført til en photoresist via en litografi prosedyre. PDMS er kastet på mønster, herdet i en ovn, og fjernet for å få en mold. En thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, brukte som optisk lim (OA), deretter strømmet ut mold og kurert under UV-lys. PDMS mold skrelles fra optisk selvklebende støpt. En barometer substrate så forberedt, og de to halvdelene av enheten er limt sammen. Optisk lim-baserte enheter er mer robust enn tradisjonelle PDMS microfluidic enheter. Epoxy strukturen er motstandsdyktig mot hevelse av mange organiske løsemidler, som åpner nye muligheter for eksperimenter med lys organisk væsker. I tillegg er overflate wettability virkemåten til disse enhetene mer stabilt enn PDMS. Byggingen av optisk lim microfluidic enheter er enkel, men krever gradvis mer innsats enn inngåelse av PDMS-baserte enheter. Selvklebende måleinstrumenter er stabil i organisk væsker, kan de også utvise redusert bindestyrke etter en lang tid. Optisk lim microfluidic enheter kan gjøres i geometrier som 2D-micromodels for porøse medier. Disse enhetene brukes i studiet av olje forskyvning å forbedre vår forståelse av pore skala mekanismer involvert i økt utvinning og akvifer Utbedring.

I denne eksempel eksperimentet brukes vandig skum til å fortrenge Midtøsten råolje (en viskositet på 5,4 cP) og API alvoret i 40 ° i en heterogen porøse medier med lagdelt permeabilitet kontrast. En PDMS skum generator er koblet til en optisk lim micromodel som tidligere var helt mettet med råolje. Figur 1a viser CAD design av photomask for PDMS skum generator, photoresist-mønstret silisium kjeks og fullførte skum generator med innløp og utløp rør...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications at JoVE.com

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Målet med denne prosedyren er å enkelt og raskt lage en microfluidic enhet med passelig geometri og motstand mot hevelse av organisk væsker for olje utvinning studier. En polydimethylsiloxane mold først genereres, og deretter brukes å kaste epoxy-baserte enheten. En representant forskyvning studie er rapportert.

Microfluidic enheter for å karakterisere Pore skala hendelse prosesser i porøse medier for olje utvinning programmer

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry for its use in oil recovery studies. This method allows us to be able to study multi-phase flows in porous media. By using microfluidic systems to be able to actually visualize these types of complex flows, we can design better enhanced oil recovery methods for large scale reservoir systems.The main advantage of this technique is that it allows us to rapidly gather data and different enhanced oil recovery methods in a safe and cost-effective way. This method can provide insight into enhanced oil recovery mechanisms. It can also be applied to other systems such as CO2 sequestration and aquifer remediation.To begin, design a photo mask consisting of a rectangular channel filled with an array of posts using CAD software. Expose this pattern on a silicone wafer coated with 20 microns of photo resist. And use this master to create a PDMS mold as described in the accompanying text protocol.Place the clean PDMS mold pattern side up in the bottom of a dust free 150 millimeter plastic petri dish. Allow the PDMS to adhere to the plastic for 10 seconds and then protect the surface of the PDMS with clear plastic tape. The procedure may be paused at this point.Next, remove the tape from the pattern surface and pour optical adhesive into the dish to a depth of approximately 0.9 centimeters above the top surface of the mold. Use a cotton swab to gently remove any bubbles that form. Now, cure the optical adhesive using a UV light curing system as described in the accompanying text protocol.Next, use a box cutter to carefully break the optical adhesive out of the mold. Then, use a sturdy pair of scissors to remove excess optical adhesive from the edge of the design. Slowly peel the PDMS mold away from the optical adhesive puck.With a 1 millimeter biopsy punch, create an inlet, an outlet, and drain holes in the device. Finally, use clear tape to protect the patterned portions of the optical adhesive and PDMS surfaces. Place a new glass slide onto a spin coater and dispense one millimeter of optical adhesive onto the slide.Spin coat the slide in two steps. First, spin it at 500 RPM for five seconds and then increase the RPM to 4000 and spin it for 20 seconds. Quickly transfer the substrate to the UV light treatment and partially cure the thin optical adhesive layer under the UV light for 30 seconds.Next, place the optical adhesive cast pattern-side up and the substrate coated-side up in an oxygen plasma cleaner. Pull a vacuum to 540 millitorr. And then plasma treat the surface for 20 seconds.When finished, remove the pieces and firmly press the two treated surfaces together until all undesired air pockets have been minimized or removed. Then, place the device back under the UV light and fully cure it for 20 minutes. Next, place the device on a hot plate heated to 50 degrees celsius for 18 hours.When finished, insert six inch long segments of 0.58 millimeter ID low density polyethylene tubing into each of the ports on the device. Then, add a quickset epoxy to secure the tubing into place. Use tape to secure the microfluidic device on an inverted microscope that is equipped with a high speed camera.Select a 4x objective and focus on an area of interest. Here, the inlet region of the device is shown. Then, load three milliliters of crude or modal oil into a 10 milliliter glass syringe equipped with a 23 gauge industrial dispensing tip.Secure the syringe to the syringe pump holder and set the appropriate diameter value on the syringe pump settings. Next, load one milliliter of the displacing fluid into a three milliliter plastic syringe equipped with a 23 gauge industrial dispensing tip. Secure the syringe in the syringe pump holder and again, set the appropriate diameter value on the syringe pump settings.Connect the displacing fluid to the inlet of the device by inserting the needle tip into the tubing. Then, connect the oil-filled syringe to its port. Begin flowing the oil into the outlet port of the device at two milliliters per hour while simultaneously flowing the displacing fluid into the inlet port at 0.8 milliliters per hour.The optional foam generator will be used for this demonstration. Collect the affluent into a 20 milliliter glass vial until the two fluids both flow out the drain port. The displacing fluid should not enter the porous media, but should instead go directly out the drain until the camera is in place and the filming has begun.Begin filming the area of interest on the porous media device at a frame rate that is fast enough to capture the desired phenomenon. Additionally capture a still image of the 100%oil saturated area. Then, swiftly and simultaneously cut the tubing that is flowing in the oil while clamping the drain tube with a five centimeter binder clip.Allow the displacing fluid to invade the device until either the oil displacement reaches steady state or the camera runs out of memory. Typical results from an oil saturated micro model are shown here. In the fracture region, the foam diverts into the matrixes of lower permeability as expected.The foam is generated through two main mechanisms which can be described as pinch-off and lamella division. Foam destruction can be easily identified in the forms of coalescence, capillary suction, and diffusion coarsening. Following this method, we can actually be able to use these microfluidic systems to study other enhanced oil recovery processes, such as alkaline flooding, polymer flooding, surfactant flooding, as well as being able to use them to study other complex porous media processes such as aquifer remediation.So another area of interest is actually using these microfluidic devices to study carbon capture and sequestration. We can actually see the mechanisms by which carbon dioxide is trapped within the porous media through these microfluidic systems.

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Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Måling av H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S i Crude Oil og Crude Oil Headspace Bruke flerdimensjonale gasskromatografi, Deans Bytte og Svovel-selektive Detection

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

En folde Thermogradient Table å kontrollere jordtemperaturer for Vurderer Plantevekst og overvåking Jord Prosesser

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

En lipidekstraksjons- og analysemetode for karakterisering av jordmikrober i eksperimenter med mange prøver

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Spredning av nanomaterialer i vandige Media: mot protokollen optimalisering

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

Eksperimentelle studier av forholdet mellom partikkelstørrelse og metan absorpsjon kapasitet i skifer

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Metall korrosjon og effektiviteten av korrosjonshemmere i mindre ledende medier

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

Characterizing Microbiome Dynamics &#8211; Flow Cytometry Based Workflows from Pure Cultures to Natural Communities

Karakterisere Microbiome Dynamics-flowcytometri basert arbeidsflyter fra ren kulturer naturlig samfunn

The investigation of pure cultures and monitoring of microbial community dynamics is vital to understand and control natural ecosystems and technical ...

Single-throughput Complementary High-resolution Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Complex Natural Organic Matter Mixtures

Enkelt gjennomstrømming komplementære høyoppløselig analytiske teknikker for å karakterisere komplekse naturlig organisk materiale blandinger

Natural organic matter (NOM) is composed of a highly complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds which, historically, proved difficult to ...

Combining Fluidic Devices with Microscopy and Flow Cytometry to Study Microbial Transport in Porous Media Across Spatial Scales

Kombinere fluidiske enheter med mikroskopi og strømningscytometri for å studere mikrobiell transport i porøse medier på tvers av romlige skalaer

Understanding the transport, dispersion and deposition of microorganisms in porous media is a complex scientific task comprising topics as diverse as ...

An Application for Pairing with Wearable Devices to Monitor Personal Health Status

En applikasjon for sammenkobling med bærbare enheter for å overvåke personlig helsestatus

The current protocol aims to showcase the technology integration, providing a detailed description of adopting the HealthCloud app, developed by the ...