Name: isolation and respiratory measurements of mitochondria from arabidopsis thaliana
Uploaded: 2018-01-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了澳大利亚研究理事会植物能源生物学卓越中心 CE140100008, 澳大利亚研究理事会未来的奖学金 (FT130100112) MWM, 和费奥多 Lynen 研究奖学金 (亚历山大·冯洪堡基金会, 德国) 到 JS。

该协议用于分离的完整的线粒体从拟南芥的器官生长在土壤上使用连续的胶体密度梯度。所有程序在材料的汇集以后在4° c 执行。
1. 研磨介质、洗涤缓冲液和梯度溶液的制备
<ol><li>准备300毫升的研磨介质 (减去抗坏血酸和半胱氨酸) 和200毫升的2x 洗涤缓冲器每表 1在隔离之前的一天, 让他们在4° c 冷。 注: 将钠抗坏血酸和 l-半胱氨酸 (自由基) 添加到最终?...

<ol>
	<li>Day, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highlights+in+plant+mitochondrial+research.+Methods+in+molecular+biology.">Highlights in plant mitochondrial research. Methods in molecular biology.</a> Plant mitochondria. 1305, v-xvi (2015).</li><li>Millar, A. H., Carrie, C., Pogson, B., Whelan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+function-location+nexus:+Using+multiple+lines+of+evidence+in+defining+the+subcellular+location+of+plant+proteins.">Exploring the function-location nexus: Using multiple lines of evidence in defining the subcellular location of plant proteins.</a> Plant Cell. 21 (6), 1625-1631 (2009).</li><li>Eubel, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free-flow+electrophoresis+for+purification+of+plant+mitochondria+by+surface+charge.">Free-flow electrophoresis for purification of plant mitochondria by surface charge.</a> Plant J. 52 (3), 583-594 (2007).</li><li>Murcha, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+import+into+plant+mitochondria:+Signals,+machinery,+processing,+and+regulation.">Protein import into plant mitochondria: Signals, machinery, processing, and regulation.</a> J. Exp. Bot. 65 (22), 6301-6335 (2014).</li><li>Carrie, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaches+to+defining+dual-targeted+proteins+in+Arabidopsis.">Approaches to defining dual-targeted proteins in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant J. 57 (6), 1128-1139 (2009).</li><li>Pinto, G., Radulovic, M., Godovac-Zimmermann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+perspectives+in+the+redox+code+-+Mass+spectrometric+proteomics+studies+of+moonlighting+proteins.">Spatial perspectives in the redox code - Mass spectrometric proteomics studies of moonlighting proteins.</a> Mass Spectrom. Rev. , (2016).</li><li>Day, D. A., Neuburger, M., Douce, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+characterisation+of+chlorophyll-free+mitochondria+from+pea+leaves.">Biochemical characterisation of chlorophyll-free mitochondria from pea leaves.</a> Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 12 (3), 219-228 (1985).</li><li>Boersema, P. J., Raijmakers, R., Lemeer, S., Mohammed, S., Heck, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplex+peptide+stable+isotope+dimethyl+labeling+for+quantitative+proteomics.">Multiplex peptide stable isotope dimethyl labeling for quantitative proteomics.</a> Nat. Protoc. 4 (4), 484-494 (2009).</li><li>Cheah, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Online+oxygen+kinetic+isotope+effects+using+membrane+inlet+mass+spectrometry+can+differentiate+between+oxidases+for+mechanistic+studies+and+calculation+of+their+contributions+to+oxygen+consumption+in+whole+tissues.">Online oxygen kinetic isotope effects using membrane inlet mass spectrometry can differentiate between oxidases for mechanistic studies and calculation of their contributions to oxygen consumption in whole tissues.</a> Anal Chem. 86 (10), 5171-5178 (2014).</li><li>Chrobok, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+the+metabolic+role+of+mitochondria+during+developmental+leaf+senescence.">Dissecting the metabolic role of mitochondria during developmental leaf senescence.</a> Plant Physiol. 172 (4), 2132-2153 (2016).</li><li>Lee, C. P., Eubel, H., O'Toole, N., Millar, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+proteomics+of+root+and+shoot+mitochondria+and+transcript+analysis+to+define+constitutive+and+variable+components+in+plant+mitochondria.">Combining proteomics of root and shoot mitochondria and transcript analysis to define constitutive and variable components in plant mitochondria.</a> Phytochemistry. 72 (10), 1092-1098 (2011).</li><li>Lee, C. P., Eubel, H., Solheim, C., Millar, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+proteome+heterogeneity+between+tissues+from+the+vegetative+and+reproductive+stages+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana+development.">Mitochondrial proteome heterogeneity between tissues from the vegetative and reproductive stages of Arabidopsis thaliana development.</a> J. Proteome Res. 11 (6), 3326-3343 (2012).</li><li>Millar, A. H., Whelan, J., Soole, K. L., Day, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+and+regulation+of+mitochondrial+respiration+in+plants.">Organization and regulation of mitochondrial respiration in plants.</a> Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 62, 79-104 (2011).</li><li>Peters, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+I+-+complex+II+ratio+strongly+differs+in+various+organs+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Complex I - complex II ratio strongly differs in various organs of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Plant Mol. Biol. 79 (3), 273-284 (2012).</li><li>Werhahn, W. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+the+preprotein+translocase+of+the+outer+mitochondrial+membrane+from+Arabidopsis+thaliana:+Identification+of+multiple+forms+of+TOM20.">Purification and characterization of the preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane from Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification of multiple forms of TOM20.</a> Plant Physiol. 125 (2), 943-954 (2001).</li><li>Heazlewood, J. L., Howell, K. A., Whelan, J., Millar, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+an+analysis+of+the+rice+mitochondrial+proteome.">Towards an analysis of the rice mitochondrial proteome.</a> Plant Physiol. 132 (1), 230-242 (2003).</li></ol>

通常, 从拟南芥中分离出的线粒体从大约 80-100 3-4 周的老植株中提取出3毫克的线粒体, 尽管在彻底研磨的情况下, 通常能获得大于5毫克的产量。产量随生长条件而变化, 随叶衰老而显著下降, 虽然线粒体结构在衰老过程中似乎保持良好的9。获得良好的产量的最关键的特点之一是磨削溶解细胞释放线粒体的方法。虽然有许多机械研磨装置可供购买, 但在砂浆和杵中的拟南芥研磨在产?...

植物线粒体研究的历史追溯到100年1。完整的线粒体最早是在二十世纪五十年代早期用离心分离法隔离的。二十世纪八十年代, 胶体密度梯度的出现使线粒体得以纯化而不受渗透调节。虽然梯度纯化的线粒体适用于大多数目的, 由于质谱的敏感性, 甚至相对较小的污染物, 可以检测, 并可能被不适当地分配的线粒体位置2。使用自由流动电泳可以去除 plastidic 和过氧化物污染的3, 但自由流电泳是一种高度专门化的技术, 而且不是绝大多数研究所必需的。此外, 在确定蛋白质的位置时, 需要记住的是, 蛋白质的双重或多重靶向性在细胞中发生。100以上的双重靶向蛋白质被描述为叶绿体/质和线粒体4, 并且一些针对线粒体和过氧化物的蛋白质也被称为5。此外, 蛋白质在特定刺激下的重新,例如氧化应激, 是细胞生物学中一个新兴的主题,6。因此, 蛋白质的位置需要考虑的背景下的生物学研究, 并使用各种方法来确定和验证位置2。
线粒体通常是从植物组织中分离出来的, 通过均匀化, 在打破打开细胞壁释放线粒体, 而不是破坏线粒体之间需要平衡。传统上, 与马铃薯和花椰菜, 均匀化涉及使用家用搅拌器/榨汁机的设备, 使液体提取物在缓冲区与各种组成部分, 以维持活动。从豌豆叶分离线粒体 (一种流行的用于线粒体分离的材料, 使用幼苗 (〜10天), 利用搅拌器来溶解细胞, 因为叶子材料是软的。随着拟南芥 T-DNA 插入淘汰线的可用性, 需要能够净化线粒体进行功能研究, 有必要开发方法分离线粒体从叶, 根或花组织.整体上为其他植物开发的方法运作良好7, 与特权, 磨削的材料需要优化。对于拟南芥, 可以在不同的方式 (见下文), 并不同的组织类型 (根与芽)。连续梯度的使用也可以优化, 因为线粒体的密度从不同的器官或发育阶段意味着它们可以迁移不同。因此, 为最大限度的分离密度的梯度可以细化, 以确保达到最佳的分离。
一旦纯化了线粒体可以用于各种研究, 包括蛋白质和 tRNA 摄取实验, 酶活性测定, 呼吸链测量和西方印迹分析。分离的线粒体也可用于质谱分析蛋白质丰度。有针对性的多反应监测 (MRM) 分析允许量化的定义蛋白质, 但需要显着的发展。相比之下, 通过二甲基或其他同位素标记8进行量化, 提供了一种发现方法, 用于识别整个蛋白质组中的差异, 可以用来揭示新的生物学见解。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ADP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2754</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td>Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AOX antibody</td>
			<td>from Tom Elthon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Elthon et al., 1989</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A0157</td>
			<td>Ascorbate Oxidase from Cucurbita sp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A26209</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Bovogen</td>
			<td>BSAS 1.0</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clarity western ECL substrate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1705061</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Criterion Stain-Free Precast Gels 8-16% 18 Wells</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>5678104</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>60178</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytochrome c</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3131</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Difco Agar, granulated</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiotreitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D0632</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gamborg B-5 Basal Medium</td>
			<td>Austratec</td>
			<td>G398-100L</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gamborg Vitamin Solution (1000x)</td>
			<td>Austratec</td>
			<td>G219-100ML</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H + L)-HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1706516-2ml</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L)-HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1706515-2ml</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C7352-100G</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige &#38; Skoog Basal Salt Mixture (MS)</td>
			<td>Austratec</td>
			<td>M524-100L</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myxothiazol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5580</td>
			<td>Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NADH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N8129</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ndufs4 antibody</td>
			<td>from Etienne Meyer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Meyer et al., 2009</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Propyl gallate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3130</td>
			<td>Chemical, dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Percoll</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0891-01</td>
			<td>Chemical, colloidal density gradient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP40)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PVP40</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium cyanide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>60178</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2256</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply</td>
			<td>SA046</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dithionite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>157953</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A4034-100G</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Succinate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2378</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Chem-Supply</td>
			<td>SA030</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1375</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7 &#183; 10H2O)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221368</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo RTA Midi Nitrocellulose Transfer Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories</td>
			<td>1704271</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Chemical, detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Blocking Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>11921681001</td>
			<td>Chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>XS204</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beakers</td>
			<td>Isolab</td>
			<td>50 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Avanti J-26XP</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>3117-9500</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulator</td>
			<td>Julabo</td>
			<td>1124971</td>
			<td>Attached to oxygen electrode chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flask</td>
			<td>Isolab</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dropper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed angle rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>JA25.5</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Funnel</td>
			<td>Per Alimenti</td>
			<td>14 cm</td>
			<td>For filtering</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gradient pourer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4120</td>
			<td>For preparation of gradients</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic Stirrer ATE</td>
			<td>VELP Scientifica</td>
			<td>F20300165</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miracloth</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>EM475855-1R</td>
			<td>Filtration material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mortar and pestle</td>
			<td>Jamie Oliver</td>
			<td>Granite, 6 Inch</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2view</td>
			<td>Hansatech Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Oxygen monitoring software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygraph Plus System</td>
			<td>Hansatech Instruments</td>
			<td>1187253</td>
			<td>Clark-type oxygen electrode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Artist first choice</td>
			<td>1008R-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Bemis</td>
			<td>PM-996</td>
			<td>plastic paraffin film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>F155001</td>
			<td>For preparation of gradients</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC peristaltic tubing</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>F117930</td>
			<td>For preparation of gradients</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>VELP Scientifica</td>
			<td>OCB</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and respiratory measurements of mitochondria from arabidopsis thaliana

线粒体是植物中许多代谢途径所必需的细胞器, 最显著的是从还原化合物 (如烟酰胺腺嘌呤核苷酸 (NADH) 和黄素腺嘌呤的氧化中生成腺苷三磷酸 (ATP)核苷酸 (FADH2)。完整的注释的拟南芥基因组已经建立了它作为最广泛使用的植物模型系统, 因此需要净化线粒体的各种器官 (叶, 根, 或花) 是必要的充分利用的工具,现在可用于拟南芥研究线粒体生物学。线粒体通过不同的方法与组织的均匀性分离, 接着是一系列的不同的离心步骤, 产生了一种用连续的胶体密度梯度进一步纯化的粗线粒体颗粒。离心.胶体密度材料随后被多个离心步骤去除。从100克的新鲜叶组织开始, 可以常规获得 2-3 毫克的线粒体。呼吸实验在这些线粒体显示典型率 100-250 nmol O2 min-1镁总线粒体蛋白质-1 (NADH 依赖性率) 以使用各种各样的基体和抑制剂的能力确定哪些基板被氧化, 以及替代和细胞色素终端的容量氧化。该协议描述了一种分离方法的线粒体从拟南芥叶片使用连续胶体密度梯度和有效的呼吸测量纯化植物线粒体。

利用该协议, 我们可以通过 SDS 页和免疫检测不同的线粒体蛋白。如图 3A所示, 从水培养组织中分离出来的蛋白质足以检测微弱的带 (2 µg)。信号强度随负载量的增加而增大。对于从板上生长的组织中分离出的线粒体 (图 3B), 可以用免疫替代氧化酶抗体对不同基因型的高光应力处理进行反应。
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Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

拟南芥线粒体的分离和呼吸测量

由于线粒体只占植物细胞的一小部分, 它们需要被纯化以进行一系列的研究。线粒体可以通过同质化的各种植物器官分离, 其次是微分和密度梯度离心, 以获得高纯度的线粒体分数。

Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in numerous metabolic pathways in plants, most notably the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ...

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Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

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Mitochondria and Energy Production

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