Name: pre-conditioning the airways of mice with bleomycin increases the efficiency of orthotopic lung cancer cell engraftment
Uploaded: 2018-06-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment at JoVE.com

이 연구는 국립 암 연구소 (R01CA166376 및 D.X. 구 엔에 R01CA191489)와 국방부 (W81XWH-16-1-0227 D.X. 구 엔 하)에서 교부 금에 의해 투자 되었다.

모든 실험 프로토콜 기관 동물 관리 및 사용 위원회 (IACUC) 예일 대학에 의해 승인에 따라 실행 되었다.
1. 설정 /는 시 약의 준비.
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Bleomycin 주의: 기반에 세계 조화 시스템 (GHS) 분류와 화학 물질의 라벨, bleomycin GHS08 건강 위험으로 분류 됩니다.<ol>
<li>화학 후드에서 bleomycin을 준비 합니다. 멸 균 인산 염의 5 mL로 15 U resuspend 버퍼링 식 염 수 (PBS).</li>
		<li>Aliquo...

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눈에 띄는 임상 유사물 폐암 및 폐36의 다른 만성 질환 사이 문서화 되었습니다. 특히, 환자 특 발성 폐 섬유 증 (IPF) 개발 폐암에 대 한 증가 취향이 있고이 협회는 독립적인 역사37,38흡연의. IPF 폐 건축과 ECM39의 증 착을 통해 장애인된 호흡 기능의 진보적인 파괴에 의해 특징입니다. 또한, 외과 절제술 다음 초기 단계 N...

폐암은 주요 원인의 암 관련 사망 세계1. 폐암 환자 결국 굴복 하는 전이에서 먼 장기에, 특히 중앙 신경 조직, 간, 부 신 분 비, 및 뼈2,,34. 흉부 악성 작은 세포 폐 암 (SCLC) 또는 비 작은 세포 폐 암 (NSCLC)5전통적으로 분류 되어 있다. NSCLC 이며 가장 자주 암 진단 폐 선 암 (LUAD)와 폐 편평 상피 세포 암 (LUSC)6을 포함 하 여 다른 조직학 하위로 세분화 될 수 있습니다. 절제 인간의 기본 폐 암의 게놈 분석 주어진된 histotype 내 종양 또한 다양 한 분자 섭, 더 그들의 분기 임상 진행에 기여 하 고 환자의 예 후를 혼동을 표현할 수 있는 공개 했다. 폐 암의 놀라운이 합리적인 디자인, 전 임상 테스트 및 효과적인 치료 전략의 구현에 중요 한 도전을 나타냅니다. 따라서, 다양 한 세포 기원, 분자 하위,이 질병의 단계를 공부 하 고 온순한 실험 폐 암 모델의 레 퍼 토리를 확장 하는 필요가 있다.
동물 모델을 사용 하 여 다양 한 접근 폐 암에서 공부 vivo에서, 각각의 생물 학적 질문에 따라 그들의 자신의 장단점을 고용 했습니다. 유전자 조작된 마우스 모델 (GEMMs) 주어진된 조상 세포 유형, 종양 immunocompetent 호스트7그 진행 결과에 특정 유전 변경 대상 수 있습니다. 매우 강력 하 고 임상 관련, 대기 시간, 변화, 및 폐 종양 사망률 GEMMs와 관련 된 특정 양적 측정 및 먼 장기8에 늦게 단계 전이의 탐지 금지 될 수 있습니다. 상호 보완적인 접근 이식 모델, 폐 암 세포, 마우스 종양에서 직접 하거나 문화, 설립된 셀 라인으로 먼저 파생 된 syngeneic 호스트에 다시 도입 이다 그것에 의하여의 사용 이다. 비슷하게, 폐 암 xenografts 인간 세포 선 또는 환자 파생된 종양 샘플에서 설정 됩니다. 인간 세포 선 xenografts 또는 환자 파생된 xenografts (PDXs)는 일반적으로 immunocompromised 쥐에서 하 고 따라서 완전 한 면역 감시9배제. 이 결점에도 불구 하 고 그들은 인간 biospecimens 연구 기본적인 vivo에서 속성과 GEMM 종양 보다 더 복잡 한 게놈 착오에 대 한 인코딩 인간 암 세포의 양의 제한 전파 하는 수단을 제공 합니다.
이식 및 xenografts 하나의 유용한 속성은 전통적인 제한 셀 희석 분석 실험, 종양 세포 (TICs)을 시작 하는 악성 세포 인구10의 주파수 척도를 고용 의무가 다는 것. 이 실험에서 셀의 정의 수는 동물의 측면으로 피하 주입 하 고 TICs의 주파수를 종양 걸릴 속도에 따라 예상할 수 있는. 그러나 피하 종양은 더 hypoxic11 수 있으며 폐 종양 microenvironment의 주요 생리 적인 제약을 모델링 하지 않을 수 있습니다. 쥐의 폐에 상피 줄기 또는 조상 세포의 Intratracheal 배달 폐 중생과 기도 줄기 세포 생물학12공부 하는 방법입니다. 그러나,이 기술은에서 engraftment 속도 폐 손상, 바이러스 감염13,14등의 생리 적 형태를 먼저 받게 됩니다 않는 한 상대적으로 낮은 수 있습니다. 자극적인 stromal 세포에서 지원 및 폐 지하실 막의 장애 원심 항공15벽 감 관련 줄기 세포로 이식된 세포의 보존을 높일 수 있습니다. 에이전트를 유도 하는 섬유 증 폐 engraftment 유도 만능 세포16 및17중간 엽 줄기 세포 강화에 사전 조건 또한 수 있습니다. 비슷한 형태의 기도 부상 engraftment 속도 영향을 미칠 수 있습니다, 여부를 종양 시작 용량 및 폐 암 세포의 파생물은 아직 체계적으로 평가 한다.
이 연구에서 우리는 사전 조건 부상으로 쥐의 폐에 의해 orthotopic 폐 암 세포 engraftment의 효율성을 증가 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. LUAD는 수시로 빈약한 예 지19와 상관 관계가 거리 기질18 개발이 암의 중요 한 하위 집합으로 원심 항공에서 발생 한다. Bleomycin polyketide-자연 nonribosomal 하이브리드 펩 티 드은 쥐20에 폐 섬유 증을 유도 하기 위해 광범위 하 게 이용 되어. Bleomycin의 기도 점 먼저 상피 마찰을 포에 염증 세포, 대 식 세포, 호 중구, monocytes21등의 채용을 승진 시킨다. 이것은 원심 항공, 지하실 멤브레인 개편22,23 , 세포 외 기질 (ECM) 증 착24에 개장 하는 조직에 의해 선행 된다. 대부분 연구25에서 30 일 후 해결 하는 섬유 증과 단일 bleomycin 주입의 효과 일시적 이며, 이식 및이 종이 식 모델을 사용 하 여, 사전 조건 bleomycin와 쥐의 기도 폐에서 LUAD 셀의 포획 률 증가 크게 수 테스트.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B5507-15UN</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Exel Catheter 24G</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1484121</td>
			<td>Remove needle. For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (Ketaset inl 100 mg/mL C3N 10 mL)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>56344</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>33198</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketoprofen, 5,000 mg</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>10006661</td>
			<td>Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Veterinary Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>BUTLER ANIMAL HEALTH COMPANY LLC</td>
			<td>8897</td>
			<td>To prevent eye dryness while under anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin powder</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td>For luminescent imaging. Reconstitute powder with PBS for a working concentration of 15mg/mL. Protect from Light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Intubation stand</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RIS-100</td>
			<td>Recommended stand for intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MI-150 ILLUMINATOR 150W MI-150</td>
			<td>DOLAN-JENNER INDUSTRIES</td>
			<td>MI-150 / EEG2823M</td>
			<td>To illuminate and visualize trachea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps, 2.75 (7 cm) long serrat</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5111</td>
			<td>For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Luer-Lok Sterile 5ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Satiny Smooth by Conair Dual Foil Wet/Dry Rechargeable Shaver</td>
			<td>Conair</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To shave mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn Scissors, 3.5&#34; straight 15 mm sharp/sharp sure cut blades</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5840SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial Scintillation 7 mL Borosilicate Glass GPI</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>701350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter pipette tips (200 &#956;L)</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1120-8710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum USDA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2942-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain 0.4%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask T/C 75cm sq canted neck, blue cap</td>
			<td>Fisher / Corning</td>
			<td>353135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum Xenogen Bioluminiscence</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>124262</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Living image software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>128113</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XGI-8 Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>118918</td>
			<td>For Isoflurane anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Ultra-Fine II Short Needle Insulin Syringe 1 cc. 31 G x 8 mm (5/16 in)</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>BD328418</td>
			<td>For retro-orbital luciferin injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-434</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G x 1/2 in. needle</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>305111</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>43368-9M</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS07, GHS08. For fixing tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-Lite Pipette, Unv. SL-200XLS+</td>
			<td>METTLER-TOLEDO INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>17014411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#39;s Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>517-28-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y stain 0.25% (w/v) in 57%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masson Trichrome Stain Kit</td>
			<td>IMEB Inc</td>
			<td>K7228</td>
			<td>For masson trichrome stain to visualize collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost plus glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1255015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>C3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Mycoplasma Detection Kit</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-1012K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Embedding compound</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>62550-12</td>
			<td>For embedding tissue for frozen sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica CM3050 S Research Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050 S</td>
			<td>To section tissue for staining analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keyence All-in One Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Keyence</td>
			<td>BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>US National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>IJ1.46</td>
			<td>http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism 7.0 for Mac OS X</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Athymic (Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu) mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>NIH-553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6129SF1/J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>101043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH-H2030 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-5914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>368T1</td>
			<td>generously provided by Monte Winslow (Standford University)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC9 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2030 BrM3 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pre-conditioning the airways of mice with bleomycin increases the efficiency of orthotopic lung cancer cell engraftment

폐 암은 생물학적으로 이기종은 치명적인 치료 내 화 질병입니다. 이해 하 고 효과적으로 치료 흉부 악성의 전체 임상 스펙트럼, 다양 한 인간의 폐 암 하위 유형 및 단계 정리 수 추가적인 동물 모델 필요 합니다. 이식 또는 종이 식 모델 다재 다능 하 고 tumorigenic 용량에 vivo에서, murine 또는 인간 기원의 악성 세포를 사용 하 여의 정량화를 활성화. 그러나, 폐 암 세포 engraftment의 앞에서 설명한 방법 orthotopic 이식 세포는 폐로의 비 효율으로 인해 마우스의 측면 등 생리 적 비 사이트에서 수행 되었습니다. 이 연구에서 우리가 미리 섬유 증 유도 에이전트 bleomycin와 쥐의 기도 조절 하 여 orthotopic 폐 암 세포 engraftment를 강화 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 개념 증명 실험으로 우리 쥐의 다양 한 긴장으로 마우스 또는 인간의 소스에서 얻은 폐 선 암 하위의 종양 세포를 engraft에이 접근을 적용. 우리는 0-17에서 종양 세포의 engraftment 증가 종양 세포 주입 전에 bleomycin과 항공 부상 입증 71-100% %. 상당히,이 방법은 폐 종양 발생과 이후의 파생물을 다른 모델 및 마우스 긴장을 사용 하 여 향상. 또한, engrafted 폐 암 세포 관련 먼 장기로는 폐에서 보급. 따라서, 설정 하 고 셀 또는 biospecimen의 양의 제한 폐암의 새로운 orthotopic 모델을 유지 하 고 양적 폐 암 세포 생리학 관련 설정에서의 tumorigenic 용량을 평가 하기 위해 사용할 수 있는 프로토콜 제공 .

LUAD 암 세포 engraftment 쥐의 폐에의 효율성 증가, 우리는 먼저 사전 조건 항공 bleomycin orthotopic 종양 세포 주입 (그림 1) 다음을 사용 하 여 프로토콜 개발. 우리는 immunocompromised athymic 마우스에 투여 하는 경우에 bleomycin 과도 섬유 증에 의해 유도 된 하루 14 기도 건축과 증가 교원 질 공 술 서 (그림 2)의 손실에 의해 입증으로 확인 했...

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Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment

상해 항공을 미리 조절 하 여 murine 폐에 폐 암 세포의 orthotopic engraftment를 크게 향상 하는 방법을 설명 합니다. 이 방법은 또한 폐 microenvironment, 전이성 보급, 폐 암 공동 morbidities stromal 상호 작용 연구에 적용 될 수 있습니다 그리고 파생 xenografts 환자를 보다 효율적으로 생성 하.

Orthotopic 폐 암 세포 Engraftment의 효율성 증가 사전 조건 Bleomycin와 쥐의 기도

Lung cancer is a deadly treatment refractory disease that is biologically heterogeneous. To understand and effectively treat the full clinical spectrum of ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to increase the efficiency of transplanting tumor-initiating lung cancer cells into the airways of mice. This method can help establish new preclinical models in order to answer key questions in cancer biology, including the causes of drug resistance and relationship between fibrosis and lung cancer. The main advantage of this technique is that it increase the transplantation efficiency of tumor-initiating cells into the lungs of a variety of mouse strains.The implications of this technique extend toward therapy, because it enables us to model a greater variety of human lung cancer subtypes, known to have different clinical responses to treatment. For this protocol, the mice must first be injected with bleomycin. Then, after 14 days, the tumor cells are injected.The procedure for both injections is very similar and described here. Two hours prior to the injection, thaw the bleomycin stock on ice and dilute it to the working concentration. Keep it on ice.For a cell bolus, have a cell suspension prepared as described in the text protocol. The procedure time for each mouse is about 10 minutes all together. Be certain to confirm proper anesthesia using a toe pinch, and apply vet ointment to the eyes.At this time, if the mouse has dark hair, then shave the entire rib area both ventrally and dorsally so it can be imaged correctly. Then, place the mouse on the intubation platform by securing it by its front teeth with it's back against the platform. If a cell bolus is to be injected, resuspend it now with gentle trituration.Now illuminate the upper-chest region, open the mouth, and gently pull out the tongue using flat forceps. Prepare an IV catheter for the trachea by removing the needle, then position it over the tracheal opening. Next, insert the catheter into the trachea until the top of the catheter is near the front teeth and illuminate the interior of the catheter to confirm its placement.Then, dispense the 50 microliters of freshly made bleomycin, or cell suspension, directly into the catheter. Wait a few seconds for the entire volume to travel down the catheter. Then, remove the catheter and dispose of it in 10%bleach.If the mouse is not inhaling the liquid, carefully monitor its breathing and adjust the catheter position. If the mouse stops breathing, immediately remove the catheter and allow the mouse to breath before you reinsert the catheter in. After removing the catheter, continue performing the procedure to have five treated mice, still anesthetized, and ready to image.For recovery, place the mouse supine on an IACUC approved heating pad in a recovery cage and monitor it until it has fully recovered. Two or three minutes after injecting the cells, inject 100 microliters of luciferin retro-orbitally, using an insulin needle. Alternate the eye used for injection every imaging session.After waiting at lest two minutes, position up to five mice in an animal bioluminescence imager, in the sternal recumbency position and acquire a dorsal picture using luminescence settings. Under the control panel, adjust the resolution and sensitivity settings, to measure the luminescence of the cells. For most applications, start with three minutes, set the binning to medium, set the f/stop to one, set the field of view to d, and set the subject height to 1.5.If the injection was successful, a signal is detected in the upper chest area in one lung or both lungs. If cells are clustered at the entrance of the trachea, the injection was unsuccessful. After taking the dorsal image, flip the mice and acquire a ventral image and adjust the setting as needed.After imaging, proceed with postoperative care as described in the text protocol. Then, repeat this imaging protocol three days post-engraftment and weekly thereafter. To analyze the images, use a bioluminescence analysis software.First, load all the appropriate images in the series. This section is detailed to one software package. Next, for each mouse, in the first image of the series, create a square region of interest and position it over the upper chest area covering the entire lung region.Then, using a right click, access the copy all regions of interest function, and use this tool to apply the same regions of interest to each image in the group. Then, within each image, tweak the positions of the squares to cover the upper chest of each mouse. Do this for both the ventral and dorsal views.Now, in the upper left corner of the image window, select the photons function. Then select the measure option. The data from the regions of interest is then displayed in an output table as total flux.Analyze this data as needed. When immune compromised, athymic mice were treated with bleomycin. Prior to cell-bolus engraftment, transient fibrosis was observed by day 14 in bleomycin-treated mice, but not vehicle-treated mice.Next, cells from the established human lung cancer cell line, H2030, were delivered intratracheally into the lungs of these mice. After 35 days, bleomycin-treated mice had a high lung-tumor burden. However, in vehicle treated animals, no tumors were detected.The lung-tumor burden was confirmed using histology. Lungs pretreated with vehicle had no evidence of tumor nodules, whereas bleomycin pretreated lungs had large tumor nodules. After transplanting a metastatic H2030 BrM 3 cell line, by 39 to 57 days, bioluminescence was too intense for imaging, so metastasis was analyzed in distant organs ex vivo.Small lesions could be detected in various tissues, suggesting that this method holds promise, to study spontaneously disseminated disease. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 minutes per cage of five mice without imaging and 20 minutes per cage when also imaging the mice. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to ensure proper insertion of the catheter and to monitor the animal's breathing.Following this procedure, other methods like pharmacological studies or aminoacetic chemistry of harvested tissue can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like how engrafted tumors respond to drugs or characterizing tumor stromal interactions specific to the lungs. After its development, this technique can be applied to different mouse strains and tumor models, including patient-derived xenografts in a physiologically relevant setting. Don't forgot that working with bleomycin can be extremely hazardous and precautions such as manipulation in a biohazard hood and proper disposal should always be taken while performing this procedure.

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