Name: pre-conditioning the airways of mice with bleomycin increases the efficiency of orthotopic lung cancer cell engraftment
Uploaded: 2018-06-28T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment at JoVE.com

Este estudo foi financiado por concessões do Instituto Nacional de câncer (R01CA166376 e R01CA191489 para D.X. Nguyen) e o departamento de defesa (W81XWH-16-1-0227 para D.X. Nguyen).

Todos os experimentos foram realizados em conformidade com os protocolos aprovados pelo cuidado institucional do Animal e Comissão de utilização (IACUC) na Universidade de Yale.
1. configurar / preparação dos reagentes.
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Bleomicina Atenção: Com base na globalmente harmonizado sistema (GHS) de classificação e rotulagem de produtos químicos, bleomicina é classificada como um perigo para a saúde GHS08.<ol>
<li>Prepare a bleomicina em uma capa de química....

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Marcantes clínicos paralelos foram documentados entre câncer de pulmão e outras doenças crônicas do pulmão36. Em particular, pacientes com fibrose pulmonar idiopática (IPF) tem uma predileção maior para desenvolver câncer de pulmão, e esta associação é independente de fumar história37,38. IPF é caracterizada pela destruição progressiva da arquitetura pulmonar e insuficiência respiratória através da deposição de ECM<s...

Câncer de pulmão é a principal causa de câncer relacionados a mortes em todo o mundo1. Pacientes com câncer de pulmão eventualmente sucumbiram de metástase para órgãos distantes, nomeadamente para o sistema nervoso central, fígado, glândulas supra-renais e os ossos2,3,4. Malignidade torácica foram tradicionalmente classificada como câncer de pulmão de pequenas células (CPPC) ou não-pequenas células lung cancer (NSCLC)5. CPNPC é o mais frequentemente diagnosticado malignidade e podem ser subdividido em diferentes subtipos histológicos, incluindo adenocarcinoma do pulmão (LUAD) e pulmão carcinoma de células escamosas (LUSC)6. Análise genômica dos cancros do pulmão primário humano ressecadas revelou que tumores dentro de um determinado histotype também podem expressar diversas perturbações moleculares, ainda mais, contribuindo para sua progressão clínica divergente e confundindo o prognóstico do paciente. A notável heterogeneidade dos cancros do pulmão representa um desafio significativo para o projeto racional, testes pré-clínicos e implementação de estratégias terapêuticas eficazes. Consequentemente, há uma necessidade de ampliar o repertório de modelos de câncer de pulmão experimental tractable para estudar as diversas origens celulares, subtipos moleculares e fases desta doença.
Várias abordagens usando modelos animais têm sido empregadas para estudar pulmão câncer na vivo, cada um com suas próprias vantagens e desvantagens dependendo as questÃ µ es biológicas de interesse. Modelos do rato geneticamente modificados (GEMMs) podem direcionar alterações genéticas específicas em um tipo de células progenitoras determinado, resultando em tumores que o progresso dentro de um hospedeiro imunocompetentes7. Embora extremamente poderoso e clinicamente relevantes, a morbidade de latência, variabilidade e/ou pulmão tumor associada com GEMMs pode ser proibitiva para certas medidas quantitativas e a detecção de metástases de fase final em órgãos distantes8. Uma abordagem complementar é o uso de modelos de aloenxerto, segundo o qual as células de câncer de pulmão, obtidos diretamente a partir de um tumor de rato ou derivado primeiro como linhagens celulares estabelecidas na cultura, são re-introduzidas em syngeneic anfitriões. De forma análoga, xenografts de câncer de pulmão são estabelecidos de amostras de paciente tumor derivado ou linhas de células humanas. Xenografts de linha celular humana ou pacientes derivadas xenografts (PDXs) são geralmente mantidos em ratos imunodeprimidos e, portanto, impedem a completa vigilância imune9. Apesar desta desvantagem, eles fornecem uma avenida para propagar a limitar as quantidades de humano biospecimens e estudo fundamental na vivo Propriedades de células cancerosas humanas, que codificam as aberrações genômicas mais complexas que os tumores GEMM.
Uma propriedade útil de aloenxertos e xenografts é que eles são receptivos a tradicional ensaios limitante de diluição de célula, empregados para quantificar a frequência de tumor iniciando células (TICs) dentro de uma população de células malignas10. Nesses experimentos, um número definido de células é injetado por via subcutânea o flanco dos animais e a frequência de tiques pode ser estimada com base na taxa de tomada de tumor. Tumores subcutâneos, entretanto, podem ser mais hipóxico11 e não podem modelo chaves restrições fisiológicas do microambiente do tumor de pulmão. Entrega de intratraqueal de tronco epitelial ou progenitoras para os pulmões de ratos é um método para estudar a regeneração pulmonar e das vias respiratórias de biologia de células-tronco12. No entanto, a taxa de enxertia desta técnica pode ser relativamente baixa, a menos que os pulmões são primeiro sujeitas a formas fisiológicas de lesão, tais como infecção viral13,14. Suporte de células estromais inflamatórias e/ou a ruptura da membrana de porão pulmão pode melhorar a retenção das células transplantadas em nichos de células-tronco relevantes na vias aéreas distais15. Fibrose, induzindo agentes também pode pre-condição os pulmões para melhorar a enxertia de células pluripotentes induzidas16 e células-tronco mesenquimais17. Se formas semelhantes de lesão das vias respiratórias podem afetar a taxa de enxertia, capacidade inicial de tumor e a consequência natural de células de câncer de pulmão deve ainda ser sistematicamente avaliada.
Neste estudo, descrevemos um método para aumentar a eficiência de ortotópico enxertia de células de câncer pulmonar, por pré-condicionamento nos pulmões de ratos com lesão. LUAD surge nas vias aéreas distais com um subconjunto significativo desses cânceres desenvolvendo um estroma fibrótico18 que muitas vezes se correlaciona com o prognóstico pobre19. Bleomicina, um peptídeo de híbrido natural nonribosomal-policetídeo, tem sido amplamente utilizada para induzir fibrose pulmonar em ratos20. Instilação de vias aéreas de bleomicina promove primeiro atrito epitelial nos alvéolos e recrutamento de células inflamatórias, incluindo macrófagos, neutrófilos e monócitos21. Isto é seguido por tecido remodelação nas vias aéreas distais, membrana basal reorganização22,23 e deposição de matriz extracelular (ECM)24. Os efeitos de uma injeção de bleomicina único são transitórios, com fibrose resolvendo após 30 dias na maioria dos estudos25. Usando modelos tanto aloenxertos e xenoenxertos, testamos se pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina poderia aumentar significativamente a taxa de tomada de células LUAD nos pulmões.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B5507-15UN</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Exel Catheter 24G</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1484121</td>
			<td>Remove needle. For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (Ketaset inl 100 mg/mL C3N 10 mL)</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>56344</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Butler Schein</td>
			<td>33198</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketoprofen, 5,000 mg</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>10006661</td>
			<td>Analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puralube Veterinary Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>BUTLER ANIMAL HEALTH COMPANY LLC</td>
			<td>8897</td>
			<td>To prevent eye dryness while under anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin powder</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td>For luminescent imaging. Reconstitute powder with PBS for a working concentration of 15mg/mL. Protect from Light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Intubation stand</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RIS-100</td>
			<td>Recommended stand for intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MI-150 ILLUMINATOR 150W MI-150</td>
			<td>DOLAN-JENNER INDUSTRIES</td>
			<td>MI-150 / EEG2823M</td>
			<td>To illuminate and visualize trachea</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps, 2.75 (7 cm) long serrat</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5111</td>
			<td>For intratracheal injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Luer-Lok Sterile 5ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Satiny Smooth by Conair Dual Foil Wet/Dry Rechargeable Shaver</td>
			<td>Conair</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To shave mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonn Scissors, 3.5&#34; straight 15 mm sharp/sharp sure cut blades</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5840SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vial Scintillation 7 mL Borosilicate Glass GPI</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>701350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter pipette tips (200 &#956;L)</td>
			<td>USA SCIENTIFIC INC</td>
			<td>1120-8710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum USDA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2942-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain 0.4%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask T/C 75cm sq canted neck, blue cap</td>
			<td>Fisher / Corning</td>
			<td>353135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Spectrum Xenogen Bioluminiscence</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>124262</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Living image software</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>128113</td>
			<td>For in vivo bioluminescence analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XGI-8 Gas Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer Health Sciences Inc</td>
			<td>118918</td>
			<td>For Isoflurane anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Ultra-Fine II Short Needle Insulin Syringe 1 cc. 31 G x 8 mm (5/16 in)</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>BD328418</td>
			<td>For retro-orbital luciferin injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1ml</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>14-823-434</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 G x 1/2 in. needle</td>
			<td>BD / Fisher</td>
			<td>305111</td>
			<td>For intraperitoneal injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>43368-9M</td>
			<td>CAUTION Health hazard GHS07, GHS08. For fixing tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet-Lite Pipette, Unv. SL-200XLS+</td>
			<td>METTLER-TOLEDO INTERNATIONAL</td>
			<td>17014411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer&#39;s Hematoxylin</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>517-28-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin Y stain 0.25% (w/v) in 57%</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>67-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masson Trichrome Stain Kit</td>
			<td>IMEB Inc</td>
			<td>K7228</td>
			<td>For masson trichrome stain to visualize collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost plus glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1255015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>C3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Mycoplasma Detection Kit</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>30-1012K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Embedding compound</td>
			<td>ELECTRON MICROSCOPY SCIENCES</td>
			<td>62550-12</td>
			<td>For embedding tissue for frozen sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica CM3050 S Research Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050 S</td>
			<td>To section tissue for staining analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keyence All-in One Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Keyence</td>
			<td>BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>US National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>IJ1.46</td>
			<td>http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ download.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism 7.0 for Mac OS X</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Athymic (Crl:NU(NCr)-Foxn1nu) mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>NIH-553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>5557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B6129SF1/J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>101043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIH-H2030 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-5914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>368T1</td>
			<td>generously provided by Monte Winslow (Standford University)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC9 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2030 BrM3 cells</td>
			<td>Nguyen DX et al. Cell. 2009;138:51&#8211;62</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pre-conditioning the airways of mice with bleomycin increases the efficiency of orthotopic lung cancer cell engraftment

Câncer de pulmão é uma doença refratária tratamento mortal que é biologicamente heterogênea. Para compreender e tratar eficazmente o espectro completo clínico de malignidade torácica, são necessários modelos animais adicionais que podem recapitular estágios e subtipos de câncer de pulmão humano diverso. Aloenxerto ou enxerto heterólogo modelos são versáteis e permitem a quantificação da capacidade tumorigênico em vivo, usando células malignas de origem humana ou murino. No entanto, métodos anteriormente descritos de enxertia de células de câncer de pulmão foram realizados em locais não-fisiológicas, tais como o flanco dos ratos, devido a ineficiência de transplante ortotópico de células para os pulmões. Neste estudo, descrevemos um método para melhorar a ortotópico enxertia do pulmão câncer célula pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina de agente induzindo a fibrose. Como um experimento de prova de conceito, nós aplicamos esta abordagem para engraft células tumorais de subtipo de adenocarcinoma do pulmão, obtidos de fontes humanas, ou rato em várias cepas de ratos. Demonstramos que ferir as vias aéreas com bleomicina antes da injeção de células de tumor aumenta a enxertia de células tumorais de 0-17% a 71-100%. Significativamente, esse método aprimorado incidência de tumor de pulmão e consequência subsequente usando modelos e diferentes cepas de rato. Além disso, células de câncer de pulmão engrafted disseminam dos pulmões em órgãos distantes relevantes. Assim, nós fornecemos um protocolo que pode ser usado para estabelecer e manter novos modelos ortotópico de câncer de pulmão com limitação da quantidade de células ou biospecimen e avaliar quantitativamente a oncogenicidade capacidade das células de câncer de pulmão em configurações fisiologicamente relevantes .

Para aumentar a eficiência da enxertia de célula de câncer LUAD nos pulmões de ratos, desenvolvemos um protocolo que primeiro pre-condições das vias aéreas utilizando a bleomicina seguida por injeção de células de tumor ortotópico (Figura 1). Confirmamos que, mesmo quando administrado em ratos imunodeprimidos modelo, bleomicina induzido fibrose transitória por dia 14, como evidenciado pela perda da arquitetura das vias aéreas e a deposição de c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment at JoVE.com

Pre-Conditioning the Airways of Mice with Bleomycin Increases the Efficiency of Orthotopic Lung Cancer Cell Engraftment

Nós descrevemos um método para melhorar significativamente a enxertia ortotópico de células de câncer de pulmão aos pulmões murino pelo pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas com lesão. Esta abordagem também pode ser aplicada para estudar interações do estroma dentro do microambiente pulmonar, disseminação metastática, co-morbidades do câncer pulmonar, e gerar mais eficiência paciente derivada xenografts.

Pré-condicionamento das vias aéreas de ratos com bleomicina aumenta a eficiência da enxertia de célula de câncer pulmão ortotópico

Lung cancer is a deadly treatment refractory disease that is biologically heterogeneous. To understand and effectively treat the full clinical spectrum of ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to increase the efficiency of transplanting tumor-initiating lung cancer cells into the airways of mice. This method can help establish new preclinical models in order to answer key questions in cancer biology, including the causes of drug resistance and relationship between fibrosis and lung cancer. The main advantage of this technique is that it increase the transplantation efficiency of tumor-initiating cells into the lungs of a variety of mouse strains.The implications of this technique extend toward therapy, because it enables us to model a greater variety of human lung cancer subtypes, known to have different clinical responses to treatment. For this protocol, the mice must first be injected with bleomycin. Then, after 14 days, the tumor cells are injected.The procedure for both injections is very similar and described here. Two hours prior to the injection, thaw the bleomycin stock on ice and dilute it to the working concentration. Keep it on ice.For a cell bolus, have a cell suspension prepared as described in the text protocol. The procedure time for each mouse is about 10 minutes all together. Be certain to confirm proper anesthesia using a toe pinch, and apply vet ointment to the eyes.At this time, if the mouse has dark hair, then shave the entire rib area both ventrally and dorsally so it can be imaged correctly. Then, place the mouse on the intubation platform by securing it by its front teeth with it's back against the platform. If a cell bolus is to be injected, resuspend it now with gentle trituration.Now illuminate the upper-chest region, open the mouth, and gently pull out the tongue using flat forceps. Prepare an IV catheter for the trachea by removing the needle, then position it over the tracheal opening. Next, insert the catheter into the trachea until the top of the catheter is near the front teeth and illuminate the interior of the catheter to confirm its placement.Then, dispense the 50 microliters of freshly made bleomycin, or cell suspension, directly into the catheter. Wait a few seconds for the entire volume to travel down the catheter. Then, remove the catheter and dispose of it in 10%bleach.If the mouse is not inhaling the liquid, carefully monitor its breathing and adjust the catheter position. If the mouse stops breathing, immediately remove the catheter and allow the mouse to breath before you reinsert the catheter in. After removing the catheter, continue performing the procedure to have five treated mice, still anesthetized, and ready to image.For recovery, place the mouse supine on an IACUC approved heating pad in a recovery cage and monitor it until it has fully recovered. Two or three minutes after injecting the cells, inject 100 microliters of luciferin retro-orbitally, using an insulin needle. Alternate the eye used for injection every imaging session.After waiting at lest two minutes, position up to five mice in an animal bioluminescence imager, in the sternal recumbency position and acquire a dorsal picture using luminescence settings. Under the control panel, adjust the resolution and sensitivity settings, to measure the luminescence of the cells. For most applications, start with three minutes, set the binning to medium, set the f/stop to one, set the field of view to d, and set the subject height to 1.5.If the injection was successful, a signal is detected in the upper chest area in one lung or both lungs. If cells are clustered at the entrance of the trachea, the injection was unsuccessful. After taking the dorsal image, flip the mice and acquire a ventral image and adjust the setting as needed.After imaging, proceed with postoperative care as described in the text protocol. Then, repeat this imaging protocol three days post-engraftment and weekly thereafter. To analyze the images, use a bioluminescence analysis software.First, load all the appropriate images in the series. This section is detailed to one software package. Next, for each mouse, in the first image of the series, create a square region of interest and position it over the upper chest area covering the entire lung region.Then, using a right click, access the copy all regions of interest function, and use this tool to apply the same regions of interest to each image in the group. Then, within each image, tweak the positions of the squares to cover the upper chest of each mouse. Do this for both the ventral and dorsal views.Now, in the upper left corner of the image window, select the photons function. Then select the measure option. The data from the regions of interest is then displayed in an output table as total flux.Analyze this data as needed. When immune compromised, athymic mice were treated with bleomycin. Prior to cell-bolus engraftment, transient fibrosis was observed by day 14 in bleomycin-treated mice, but not vehicle-treated mice.Next, cells from the established human lung cancer cell line, H2030, were delivered intratracheally into the lungs of these mice. After 35 days, bleomycin-treated mice had a high lung-tumor burden. However, in vehicle treated animals, no tumors were detected.The lung-tumor burden was confirmed using histology. Lungs pretreated with vehicle had no evidence of tumor nodules, whereas bleomycin pretreated lungs had large tumor nodules. After transplanting a metastatic H2030 BrM 3 cell line, by 39 to 57 days, bioluminescence was too intense for imaging, so metastasis was analyzed in distant organs ex vivo.Small lesions could be detected in various tissues, suggesting that this method holds promise, to study spontaneously disseminated disease. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 minutes per cage of five mice without imaging and 20 minutes per cage when also imaging the mice. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to ensure proper insertion of the catheter and to monitor the animal's breathing.Following this procedure, other methods like pharmacological studies or aminoacetic chemistry of harvested tissue can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like how engrafted tumors respond to drugs or characterizing tumor stromal interactions specific to the lungs. After its development, this technique can be applied to different mouse strains and tumor models, including patient-derived xenografts in a physiologically relevant setting. Don't forgot that working with bleomycin can be extremely hazardous and precautions such as manipulation in a biohazard hood and proper disposal should always be taken while performing this procedure.

Research

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Termoplastia brônquica: uma nova abordagem terapêutica para Asma Grave

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Um modelo ortotópico de câncer de bexiga murino

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Multi-fotão imagem de invasão das células tumorais em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de carcinoma epidermóide oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Tumor Model and the Evaluation of Intravesical saRNA Treatment

Um modelo de tumor de bexiga ortotópico e Avaliação de Tratamento de sarna intravesical

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Transplante ortotópico de aorta em camundongos para o Estudo da Doença Vascular

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A Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury through Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Artery

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Acute or chronic myocardial infarction (MI) are cardiovascular events resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Establishing the pathological mechanisms ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Injeção Orthotopic de células cancerosas da mama na mamária Fat Pad de Ratos para o Estudo de crescimento tumoral.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Non-invasive Assessment of the Efficacy of New Therapeutics for Intestinal Pathologies Using Serial Endoscopic Imaging of Live Mice

Avaliação não invasiva da eficácia de novos Therapeutics para Intestinal Patologias Usando imagem endoscópica série da Vivo Ratos

Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) have provided significant insight into the cell intrinsic and extrinsic ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

O cateterismo cardíaco em camundongos para medir o volume Pressão do relacionamento: Investigando o efeito Bowditch

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

A &quot;Patient-Like&quot; Orthotopic Singênico Rato Modelo de carcinoma hepatocelular Metástase

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...