Name: chronic transcranial electrical stimulation and intracortical recording in rats
Uploaded: 2018-05-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了 EU-FP7-ERC-2013-Starting 赠款 (337075 号) 的支持, 匈牙利科学院的 "动量" 计划 (LP2013-62) 和 GINOP-2.3. 2-15-2016-00018 赠款。我们感谢 Máté Kozák 记录的刺激和记录电极和 Mihály Vöröslakos 在协议设计期间卓有成效的讨论。

此处描述的所有方法均符合欧洲共同体理事会 (86/609 ECC) 的指示, 并已获得阿尔贝圣捷尔吉-Györgyi 医学和药物中心的动物研究伦理委员会批准。塞格德 (XIV/218/2016)。
1. 刺激电极的制作
<ol><li>要制作一个刺激电极, 切下六10厘米长的微型挂钩线, 在一端卸下2厘米的包覆, 另一端为1厘米。</li>
	<li>将两根电缆拧在一起, 并在较短的去皮侧焊接。</li>
	<li>获取带 SOT-353 盒的任何集成电...

<ol>
	<li>Ozen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+electric+stimulation+entrains+cortical+neuronal+populations+in+rats.">Transcranial electric stimulation entrains cortical neuronal populations in rats.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 30 (34), 11476-11485 (2010).</li><li>Ali, M. M., Sellers, K. K., Frohlich, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+modulates+large-scale+cortical+network+activity+by+network+resonance.">Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33 (27), 11262-11275 (2013).</li><li>Helfrich, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entrainment+of+brain+oscillations+by+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation.">Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation.</a> Current biology : CB. 24 (3), 333-339 (2014).</li><li>Bikson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+major+depression:+a+general+system+for+quantifying+transcranial+electrotherapy+dosage.">Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: a general system for quantifying transcranial electrotherapy dosage.</a> Current treatment options in neurology. 10 (5), 377-385 (2008).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence-based+guidelines+on+the+therapeutic+use+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS).">Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 128 (1), 56-92 (2017).</li><li>Kuo, M. F., Nitsche, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+transcranial+electrical+stimulation+on+cognition.">Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition.</a> Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 43 (3), 192-199 (2012).</li><li>Sandrini, M., Fertonani, A., Cohen, L. G., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+dissociation+of+working+memory+load+effects+induced+by+bilateral+parietal+modulation.">Double dissociation of working memory load effects induced by bilateral parietal modulation.</a> Neuropsychologia. 50 (3), 396-402 (2012).</li><li>Berenyi, A., Belluscio, M., Mao, D., Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-loop+control+of+epilepsy+by+transcranial+electrical+stimulation.">Closed-loop control of epilepsy by transcranial electrical stimulation.</a> Science. 337 (6095), 735-737 (2012).</li><li>Kozak, G., Berenyi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+efficacy+of+closed+loop+electrical+stimulation+for+long-term+treatment+of+absence+epilepsy+in+rats.">Sustained efficacy of closed loop electrical stimulation for long-term treatment of absence epilepsy in rats.</a> Scientific reports. 7 (1), 6300 (2017).</li><li>Fertonani, A., Ferrari, C., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+you+feel+if+I+apply+transcranial+electric+stimulation?+Safety,+sensations+and+secondary+induced+effects.">What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 126 (11), 2181-2188 (2015).</li><li>Marshall, L., Binder, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+transcranial+oscillatory+stimulation+to+research+on+neural+networks:+an+emphasis+on+hippocampo-neocortical+rhythms.">Contribution of transcranial oscillatory stimulation to research on neural networks: an emphasis on hippocampo-neocortical rhythms.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7, 614 (2013).</li><li>Reato, D., Rahman, A., Bikson, M., Parra, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+weak+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+on+brain+activity-a+review+of+known+mechanisms+from+animal+studies.">Effects of weak transcranial alternating current stimulation on brain activity-a review of known mechanisms from animal studies.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7, 687 (2013).</li><li>Thut, G., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+rhythmic+brain+activity+from+TMS-EEG+studies.">New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS-EEG studies.</a> Trends in cognitive sciences. 13 (4), 182-189 (2009).</li><li>Gage, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+implantation+of+chronic+neural+electrodes+for+recording+single+unit+activity+and+electrocorticographic+signals.">Surgical implantation of chronic neural electrodes for recording single unit activity and electrocorticographic signals.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (60), (2012).</li><li>Vandecasteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neurons+by+movable+silicon+probes+in+behaving+rodents.">Large-scale recording of neurons by movable silicon probes in behaving rodents.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (61), e3568 (2012).</li><li>Zayachkivsky, A., Lehmkuhle, M. J., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Continuous+EEG+Monitoring+in+Small+Rodent+Models+of+Human+Disease+Using+the+Epoch+Wireless+Transmitter+System.">Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (101), e52554 (2015).</li><li>Ung, K., Arenkiel, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber-optic+implantation+for+chronic+optogenetic+stimulation+of+brain+tissue.">Fiber-optic implantation for chronic optogenetic stimulation of brain tissue.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (68), e50004 (2012).</li><li>Mostany, R., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+craniotomy+surgery+procedure+for+chronic+brain+imaging.">A craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (12), (2008).</li></ol>

该协议最关键的步骤是在骨骼表面上粘附电极包。在封堵不当的情况下, 电极与骨之间形成间隙, 二次瘢痕组织可发育成间隙, 降低刺激质量。在粘附在包裹的步骤中, 骨表面必须是完全干燥的, 在遇到电极不稳定的情况下, 必须将其移除并用新的包替换, 以获得最佳效果。
这种方法的局限性是, 由于手术后皮肤没有完全闭合, 感染的风险相对较高。术后护理在头 4-5 天的恢复期间...

经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种有价值的方法, 以影响大脑活动的世俗约束方式。根据刺激电极的大小和位置, 附加费会影响大的脑容量和 entrain 神经元的数量弥漫1,2,3。经颅直接电流刺激已经医学上批准的治疗主要抑郁障碍4,5, 和许多研究的重点是显示经颅刺激的认知效果的人6,7. 此外, 据报, 有关工商业污水附加费在控制癫痫发作的潜力方面有很有希望的结果89。
尽管进行了深入的研究, 但对于详细的操作机制、潜在的副作用以及应用此方法10、11、12的长期结果, 仍然存在许多公开的问题。因此, 有一个健壮的, 可重现的协议, 以研究附加费的影响, 在动物模型是至关重要的。鉴于许多疾病 (例如、抑郁症、癫痫和精神分裂症) 只能在清醒的动物中进行广泛的调查, 这些病症的性质通常需要长期治疗, 我们为慢性大鼠经颅电极植入术。这里提出的方法可以用于行为研究, 也可以结合记录电极植入 (即, 电线, 硅胶探头, juxtacellular 电极) 或与慢性颅窗的电生理实验和影像学研究, 分别。根据实验设计, 刺激的时间可以是随机的或事件触发特定的行为线索, 或特定的大脑状态 (癫痫发作, θ振荡) 的电生理标志8,11,13。
值得一提的是, 与目前使用的人类方法相比, 这是使用电极放置在皮肤上, 在这里我们显示一种方法, 采用皮下植入在颞骨表面, 因为老鼠勉强容忍任何放置在他们的皮肤上, 这是容易接近使用他们的爪子。
根据置换、还原和细化的原则, 由于植入的慢性性质, 这种方法有助于减少动物数量, 因为每种动物可以在不同的实验条件下进行几个月的招募, 允许使用更少的动物来测试各种假说。
在本研究中, 我们提供了一个详细的, 循序渐进的协议, 经颅刺激电极制造 (图 1A-B), 并证明这些电极慢性植入六月大的颞骨雄性长埃文斯鼠。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate liquid</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate gel</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Phoenix Wire Inc.</td>
			<td>36744MHW - PTFE Microminiature Hook-Up Wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Board spacer</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>SP1-020-S378/01-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>P2510I-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape packaging for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Nexperia</td>
			<td>74HC1G00GW</td>
			<td>Tape packaging of any integrated circuit with SOT-353 case can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grip Cement Industrial Grade</td>
			<td>Caulk Dentsply</td>
			<td>675571 (powder) 675572 (solvent)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroconductive gel</td>
			<td>Rextra</td>
			<td>ECG Gel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording electrode wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire Co.</td>
			<td>.002 (50 micron) Tungsten 99.95% (CFW Material #: 100-211), HMl-Natural, cut to 3.0 inch pieces, Round, Cut length piece wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafine scissors</td>
			<td>Hammacher Instrumente</td>
			<td>Stainless HSB 544-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel tube</td>
			<td>Vita Needle Company</td>
			<td>29 RW, 304SS Tubing, T.I.G. Welded and Plug</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed rotary saw</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw holder</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw cut-off wheel</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ocular sticks</td>
			<td>Lohmann-Rauscher</td>
			<td>Pro-ophta Ocular Sticks</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wet disinfectant</td>
			<td>Egis</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry disinfectant</td>
			<td>Wagner Pharma</td>
			<td>Reseptyl-urea</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drilling machine</td>
			<td>NSK-Nakanishi United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Vmax35RV Pack</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anchoring screws</td>
			<td>Antrin Miniature Specialties, Inc.</td>
			<td>000-120x1/16 SL BIND MS SS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic transcranial electrical stimulation and intracortical recording in rats

经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种强有力的和相对简单的方法来弥漫影响大脑活动, 无论是随机或以闭环事件触发方式。尽管许多研究集中在健康和病理脑中的附加费可能带来的好处和副作用, 但对于刺激的作用机制仍然存在许多基本的开放性问题。因此, 显然需要一种稳健和可重复的方法来检测啮齿动物的急性和慢性附加费的影响。工商业污水附加费可以与常规的行为, 电生理和成像技术结合, 以调查神经网络在体内。经颅内刺激电极的植入不会对实验设计施加额外的限制, 同时它提供了一种多功能的、灵活的工具来操纵大脑活动。在这里, 我们提供了一个详细的, 循序渐进的协议, 以制造和植入经颅刺激电极, 以影响大脑活动在一个世俗的约束方式, 几个月。

慢性刺激电极 (图 1B) 的植入可与记录电极的附加植入 (图 1C-d) 结合使用。这种设置适合于形成按需记录和刺激系统来干扰特定的脑活动。在这里, 我们提出了一个闭环癫痫检测和干预系统的代表性结果, 适用于长埃文斯大鼠表达自发性癫痫 (图 2A)9。这种菌株是已知的短束和?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats at JoVE.com

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

本详细的协议描述经颅刺激电极在颞骨上的放置, 以研究经颅电刺激在自由运动大鼠中的短期和远期效果。

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to show a step-by-step protocol to fabricate and implant chronic transcranial stimulation electrodes. This method can help to answer key questions in the neuro-stimulation field such as the long term effects of temporally targeted diffused transcranial electrical stimulation. The main advantage of this technique is that the small size of the implant makes this method suitable to be combined with regular electro-physiological optogenetic and imaging techniques in freely moving animals.The implications of this technique is centered toward the therapy of epilepsy, depression and another neuro-psychological disorders because it is capable to promptly influence large scale brain networks. To make a stimulation electrode, cut six 10 centimeter long pieces of miniature hookup wires. Remove two centimeters of the cladding on one end, and one centimeter on the other end.Next, twist two cables together and solder them with the shorter peeled side. Afterward, acquire a strip of three tape packaging of any integrated circuit with SOT-353 case. Stitch the twisted wires through the three holes of the package.The longer peeled segment of the wires should be in the cavities of the package. Position the cable so that the end of the insulation is in line with the edge of the holes. Then, apply dental cement on the holes to fix the wires.Once the cement is solidified, flip the package to input a thin layer of super glue into the hole to form a water-type seal towards the porous cement. Avoid gluing the peeled wires. After that, twist the cables together on the shorter peeled side, and solder them.Grab the longer peeled segment of the wires with the tip of fine tweezers. Roll them around, and wrap them into the cavities. Cut excess cable if necessary.To make a recording triplet electrode, cut a one centimeter long piece of stainless steel tube using a high-speed rotary saw. Remove the fin from the ends of the tube with a sharp needle and ensure that the tube is free of debris and completely permeable. Bend the gold-plated board spacer pin with the minimum length of three centimeters to form a J-shaped holder.Cut the longer leg of the J-shape and solder it together to get back the original shape to make a detachable joint between the long linear part, which will be held by the stereotaxic device, and the U-shape, which will hold the electrode and serve as an anchoring point. Subsequently, glue the tube and the shorter leg of the J-holder together. Glue some additional one centimeter long bars if necessary for stability.Next, cut three pieces of 2.5 centimeter long electrode wires with stainless steel ultra-fine scissors. Make sure that it is a clear and sharp cut and the insulation is intact at the circular surface of the electrode wire. Also, make sure that the cut tip is not bent due to the force applied.Bend one or two millimeters on one end of each of the wires at different angles to make them distinguishable. Afterward, fill the tube with the wires and choose an appropriate spacing of the electrodes for the experiment. Note which wire corresponds to which depth for maintaining a proper channel order.Once the wires align right next to each other and are parallel with the tube, fix the electrode wires by placing a single drop of liquid super glue at both ends of the tube with a sharp needle. Make sure that the glue is flowing into the tube due to the capillary effect but not towards the recording sites at the protruding ends. Prepare an electrode interface board with a proper micro-connector compatible with a recording system to be used.Then, introduce the bent ends of the wires into the holes of the electrode interface board corresponding to the desired recording channel. When all the wires are in position, push the gold pins into the holes with tweezers. In this procedure, remove most of the hair from the animal scalp with a hair clipper.Next, apply depilatory cream on the scalp. Spread it evenly on the surface, and wait a few minutes. Use a spatula to gently remove the cream and the remaining hair.Rinse the skin with disinfectant. Inject 1 to 2%lidocaine subcutaneously to numb the skin. Then, apply a single drop of vet ointment on each eye.Make a thorough and a long sagittal incision along the midline with a scalpel from the forehead to the neck. Subsequently, dissect the tissues including the periosteum from the skull. Then using a chisel or tooth tweezers, clean the area between the cristae of the two temporal bones.Keep the skull exposed by retracting the dissected skin using four bulldogs. Gently place the fine tweezers between the steep edge of the temporal bone and the muscles and separate them. Make jiggling movements to expose as much of the large surface of the temporal bone as possible, preferably from the edge of the occipital bone to the plane of the coronal sutures without damaging the muscles.Following that, place the retractors bi-temporally to keep the temporal bones exposed. Rinse the surface of the skull with one to two milliliters of 3%hydrogen peroxide. Then wash it with one to two milliliters of water very carefully and leave the surface of the temporal bones to mop up the moisture with ocular sticks.Next, test if the stimulation electrodes fit on to the cleaned vertical skull surface. The upper edge of the stimulation electrode should be in line with the edge of the crista of the temporal bone. Readjust the bulldogs and the retractors, or shape the stimulation electrodes with scissors, if necessary.Following that, fill the cavities of the stimulation electrodes with electro-conductive gel. And put a thin layer of glue on to the rim of the electrodes. Place the stimulation electrode on the dry surface of the temporal bone with one accurate movement and hold it firmly in place for one minute with fine tweezers.Make sure that no moisture is in contact with the glue, and mop up with ocular sticks if necessary. Make sure that the stimulation electrode is evenly glued to the dry temporal bone. Mop out the moisture frequently, and retract the surrounding tissues carefully.Ask for assistance if necessary. After that, apply dental cement over the edges of the stimulation electrode while the leaking moisture of the tissues is continuously dried up with ocular sticks. Cover the whole stimulation electrode with cement.After the cement has completely hardened, repeat these steps on the contra-lateral side. Subsequently, using a 10%smaller diameter drill head compared to the screw diameter, drill some holes all over the skull for anchoring screws. Drive miniatures screws into the holes, and apply dental cement over them.Then, continue with implantation of the recording electrodes. Solder the connectors and anchor them to the construct at the end. Afterward, wash the exposed tissues abundantly with disinfectant.Inject 1 to 2%lidocaine subcutaneously. Then, to breed wound edges, enclose them with simple interrupted sutures around the connector implant. Subsequently, disinfect the wound with povidone iodine.Here, we show the representative results of a closed loop epileptic seizure detection and intervention system, applied on Long-Evans rats, expressing spontaneous seizures. This train is known to show the behavioral symptoms in electrographic patters of absence epilepsy, called spike and wave discharge. Shown here are the LFP traces of seizure intervention, demonstrating the stable performance of the temporally targeted stimuli in interrupting seizures for 16 weeks.This demonstrates the robustness and reliability of the implanted stimulation electrodes. To put these results in context, here is the recording of an aborted experiment where secondary tissue grew between the temporal bone and electrode surface, due to the improper sealing and cementing of the electrodes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to implant transcranial stimulation electrodes.Following this procedure, other methods like implantation of recording electrodes or cranial windows can be performed in order to record different modalities during stimulation.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

经颅直接电流刺激电极定位和蒙太奇

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

电图同时记录和麻醉大鼠视觉诱发电位

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 在小鼠中的作用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

电刺激在大鼠中建立急性庞廷梗死

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

大鼠慢性植入的外周神经刺激电极的制备

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

用于同步光遗传学调制和电神经记录的光驱阵列

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

联合周围神经刺激和可控脉搏参数 TMS

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

作者聚焦： 结合周围神经刺激和可控脉搏参数经颅磁刺激以探测感觉运动控制和学习  

结合周围神经刺激和可控脉搏参数经颅磁刺激探测感觉运动控制和学习

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable ...