Name: chronic transcranial electrical stimulation and intracortical recording in rats
Uploaded: 2018-05-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats at JoVE.com

Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo EU-FP7-ERC-2013-começando grant (No.337075), o programa 'Momentum' da Academia húngara de Ciências (LP2013-62) e o grant GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00018. Agradecemos a Máté Kozák para documentar a estimulação e gravação eletrodos e Mihály Vöröslakos o debate frutífero durante o projeto de protocolo.

Todos os métodos aqui descritos estão em conformidade com as directivas do Conselho das Comunidades Europeias (86/609 ECC) e foram aprovados pelo Comitê de ética para a investigação do Animal no centro farmacêutico da Universidade de Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical e Szeged (XIV/218/2016).
1. fabricação de eletrodos de estimulação
<ol><li>Para fazer uma estimulação eletrodo, corte seis pedaços de 10 cm longo dos fios de ligação em miniatura, remover de 2 cm de revestimento em u...

<ol>
	<li>Ozen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+electric+stimulation+entrains+cortical+neuronal+populations+in+rats.">Transcranial electric stimulation entrains cortical neuronal populations in rats.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 30 (34), 11476-11485 (2010).</li><li>Ali, M. M., Sellers, K. K., Frohlich, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+modulates+large-scale+cortical+network+activity+by+network+resonance.">Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33 (27), 11262-11275 (2013).</li><li>Helfrich, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entrainment+of+brain+oscillations+by+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation.">Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation.</a> Current biology : CB. 24 (3), 333-339 (2014).</li><li>Bikson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+for+major+depression:+a+general+system+for+quantifying+transcranial+electrotherapy+dosage.">Transcranial direct current stimulation for major depression: a general system for quantifying transcranial electrotherapy dosage.</a> Current treatment options in neurology. 10 (5), 377-385 (2008).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence-based+guidelines+on+the+therapeutic+use+of+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS).">Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 128 (1), 56-92 (2017).</li><li>Kuo, M. F., Nitsche, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+transcranial+electrical+stimulation+on+cognition.">Effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on cognition.</a> Clinical EEG and neuroscience. 43 (3), 192-199 (2012).</li><li>Sandrini, M., Fertonani, A., Cohen, L. G., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Double+dissociation+of+working+memory+load+effects+induced+by+bilateral+parietal+modulation.">Double dissociation of working memory load effects induced by bilateral parietal modulation.</a> Neuropsychologia. 50 (3), 396-402 (2012).</li><li>Berenyi, A., Belluscio, M., Mao, D., Buzsaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Closed-loop+control+of+epilepsy+by+transcranial+electrical+stimulation.">Closed-loop control of epilepsy by transcranial electrical stimulation.</a> Science. 337 (6095), 735-737 (2012).</li><li>Kozak, G., Berenyi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+efficacy+of+closed+loop+electrical+stimulation+for+long-term+treatment+of+absence+epilepsy+in+rats.">Sustained efficacy of closed loop electrical stimulation for long-term treatment of absence epilepsy in rats.</a> Scientific reports. 7 (1), 6300 (2017).</li><li>Fertonani, A., Ferrari, C., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+you+feel+if+I+apply+transcranial+electric+stimulation?+Safety,+sensations+and+secondary+induced+effects.">What do you feel if I apply transcranial electric stimulation? Safety, sensations and secondary induced effects.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 126 (11), 2181-2188 (2015).</li><li>Marshall, L., Binder, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+transcranial+oscillatory+stimulation+to+research+on+neural+networks:+an+emphasis+on+hippocampo-neocortical+rhythms.">Contribution of transcranial oscillatory stimulation to research on neural networks: an emphasis on hippocampo-neocortical rhythms.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7, 614 (2013).</li><li>Reato, D., Rahman, A., Bikson, M., Parra, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+weak+transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+on+brain+activity-a+review+of+known+mechanisms+from+animal+studies.">Effects of weak transcranial alternating current stimulation on brain activity-a review of known mechanisms from animal studies.</a> Frontiers in human neuroscience. 7, 687 (2013).</li><li>Thut, G., Miniussi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+rhythmic+brain+activity+from+TMS-EEG+studies.">New insights into rhythmic brain activity from TMS-EEG studies.</a> Trends in cognitive sciences. 13 (4), 182-189 (2009).</li><li>Gage, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+implantation+of+chronic+neural+electrodes+for+recording+single+unit+activity+and+electrocorticographic+signals.">Surgical implantation of chronic neural electrodes for recording single unit activity and electrocorticographic signals.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (60), (2012).</li><li>Vandecasteele, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+recording+of+neurons+by+movable+silicon+probes+in+behaving+rodents.">Large-scale recording of neurons by movable silicon probes in behaving rodents.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (61), e3568 (2012).</li><li>Zayachkivsky, A., Lehmkuhle, M. J., Dudek, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+Continuous+EEG+Monitoring+in+Small+Rodent+Models+of+Human+Disease+Using+the+Epoch+Wireless+Transmitter+System.">Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (101), e52554 (2015).</li><li>Ung, K., Arenkiel, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiber-optic+implantation+for+chronic+optogenetic+stimulation+of+brain+tissue.">Fiber-optic implantation for chronic optogenetic stimulation of brain tissue.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (68), e50004 (2012).</li><li>Mostany, R., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+craniotomy+surgery+procedure+for+chronic+brain+imaging.">A craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. (12), (2008).</li></ol>

A etapa mais crítica do presente protocolo é a colagem do pacote de eletrodos na superfície do osso. No caso de selagem inadequada, uma lacuna é formada entre os eléctrodos e o osso e tecido de cicatrização secundário pode crescer a esta lacuna, o que diminui a qualidade da estimulação. A superfície do osso deve ser completamente seca durante as etapas de colagem sobre o pacote, e no caso de experimentando instabilidade dos eletrodos, deve ser removido e substituído com um novo pacote para obter os melhores r...

Estimulação elétrica transcraniana (TES) é uma abordagem metodológica valiosa para influenciar a atividade cerebral de forma temporalmente restrita. Dependendo do tamanho e posicionamento dos eléctrodos de estimulação, TES podem afetar volumes de cérebro grande e arrastar populações neuronais difusamente1,2,3. Transcraniana por corrente contínua estimulação já medicamente é aprovada para o tratamento do transtorno depressivo maior4,5e muitos estudos enfocam mostrando os efeitos cognitivos de estimulação transcraniana em seres humanos6 , 7. Além disso, prometendo resultados foram relatados sobre o potencial de TES no controle de crises epilépticas8,9.
Apesar da intensa pesquisa, ainda há muitas questões abertas sobre o mecanismo detalhado de ação, efeitos colaterais e o resultado a longo prazo da aplicação deste método10,11,12. Portanto, é criticamente importante ter um protocolo robusto, reprodutível para investigar os efeitos de SMT em modelos animais. Dado que muitas doenças (por exemplo, depressão, epilepsia e esquizofrenia) só podem ser investigadas extensivamente em animais acordados, e a natureza dessas condições médicas geralmente requerem tratamento a longo prazo, nós fornecemos um protocolo para crônica implante de eletrodos de transcraniana em ratos. O método apresentado aqui pode ser usado para estudos comportamentais ou pode ser combinado com implante de eletrodos de gravação (ou seja,fios, sondas de silicone, eletrodos de juxtacellular) ou com windows cranianas crônicas para experimentos eletrofisiológicos e imagem estudos, respectivamente. Dependendo do design experimental, o sincronismo dos estímulos pode ser aleatórios ou acionados por eventos para pistas comportamentais específicas, ou para as características eletrofisiológicas do cérebro particular Estados (convulsões, oscilações de theta)8, 11 , 13.
É importante mencionar que, em contraste com a abordagem humana atualmente usada, que usa uma encarnação de eletrodos colocados na pele, aqui nós mostramos um método que emprega mal o direito de implantação subcutânea sobre a superfície do osso temporal, desde ratos tolera qualquer coisa colocada na sua pele que é facilmente acessível usando suas patas.
Em consonância com os princípios de substituição, redução e refinamento, devido à natureza crônica de implantação, este método ajuda a reduzir o número de animais, desde que cada animal pode ser recrutado em diferentes condições experimentais por meses, permitindo o uso de menos animais para testar várias hipóteses.
No presente estudo, nós fornecemos um protocolo detalhado, passo a passo do eletrodo de estimulação transcraniana fabricação (figura 1A-B) e demonstrar a implantação crônica desses eletrodos sobre os ossos temporais de um six-month-old rato de Long-Evans masculino.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate liquid</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate gel</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Phoenix Wire Inc.</td>
			<td>36744MHW - PTFE Microminiature Hook-Up Wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Board spacer</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>SP1-020-S378/01-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>P2510I-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape packaging for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Nexperia</td>
			<td>74HC1G00GW</td>
			<td>Tape packaging of any integrated circuit with SOT-353 case can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grip Cement Industrial Grade</td>
			<td>Caulk Dentsply</td>
			<td>675571 (powder) 675572 (solvent)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroconductive gel</td>
			<td>Rextra</td>
			<td>ECG Gel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording electrode wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire Co.</td>
			<td>.002 (50 micron) Tungsten 99.95% (CFW Material #: 100-211), HMl-Natural, cut to 3.0 inch pieces, Round, Cut length piece wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafine scissors</td>
			<td>Hammacher Instrumente</td>
			<td>Stainless HSB 544-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel tube</td>
			<td>Vita Needle Company</td>
			<td>29 RW, 304SS Tubing, T.I.G. Welded and Plug</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed rotary saw</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw holder</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw cut-off wheel</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ocular sticks</td>
			<td>Lohmann-Rauscher</td>
			<td>Pro-ophta Ocular Sticks</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wet disinfectant</td>
			<td>Egis</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry disinfectant</td>
			<td>Wagner Pharma</td>
			<td>Reseptyl-urea</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drilling machine</td>
			<td>NSK-Nakanishi United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Vmax35RV Pack</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anchoring screws</td>
			<td>Antrin Miniature Specialties, Inc.</td>
			<td>000-120x1/16 SL BIND MS SS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic transcranial electrical stimulation and intracortical recording in rats

Estimulação elétrica transcraniana (TES) é uma abordagem relativamente simples e poderosa para influenciar difusamente atividade cerebral aleatoriamente ou de forma acionados por eventos de ciclo fechado. Embora muitos estudos concentram-se os possíveis benefícios e efeitos colaterais de TES em cérebros saudáveis e patológicos, há ainda muitas questões fundamentais sobre o mecanismo de ação da estimulação. Portanto, há uma clara necessidade de um método robusto e reprodutível para testar o aguda e os efeitos crônicos de TES em roedores. TES podem ser combinados com regulares técnicas comportamentais, eletrofisiológicas e de imagem para investigar as redes neuronais em vivo. O implante de eletrodos de estimulação transcraniana não impõe restrições extras sobre o delineamento experimental enquanto oferece uma ferramenta versátil, flexível para manipular a atividade cerebral. Aqui nós fornecemos um protocolo detalhado, passo a passo para fabricar e implante de eletrodos de estimulação transcraniana para influenciar a atividade cerebral de forma temporalmente restrita por meses.

O implante de eletrodos de estimulação crônica (figura 1B) pode ser combinado com implantação adicional de gravação de eletrodos (Figura 1-D). Essas configurações são adequadas para formar a gravação por demanda e sistemas de estimulação para interferir com as atividades específicas do cérebro. Aqui nós apresentamos resultados representativos de uma epilepsia de loop fechado sistema de detecção...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats at JoVE.com

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Este protocolo detalhado descreve a colocação de eletrodos de estimulação transcraniana no osso temporal a fim de investigar os efeitos a curto e longo prazo da estimulação elétrica transcraniana em ratos movimentando-se livremente.

Estimulação elétrica transcraniana crônica e gravação Intracortical em ratos

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to show a step-by-step protocol to fabricate and implant chronic transcranial stimulation electrodes. This method can help to answer key questions in the neuro-stimulation field such as the long term effects of temporally targeted diffused transcranial electrical stimulation. The main advantage of this technique is that the small size of the implant makes this method suitable to be combined with regular electro-physiological optogenetic and imaging techniques in freely moving animals.The implications of this technique is centered toward the therapy of epilepsy, depression and another neuro-psychological disorders because it is capable to promptly influence large scale brain networks. To make a stimulation electrode, cut six 10 centimeter long pieces of miniature hookup wires. Remove two centimeters of the cladding on one end, and one centimeter on the other end.Next, twist two cables together and solder them with the shorter peeled side. Afterward, acquire a strip of three tape packaging of any integrated circuit with SOT-353 case. Stitch the twisted wires through the three holes of the package.The longer peeled segment of the wires should be in the cavities of the package. Position the cable so that the end of the insulation is in line with the edge of the holes. Then, apply dental cement on the holes to fix the wires.Once the cement is solidified, flip the package to input a thin layer of super glue into the hole to form a water-type seal towards the porous cement. Avoid gluing the peeled wires. After that, twist the cables together on the shorter peeled side, and solder them.Grab the longer peeled segment of the wires with the tip of fine tweezers. Roll them around, and wrap them into the cavities. Cut excess cable if necessary.To make a recording triplet electrode, cut a one centimeter long piece of stainless steel tube using a high-speed rotary saw. Remove the fin from the ends of the tube with a sharp needle and ensure that the tube is free of debris and completely permeable. Bend the gold-plated board spacer pin with the minimum length of three centimeters to form a J-shaped holder.Cut the longer leg of the J-shape and solder it together to get back the original shape to make a detachable joint between the long linear part, which will be held by the stereotaxic device, and the U-shape, which will hold the electrode and serve as an anchoring point. Subsequently, glue the tube and the shorter leg of the J-holder together. Glue some additional one centimeter long bars if necessary for stability.Next, cut three pieces of 2.5 centimeter long electrode wires with stainless steel ultra-fine scissors. Make sure that it is a clear and sharp cut and the insulation is intact at the circular surface of the electrode wire. Also, make sure that the cut tip is not bent due to the force applied.Bend one or two millimeters on one end of each of the wires at different angles to make them distinguishable. Afterward, fill the tube with the wires and choose an appropriate spacing of the electrodes for the experiment. Note which wire corresponds to which depth for maintaining a proper channel order.Once the wires align right next to each other and are parallel with the tube, fix the electrode wires by placing a single drop of liquid super glue at both ends of the tube with a sharp needle. Make sure that the glue is flowing into the tube due to the capillary effect but not towards the recording sites at the protruding ends. Prepare an electrode interface board with a proper micro-connector compatible with a recording system to be used.Then, introduce the bent ends of the wires into the holes of the electrode interface board corresponding to the desired recording channel. When all the wires are in position, push the gold pins into the holes with tweezers. In this procedure, remove most of the hair from the animal scalp with a hair clipper.Next, apply depilatory cream on the scalp. Spread it evenly on the surface, and wait a few minutes. Use a spatula to gently remove the cream and the remaining hair.Rinse the skin with disinfectant. Inject 1 to 2%lidocaine subcutaneously to numb the skin. Then, apply a single drop of vet ointment on each eye.Make a thorough and a long sagittal incision along the midline with a scalpel from the forehead to the neck. Subsequently, dissect the tissues including the periosteum from the skull. Then using a chisel or tooth tweezers, clean the area between the cristae of the two temporal bones.Keep the skull exposed by retracting the dissected skin using four bulldogs. Gently place the fine tweezers between the steep edge of the temporal bone and the muscles and separate them. Make jiggling movements to expose as much of the large surface of the temporal bone as possible, preferably from the edge of the occipital bone to the plane of the coronal sutures without damaging the muscles.Following that, place the retractors bi-temporally to keep the temporal bones exposed. Rinse the surface of the skull with one to two milliliters of 3%hydrogen peroxide. Then wash it with one to two milliliters of water very carefully and leave the surface of the temporal bones to mop up the moisture with ocular sticks.Next, test if the stimulation electrodes fit on to the cleaned vertical skull surface. The upper edge of the stimulation electrode should be in line with the edge of the crista of the temporal bone. Readjust the bulldogs and the retractors, or shape the stimulation electrodes with scissors, if necessary.Following that, fill the cavities of the stimulation electrodes with electro-conductive gel. And put a thin layer of glue on to the rim of the electrodes. Place the stimulation electrode on the dry surface of the temporal bone with one accurate movement and hold it firmly in place for one minute with fine tweezers.Make sure that no moisture is in contact with the glue, and mop up with ocular sticks if necessary. Make sure that the stimulation electrode is evenly glued to the dry temporal bone. Mop out the moisture frequently, and retract the surrounding tissues carefully.Ask for assistance if necessary. After that, apply dental cement over the edges of the stimulation electrode while the leaking moisture of the tissues is continuously dried up with ocular sticks. Cover the whole stimulation electrode with cement.After the cement has completely hardened, repeat these steps on the contra-lateral side. Subsequently, using a 10%smaller diameter drill head compared to the screw diameter, drill some holes all over the skull for anchoring screws. Drive miniatures screws into the holes, and apply dental cement over them.Then, continue with implantation of the recording electrodes. Solder the connectors and anchor them to the construct at the end. Afterward, wash the exposed tissues abundantly with disinfectant.Inject 1 to 2%lidocaine subcutaneously. Then, to breed wound edges, enclose them with simple interrupted sutures around the connector implant. Subsequently, disinfect the wound with povidone iodine.Here, we show the representative results of a closed loop epileptic seizure detection and intervention system, applied on Long-Evans rats, expressing spontaneous seizures. This train is known to show the behavioral symptoms in electrographic patters of absence epilepsy, called spike and wave discharge. Shown here are the LFP traces of seizure intervention, demonstrating the stable performance of the temporally targeted stimuli in interrupting seizures for 16 weeks.This demonstrates the robustness and reliability of the implanted stimulation electrodes. To put these results in context, here is the recording of an aborted experiment where secondary tissue grew between the temporal bone and electrode surface, due to the improper sealing and cementing of the electrodes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to implant transcranial stimulation electrodes.Following this procedure, other methods like implantation of recording electrodes or cranial windows can be performed in order to record different modalities during stimulation.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Combinando Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana e fMRI para o Exame da rede de modo padrão

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Neurociência

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Posicionamento do eletrodo e Montage na estimulação transcraniana por corrente

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Gravação simultânea de Eletrorretinografia e potenciais evocados visuais em ratos anestesiados

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Efeitos da estimulação da corrente alternada transcraniana no córtex Motor primário por on-line abordagem combinada com estimulação magnética transcraniana

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Estimulação transcraniana de elétrica cerebral em roedores alertas

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcraniana por corrente contínua estimulação (tDCS) em ratos

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Estabelecimento de Infarto Agudo de Pontina em Ratos por Estimulação Elétrica

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Preparação de Eletrodos de Estimulação Nervosa Periférica para Implantação Crônica em Ratos

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...

Optrode Array for Simultaneous Optogenetic Modulation and Electrical Neural Recording

Oprode Array para modulação optogenética simultânea e gravação neural elétrica

During the last decade, optogenetics has become an essential tool for the investigation of neural signaling due to its unique capability of selective ...

Estimulação Combinada de Nervos Periféricos e Parâmetro de Pulso Controlável TMS

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Autor em destaque: Estimulação combinada de nervos periféricos e estimulação magnética transcraniana de parâmetro de pulso controlável para sondar o controle sensório-motor e o aprendizado  

Estimulação Combinada de Nervos Periféricos e Parâmetro de Pulso Controlável Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana para Sonda de Controle Sensório-Motor e Aprendizagem

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable ...