Name: determination of the excitation and coupling rates between light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons
Uploaded: 2018-07-21T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons at JoVE.com

这项研究是由香港中文大学通过直接拨款4053077及4441179、研资局具竞争性的专用研究资助、402812及14304314及卓越 AoE/P-02/12。

1. 干涉光刻的设置
注: 干涉光刻用于制造周期阵列12。图 1所示的示意图设置如下:
<ol><li>将 325 nm 激光从 HeCd 多模激光器集中到 13X UV 物镜上, 并通过50微米的基于针孔的空间滤波器进行模式清洗。</li>
	<li>将两个2.5 厘米直径的虹膜30厘米分开, 进一步过滤发散光的中心区域。第二个虹膜后, 光束直径等于2.5 厘米, 并随着距离的增长非常缓...

<ol>
	<li>Okamoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-plasmon-enhanced+light+emitters+based+on+InGaN+quantum+wells.">Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells.</a> Nature Materials. 3 (9), 601-605 (2004).</li><li>Akselrod, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leveraging+Nanocavity+Harmonics+for+Control+of+Optical+Processes+in+2D+Semiconductors.">Leveraging Nanocavity Harmonics for Control of Optical Processes in 2D Semiconductors.</a> Nano Letters. 15 (5), 3578-3584 (2015).</li><li>Gontijo, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coupling+of+InGaN+quantum-well+photoluminescence+to+silver+surface+plasmons.">Coupling of InGaN quantum-well photoluminescence to silver surface plasmons.</a> Physical Review B. 60 (16), 11564 (1999).</li><li>Huang, K. C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antenna+electrodes+for+controlling+electroluminescence.">Antenna electrodes for controlling electroluminescence.</a> Nature Communications. 3, 1005 (2012).</li><li>Atwater, H. A., Polman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmonics+for+improved+photovoltaic+devices.">Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices.</a> Nature Materials. 9 (3), 205-213 (2010).</li><li>Anker, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosensing+with+plasmonic+nanosensors.">Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors.</a> Nature Materials. 7 (6), 442-453 (2008).</li><li>Chen, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitation+enhancement+of+CdSe+quantum+dots+by+single+metal+nanoparticles.">Excitation enhancement of CdSe quantum dots by single metal nanoparticles.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 93 (5), 053106 (2008).</li><li>Birowosuto, M. D., Skipetrov, S. E., Vos, W. L., Mosk, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+Spatial+Fluctuations+of+the+Local+Density+of+States+in+Random+Photonic+Media.">Observation of Spatial Fluctuations of the Local Density of States in Random Photonic Media.</a> Physical Review Letters. 105 (1), 013904 (2010).</li><li>Cao, Z. L., Ong, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+coupling+rate+of+light+emitter+to+surface+plasmon+polaritons+supported+on+nanohole+array.">Determination of coupling rate of light emitter to surface plasmon polaritons supported on nanohole array.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 102 (24), 241109 (2013).</li><li>Lin, M., Cao, Z. L., Ong, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+the+excitation+rate+of+quantum+dots+mediated+by+momentum-resolved+Bloch-like+surface+plasmon+polaritons.">Determination of the excitation rate of quantum dots mediated by momentum-resolved Bloch-like surface plasmon polaritons.</a> Optics Express. 25 (6), 6029-6103 (2017).</li><li>Nikolaev, I. S., Lodahl, P., Driel, A. F. V., Koenderink, A. F., Vos, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strongly+nonexponential+time-resolved+fluorescence+of+quantum-dot+ensembles+in+three-dimensional+photonic+crystals.">Strongly nonexponential time-resolved fluorescence of quantum-dot ensembles in three-dimensional photonic crystals.</a> Physical Review B. 75 (11), 115302 (2007).</li><li>Cao, Z. L., Lo, H. Y., Ong, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+absorption+and+radiative+decay+rates+of+surface+plasmon+polaritons+from+nanohole+array.">Determination of absorption and radiative decay rates of surface plasmon polaritons from nanohole array.</a> Optics Letters. 37 (24), 5166-5168 (2012).</li><li>Haus, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics. , (1984).</li></ol>

在本协议中, 有几个关键步骤。首先, 机械稳定性是样品制备的关键。劳埃德设置产生的驻波对两个光照光束的相位差很敏感。因此, 在曝光时间内的任何振动都会降低 nanohole 的均匀性和边缘锐度。强烈建议在无振动环境下操作,例如, 具有隔振支承的光学工作台。此外, 高功率激光器也希望减少振动, 因为它减少曝光时间相应。其次, 必须正确选择步骤1.1 中的针孔。孔的大小应该足够小, 以执...

表面等离子体介导荧光 (SPMF) 最近得到了相当关注1,2,3,4,5,6。当光发射器靠近等离子系统时, 能量可以在发射器和表面等离子极化激元 (许可证) 之间传输。一般情况下, 强等离子场可以强烈增强2发射器的激发。同时, 由于许可证所制造的大密度的状态, 产生了众所周知的珀尔效应3, 排放率也在增加。这两个过程在生产 SPMF 方面携手并进。由于 SPMF 已经在固态照明1、4、能量采集5和生物检测6中激发了大量应用, 目前正在进行密集的调查。特别是, 从许可证到发射器的能量传输速率的知识, 反之亦然,即激发和耦合率, 是非常重要的。然而, 激励和排放过程通常是纠缠在一起的, 这方面的研究还是缺乏的。例如, 大多数研究只确定了激发效率比, 这简单地比较了排放与和不许可证7。激发率的确切的测量仍然是缺掉的。另一方面, 传统的时间分辨技术 (如荧光寿命光谱学) 通常用于研究发射过程的动力学, 但它们无法将耦合率从总衰变率8中分离出来。在这里, 我们描述如何通过结合速率方程模型和时间耦合模式理论9,10来确定它们。值得注意的是, 我们发现, 激发和耦合速率可以用可测量的数量来表示, 这可以通过执行角度和极化分辨反射率和光致发光光谱来获得。我们将首先概述配方, 然后详细描述仪器。这种方法完全是基于频域的, 它不需要任何时间分辨的附件, 如超快激光器和时间相关的单光子计数器, 这是昂贵的, 有时难以实现8,11. 我们预计这项技术将成为确定光发射器和谐振腔之间的励磁和耦合速率的有利技术。
本文介绍了周期性系统中的 SPMF。对于一个周期性的等离子系统, 在这种情况下, 可以产生类似于许可证的直接激发和发射, 其特征是激发效率η和自发发射速率Γr, 发射器可以通过传入的许可证激发并通过传出许可证衰变。换句话说, 在共振激励下, 会产生传入的许可证, 以创建强大的等离子场, 使发射器充满活力。一旦发射器兴奋, 他们的能量就可以转移到传出的许可证, 随后 radiatively 消散到远场, 从而产生增强的排放量。他们定义了 SPMF。对于简单的两能级发射器, 励磁指的是电子从地面向激发态的过渡, 而发射则定义了电子衰变回基态, 伴随着波长定义的光子发射。由兴奋和地面状态之间的能量区别。SPMF 的激发和发射条件, 满足已知的相位匹配方程, 激发传入和传出许可证9
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq1.jpg">(1)
其中εa和εm是电介质和金属的介电常数, θ和φ是事件和方位角, P 是数组的周期, λ是激发或发射波长, m 和 n 是整数, 指定的顺序许可证.对于励磁, 激光束在平面内的 wavevector 将是布拉格分散到动量匹配的传入许可证和θ和φ一起定义指定的事件配置, 以刺激的许可证, 以提高电子吸收在励磁波长λ前。同样, 对于发射, 传出的许可证将反向布拉格分散, 以匹配的光线, 现在的角度代表可能的发射通道在发射波长λem。然而, 人们注意到, 由于发射器可以将他们的能量耦合到矢量传播<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq2.jpg">许可证与它有相同<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq3.jpg">的大小, 但不同的方向, 许可证可以通过不同的组合 (m, n) 到远场后的 Eq. (1)。
利用速率方程模型和时间耦合模理论 (许可证), 我们发现, 激发率Γex,即能量传递率从从的到发射器, 可以表示为9,12,13
<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq4.jpg">(2)
在没有传入许可证的情况下, η是上述直接励磁速率, γ是许可证<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq5.jpg">的总衰减率, γabs和γrad是许可证的欧姆吸收和辐射衰减率,<img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq6.jpg">是具有和没有传入许可证的光致发光功率比。另一方面, 耦合速率Γc(即从发射器到许可证的能量传递速率) 可以写为:
<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq7.jpg">(3)
γr是<img alt="Equation 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/56735/56735eq8.jpg">直接发射速率, 是αth介导衰变与直接端口之间的光致发光功率比, γradα和γ是α端口的辐射衰减率.和总衰变率。我们将看到, 虽然所有的细菌衰变率都可以用反射率光谱学来衡量, 但发射功率比可以通过光致发光光谱学来确定。有关配方的详细资料, 请参阅9、10。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:817px;" width="818">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">SU-8</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SU-8 2000.5</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesion solution</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Omnicoat</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:319px;">SU-8 Thinner (Gamma-Butyrolactone)</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SU-8 2000 Thinner</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">SU-8 Developer</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">MicroChem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SU-8 Developer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Chemat Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KW-4A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">HeCd laser</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">KIMMON KOHA CO., LTd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IK3552R-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Shutter</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Objective for sample preparation</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">U-13X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Pinhole</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PNH-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Iris</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-DI47.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PS611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Rotation stage for sample preparation</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">481-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Supttering Deposition System</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Homemade</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Rotation Stage 1</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">URM80ACC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Rotation Stage 2</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RV120PP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Rotation Stage 3</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SR50PP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Detection arm</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Homemade</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Quartz lamp</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">66884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Fiber Bundle</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">77578</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Objective for measurement</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-5X &#38; M-60X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Polarizer &#38; Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GT15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Multimode Fiber</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BFL105LS02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MS260i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">CCD</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DV420-OE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">514nm Argon Ion Laser</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Spectra-Physics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">177-G01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">633nm HeNe Laser</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R-32413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">CdSeTe quantum dot</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">q21061mp</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Polyvinyl alcohol polymer (PVA)</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">363073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:319px;">Control program</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LabVIEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of the excitation and coupling rates between light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons

我们开发了一种独特的方法来测量光发射器和表面等离子极化激元 (许可证) 产生的金属周期阵列, 而不涉及时间分辨技术的励磁和耦合速率。我们已经制定了数量, 可以用简单的光学测量测量。本文将详细介绍基于角度和偏振分辨反射率和光致发光光谱的仪器。我们的方法是有趣的, 因为它的简单性, 这需要常规光学和几个机械阶段, 因此是高负担得起的大多数研究实验室。

在图 4a8的嵌入中给出了一个 Au 周期阵列的例子。平面观扫描电镜图像表明, 该样品为2D 方形圆孔阵列, 周期为 510 nm, 孔深 280 nm, 孔径为 140 nm。沿Γ X 方向进行的 p 偏振反射率映射如图 4a所示。虚线是由相匹配方程计算的 Eq. (1) 表明 (m =-1, n = 0) 许可证是兴奋的。
当?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons at JoVE.com

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

本协议描述了用于确定由周期性阵列引起的光发射器和类似于极化激元的表面等离子体的激发和耦合速率的仪器。

光发射器与表面等离子体极化激元的激发和耦合速率的测定

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising ...

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Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

科研

工程学

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

电浆光电导太赫兹发射器的设计，制造和实验表征

In this video article we present a detailed demonstration of a highly efficient method for generating terahertz waves. Our technique is based on ...

Real-Time DC-dynamic Biasing Method for Switching Time Improvement in Severely Underdamped Fringing-field Electrostatic MEMS Actuators

实时直流偏置的动态法切换时间改善严重欠阻尼边缘化场静电MEMS致动器

Mechanically underdamped electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators are well known for their fast switching operation in response to a unit step input ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Emission Spectroscopic Boundary Layer Investigation during Ablative Material Testing in Plasmatron

烧蚀材料在试验过程中等离子体发生器发射光谱边界层研究

Ablative Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) allowed the first humans to safely return to Earth from the moon and are still considered as the only solution ...

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

钢的出气率的测量

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

矿物和岩石样品的同步辐射 x 射线 Microdiffraction 和荧光成像

In this report, we describe a detailed procedure for acquiring and processing&#160;x-ray microfluorescence (&#956;XRF), and Laue and powder ...

Excitation-Scanning Hyperspectral Imaging Microscopy to Efficiently Discriminate Fluorescence Signals

激发-扫描高光谱成像显微镜，以有效区分荧光信号

Several techniques rely on detection of fluorescence signals to identify or study phenomena or to elucidate functions. Separation of these fluorescence ...

Accurate Determination of the Equilibrium Surface Tension Values with Area Perturbation Tests

通过区域扰动测试精确测定平衡表面张力值

We demonstrate two robust protocols for determining the equilibrium surface tension (EST) values with area perturbation tests. The EST values should be ...

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

Determination of Aggregate Surface Morphology at the Interfacial Transition Zone ITZ

在界面过渡区（ITZ）的聚合曲面形态测定

Here, we present a comprehensive method to illustrate the uneven distribution of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around the aggregate and the effect ...