Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Source: Laboratory of Dr. Henrik Sundén – Chalmers University of Technology
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a vital analysis technique for organic chemists. With the help of NMR, the work in the organic lab has been facilitated tremendously. Not only can it provide information about the structure of a molecule but also determine the content and purity of a sample. Compared with other commonly encountered techniques for organic chemists — such as thermal analysis and mass spectrometry (MS) — NMR is a non-destructive method that is valuable when recovery of the sample is important.
One of the most frequently used NMR techniques for an organic chemist is proton (1H) NMR. The protons present in a molecule will behave differently depending on its surrounding chemical environment, making it possible to elucidate its structure. Moreover, it is possible to monitor the completion of a reaction by comparing NMR spectra of the starting material to that of the final product.
This video exemplifies how NMR spectroscopy can be used in the everyday work of an organic chemist. The following will be shown: i) preparation of an NMR sample. ii) Using 1H NMR to monitor a reaction. iii) Identifying the product obtained from a reaction with 1H NMR. The reaction that will be shown is the synthesis of an E-chalcone (3) from an aldehyde (1) and a ketone (2) (Scheme 1).1
Scheme 1. Synthesis of (2E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-propen-1-one.
1. Preparation of NMR Starting Material
- Add ~10 mg starting material to a clean NMR tube.
- Dissolve the starting material in ~0.7 mL deuterated solvent (example given CDCl3). A suitable height of the solvent for a good spectrum is 4.5-5 cm.
- Cap the NMR tube carefully and write the sample name on the cap.
- Shake the sample gently to ensure that all material had dissolved. Take care to avoid contact between the solvent and the cap, which could lead to possib
By comparing the spectra of the starting materials (Figures 1 and 2) to that of the final product (Figure 5) a clear difference between the spectra can be observed, indicating formation of the chalcone. The endpoint of the reaction can be determines by taking NMR samples at different time-intervals; for example, the aldehyde proton peak (C(=O)H) (1) can be seen in Figure 3 but not in Figure 4
NMR can, for example, be used to detect reaction intermediates, facilitating the work in elucidation of a reaction mechanism. With the help of NMR it is also possible to observe molecular motions and interactions important for drug development. Furthermore, NMR can give structural information about solid materials; for instance to provide a rationale for observed material properties. Other applications of NMR can be found in the field of medicine, where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently used for medical diagnosis. NMR has also b
- Ta, L., Axelsson, A., Bijl, J., Haukka, M., Sundén, H., Ionic Liquids as Precatalysts in the Highly Stereoselective Conjugate Addition of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes to Chalcones. Chem. Eur. J. 20 (43), 13889-13893 (2014).
- Table adapted from Graham Solomons, T. W. Fryhle, C. B., Organic Chemistry, 10th edition, Wiley, p. 387, 418 (2011).
- Clayden, J., Greeves, N., Warren, S., Wothers, P. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Organic Chemistry, Chapter 11, Oxford University Press, 269 (2001).
- Wu, X.-F., Neumann, H., Spannenberg, A., Schulz, T., Jiao, H., Beller, M.,Development of a General Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 (41), 14596-14602 (2010).
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