Name: genome-wide quantification of translation in budding yeast by ribosome profiling
Uploaded: 2017-12-21T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院的资助, AG040191 和 AG054566 向 VML 提供了支持。这项研究是进行的, 而 VML 是一个遥远的研究赠款接受来自美国老龄研究联合会。

1. 提取制剂
<ol>
	<li>YPD 板上的单一菌落的冷冻储存的条纹酵母菌株 (1% 酵母提取物、2% 蛋白胨、2% 葡萄糖和2% 琼脂)。在30° c 下孵育2天。</li>
	<li>接种酵母从 YPD 板 (使用一个单一的殖民地) 到15毫升的 YPD 培养基 (1% 酵母提取物, 2% 蛋白胨, 2% 葡萄糖) 在50毫升圆锥离心管和成长过夜与震动 (200-250 rpm) 在30° c。</li>
	<li>在2个无菌烧瓶中稀释培养成500毫升的 YPD 培养基, 使 OD600和 #60; 0.1。将酵母?...

<ol>
	<li>Holcik, M., Sonenberg, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+in+stress+and+apoptosis.">Translational control in stress and apoptosis.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6 (4), 318-327 (2005).</li><li>Tanenbaum, M. E., Stern-Ginossar, N., Weissman, J. S., Vale, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+mRNA+translation+during+mitosis.">Regulation of mRNA translation during mitosis.</a> Elife. 4, (2015).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T., Ghaemmaghami, S., Newman, J. R., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+in+vivo+of+translation+with+nucleotide+resolution+using+ribosome+profiling.">Genome-wide analysis in vivo of translation with nucleotide resolution using ribosome profiling.</a> Science. 324 (5924), 218-223 (2009).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+translational+profiling+by+ribosome+footprinting.">Genome-wide translational profiling by ribosome footprinting.</a> Methods Enzymol. 470, 119-142 (2010).</li><li>Brar, G. A., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+profiling+reveals+the+what,+when,+where+and+how+of+protein+synthesis.">Ribosome profiling reveals the what, when, where and how of protein synthesis.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 16 (11), 651-664 (2015).</li><li>Wolin, S. L., Walter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+pausing+and+stacking+during+translation+of+a+eukaryotic+mRNA.">Ribosome pausing and stacking during translation of a eukaryotic mRNA.</a> EMBO J. 7 (11), 3559-3569 (1988).</li><li>Guo, H., Ingolia, N. T., Weissman, J. S., Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+microRNAs+predominantly+act+to+decrease+target+mRNA+levels.">Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels.</a> Nature. 466 (7308), 835-840 (2010).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T., Brar, G. A., Rouskin, S., McGeachy, A. M., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ribosome+profiling+strategy+for+monitoring+translation+in+vivo+by+deep+sequencing+of+ribosome-protected+mRNA+fragments.">The ribosome profiling strategy for monitoring translation in vivo by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (8), 1534-1550 (2012).</li><li>Bartholomaus, A., Del Campo, C., Ignatova, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+non-standardized+biases+of+ribosome+profiling.">Mapping the non-standardized biases of ribosome profiling.</a> Biol Chem. 397 (1), 23-35 (2016).</li><li>Larsson, O., Sonenberg, N., Nadon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=anota:+Analysis+of+differential+translation+in+genome-wide+studies.">anota: Analysis of differential translation in genome-wide studies.</a> Bioinformatics. 27 (10), 1440-1441 (2011).</li><li>Zhong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboDiff:+detecting+changes+of+mRNA+translation+efficiency+from+ribosome+footprints.">RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints.</a> Bioinformatics. 33 (1), 139-141 (2017).</li><li>Xiao, Z., Zou, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+assessment+of+differential+translations+with+ribosome+profiling+data.">Genome-wide assessment of differential translations with ribosome profiling data.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11194 (2016).</li><li>Chung, B. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+duplex-specific+nuclease+in+ribosome+profiling+and+a+user-friendly+software+package+for+Ribo-seq+data+analysis.">The use of duplex-specific nuclease in ribosome profiling and a user-friendly software package for Ribo-seq data analysis.</a> RNA. 21 (10), 1731-1745 (2015).</li><li>Popa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboProfiling:+a+Bioconductor+package+for+standard+Ribo-seq+pipeline+processing.">RiboProfiling: a Bioconductor package for standard Ribo-seq pipeline processing.</a> F1000Res. 5, 1309 (2016).</li><li>Dunn, J. G., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastid:+nucleotide-resolution+analysis+of+next-generation+sequencing+and+genomics+data.">Plastid: nucleotide-resolution analysis of next-generation sequencing and genomics data.</a> BMC Genomics. 17 (1), 958 (2016).</li><li>Baranov, P. V., Michel, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illuminating+translation+with+ribosome+profiling+spectra.">Illuminating translation with ribosome profiling spectra.</a> Nat Methods. 13 (2), 123-124 (2016).</li><li>Calviello, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+actively+translated+open+reading+frames+in+ribosome+profiling+data.">Detecting actively translated open reading frames in ribosome profiling data.</a> Nat Methods. 13 (2), 165-170 (2016).</li><li>Michel, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboGalaxy:+A+browser+based+platform+for+the+alignment,+analysis+and+visualization+of+ribosome+profiling+data.">RiboGalaxy: A browser based platform for the alignment, analysis and visualization of ribosome profiling data.</a> RNA Biol. 13 (3), 316-319 (2016).</li><li>Martin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutadapt+removes+adapter+sequences+from+high-throughput+sequencing+reads.">Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads.</a> EMBnet J. 17 (1), 10-12 (2011).</li><li>Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+and+memory-efficient+alignment+of+short+DNA+sequences+to+the+human+genome.">Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.</a> Genome Biol. 10 (3), R25 (2009).</li><li>Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., Huber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HTSeq--a+Python+framework+to+work+with+high-throughput+sequencing+data.">HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 31 (2), 166-169 (2015).</li><li>Love, M. I., Huber, W., Anders, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderated+estimation+of+fold+change+and+dispersion+for+RNA-seq+data+with+DESeq2.">Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (12), 550 (2014).</li><li>van den Elzen, A. M., Schuller, A., Green, R., Seraphin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dom34-Hbs1+mediated+dissociation+of+inactive+80S+ribosomes+promotes+restart+of+translation+after+stress.">Dom34-Hbs1 mediated dissociation of inactive 80S ribosomes promotes restart of translation after stress.</a> EMBO J. 33 (3), 265-276 (2014).</li><li>Guydosh, N. R., Green, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dom34+rescues+ribosomes+in+3'+untranslated+regions.">Dom34 rescues ribosomes in 3' untranslated regions.</a> Cell. 156 (5), 950-962 (2014).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+profiling:+new+views+of+translation,+from+single+codons+to+genome+scale.">Ribosome profiling: new views of translation, from single codons to genome scale.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 15 (3), 205-213 (2014).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Lobanov, A. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+ribosome+profiling+reveals+complex+translational+regulation+in+response+to+oxidative+stress.">Genome-wide ribosome profiling reveals complex translational regulation in response to oxidative stress.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (43), 17394-17399 (2012).</li><li>Weinberg, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+ribosome-footprint+and+mRNA+measurements+provide+insights+into+dynamics+and+regulation+of+yeast+translation.">Improved ribosome-footprint and mRNA measurements provide insights into dynamics and regulation of yeast translation.</a> Cell Rep. 14 (7), 1787-1799 (2016).</li><li>Park, J. E., Yi, H., Kim, Y., Chang, H., Kim, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+poly(A)+tail+and+translation+during+the+somatic+cell+cycle.">Regulation of poly(A) tail and translation during the somatic cell cycle.</a> Mol Cell. 62 (3), 462-471 (2016).</li><li>Howard, M. T., Carlson, B. A., Anderson, C. B., Hatfield, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+redefinition+of+UGA+codons+is+regulated+by+selenium+availability.">Translational redefinition of UGA codons is regulated by selenium availability.</a> J Biol Chem. 288 (27), 19401-19413 (2013).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribonuclease+selection+for+ribosome+profiling.">Ribonuclease selection for ribosome profiling.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (2), e6 (2017).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translation+inhibitors+cause+abnormalities+in+ribosome+profiling+experiments.">Translation inhibitors cause abnormalities in ribosome profiling experiments.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (17), e134 (2014).</li><li>O'Connor, P. B., Andreev, D. E., Baranov, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+survey+of+the+relative+impact+of+mRNA+features+on+local+ribosome+profiling+read+density.">Comparative survey of the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 12915 (2016).</li></ol>

Ribo-Seq 方法已成为一个强大的技术, 分析 mRNA 翻译在体内在全基因组的水平3。使用这种方法进行的研究, 允许 single-codon 的分辨率进行监测, 有助于我们理解翻译规则。尽管有其优点, Ribo 还是有几个局限性。核糖体 RNA (rRNA) 片段总是 co-purified 在核糖体保护的足迹的分离, 减少了有用的测序读数, 可以获得在 Ribo-Seq 实验9,25的产量。...

mRNA 翻译是细胞中的基本过程之一, 在蛋白质表达调控中起着重要的作用。因此, mRNA 翻译受到严格控制, 以响应不同的内外生理刺激1,2。然而, 翻译规则的机制仍然理解。在这里, 我们描述了协议的基因组全定量翻译在萌芽酵母核糖体剖面。核糖体剖面技术的总体目标是研究和量化不同细胞条件下的特定基因的翻译。这项技术使用下一代测序来定量分析核糖体在整个基因组中的占有情况, 并允许监测蛋白质合成的速率在体内在单一密码子解析3,4。目前, 这种方法提供了最先进的测量蛋白质翻译水平的手段, 并已证明是一个有用的发现工具提供的信息, 不能透露其他现有的技术, 如微阵列或转换状态数组分析 (TSAA) 5。由于核糖体分析报告的转录水平和翻译输出的组合变化, 它也提供了比其他方法更大的灵敏度。
这种方法是基于核糖体保护的 mRNA 片段3的深度测序。在蛋白质翻译期间, 核糖体保护 ~ 28 nt 部分的 mRNA (称为脚印) 6。通过确定核糖体保护片段的序列, Ribo-Seq 可以映射核糖体在翻译的 mrna 上的位置, 并确定哪些区域的 mrna 可能被积极转化为蛋白质3,7。此外, 我们可以定量测量 mrna 的翻译, 通过计算与给定的 mrna 转录值对齐的脚印数。
为了分离核糖体保护的碎片, 细胞裂解最初处理的翻译抑制剂, 以拖住核糖体后, 核糖核酸消化。虽然游离的 mrna 和部分的翻译基因不受核糖体的保护, 退化的核糖核酸, 核糖体保护的 mrna 片段可以恢复纯化完整的核糖体足迹复合物。然后将这些 mRNA 的足迹转化为 cDNA 文库, 并通过深度测序 (图 1) 进行分析。在核糖体剖面的同时, 完整的 mRNA 从相同的样本中提取并测序。通过比较 Ribo-Seq 和 mrna 丰度测量的翻译水平, 我们可以确定在翻译水平上具体上调或下调的基因, 并在全基因组水平上计算 mrna 的翻译效率。虽然本文中描述的协议是针对酵母的, 但对于那些试图在其他系统中建立 Ribo 的研究人员来说, 它也应该是有用的。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 &#956;M membrane filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HVLP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mL centrifugal filters (100 kDa MWCO)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC510024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9850G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 (pH 8.0 at 4&#176;C)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15567-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X TBE buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% TBE-urea gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6875BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15% TBE-urea gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6885BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>M24500-10.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X TBE-urea sample buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>LC6876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M NaOAc, pH 5.5</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39; Deadenylase (10 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>DA11101K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X Nucleic acid sample loading buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% TBE gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6215BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid-Phenol:Chloroform, pH 4.5 (with IAA, 125:24:1)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9722</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue light transilluminator</td>
			<td>Clare Chemical Research</td>
			<td>DR-46B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chrome-steel beads, 3.2 mm</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>11079132c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogrinder</td>
			<td>Biospec product</td>
			<td>3110BX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cycloheximide</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>C81040-5.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>DATAQ Instruments</td>
			<td>DI-245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) solution mix (10 mM)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>N0447L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gradient fractionation system</td>
			<td>Brandel</td>
			<td>BR-184X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-fidelity DNA polymerase (2,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 5X Phusion HF Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Next-generation sequencing library quantification kit</td>
			<td>Kapa Biosystems</td>
			<td>KK4824</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nucleic acid gel stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S11494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima XE-90 ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(A) mRNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>61011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rec J exonuclease (10 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>RJ411250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse transcriptase (200 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td>Supplied with 5X first-strand buffer and 0.1 M DTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA fragmentation buffer</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E6186A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase I (100 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM2295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase inhibitor (20 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM2696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber caps</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>2008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssDNA ligase (100 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>CL9021K</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X CircLigase II buffer and 50 mM MnCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel microvials, 1.8 mL</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>2007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>S24060-5000.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW-41 Ti rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>New Era Pump Systems</td>
			<td>NE-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 polynucleotide kinase (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X T4 polynucleotide kinase buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 RNA ligase 2 truncated KQ (200,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0373S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X T4 RNA ligase buffer and 50% PEG8000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1851148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thinwall polyallomer tubes, 13.2 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331372</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV monitor</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7318160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741</td>
			<td>Open Biosystems</td>
			<td>YSC1048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genome-wide quantification of translation in budding yeast by ribosome profiling

mRNA 转化为蛋白质是一个复杂的过程, 涉及多个层次的调节。通常认为, mRNA 转录的变化反映了蛋白质合成的变化, 但许多例外情况已经观察到。最近, 一种叫做核糖体剖面 (或 Ribo-Seq) 的技术已经成为一种强有力的方法, 它允许识别, 精确度高, 将 mRNA 的区域转化为蛋白质, 并在全基因组水平上量化翻译。在这里, 我们提出了一个广义的协议的基因组全定量翻译使用 Ribo-Seq 在萌芽酵母。此外, 结合 Ribo 序列数据与 mrna 丰度测量, 使我们能够同时量化的翻译效率数以千计的 mrna 转录在同一样本, 并比较这些参数的变化, 以响应实验操纵或在不同的生理状态。我们描述了一个详细的协议, 生成核糖体足迹使用核酸消化, 分离完整的核糖体足迹复合物通过蔗糖梯度分馏, 并准备 DNA 库的深度测序, 以及适当的确保准确分析体内翻译所需的质量控制。

详细的管道的生物分析核糖体的剖析数据已经描述了以前的8,9。此外, 几个研究小组已经开发了生物信息学工具的差异基因表达分析和处理的测序数据, 这是特定的核糖体分析方法10,11,12 ,13,14,<sup cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling at JoVE.com

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

翻译调控在蛋白质丰度控制中起着重要的作用。在这里, 我们描述一个高通量的方法, 定量分析翻译在萌芽酵母酿酒酵母。

核糖体剖面对芽殖酵母中翻译的全基因组定量

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to identify which regions of mRNA are translated into proteins quantitatively measure protein translation in budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at the genome-wide level. Ribosome profiling can be used to monitor the rate of proteins and disease and to study the mechanisms of translational regulation. The main advantage of this technique is that it adds much greater sensitivity compared to other methods, and of those, measuring proteins and disease in vivo at the single contact resolution.Though this protocol's specific for budding yeast, it is also useful for researchers who are trying to establish ribosome profiling in other model systems, such as mammalian cells and tissues. Extracts will be prepared from yeast cells grown to mid log phase. Use a glass holder filter assembly to filter the culture through 0.45 micromembrane filters.Scrape the pellet with the spatula, flash freeze in liquid nitrogen, and store at minus 80 degrees celsius. Put three chrome steel 3.2 millimeter beads into a 1.8 milliliter stainless steel tube and pre-chill the tube in liquid nitrogen. Add the frozen pellets and cover the steel tube with a silicone rubber cap.Homogenize the sample by cryo-grinding for 10 seconds at 4200 rpm. To keep the samples frozen during the entire grinding procedure it is critical to chill the tube in liquid nitrogen for at least 10 seconds in between each grinding. When the homogenization is done, add one milliliter of lysis buffer that contains cycloheximide to the sample.Mix well by pipetting and transfer the sample to a new 1.5 milliliter tube. Centrifuge at 20, 000 times g at four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Transfer the supernatant into a new 1.5 milliliter tube.Transfer 100 microliters of lysate to another new 1.5 milliliter tube for poly(A)mRNA isolation. Flash freeze the tubes with the mRNA samples on the rest of the lysate, which will be used for footprint extraction in liquid nitrogen, and store at minus 80 degrees celsius. On the night before the footprint extraction, thaw previously prepared sucrose gradients at four degrees celsius.On the following day, thaw the cell lysate on ice. Transfer an aliquot of cell lysate containing 50 OD260 units to a new 1.5 milliliter tube, add fresh lysis buffer up to one milliliter and 10 microliters of RNase one. Incubate at room temperature with gentle rotation on a head over heels rotator for one hour.Next, gently layer the lysate sample on top of a 10%to 50%sucrose gradient in polymer tubes. Using an SW41 ti rotor, ultra centrifuge at 35, 000 rpm at four degrees celsius for three hours. During the ultra cetrifugation, set up the gradient fractionation system.Turn on the components and allow the UV monitor to warm up for at least 30 minutes. Fill the syringe with chase solution and remove any air bubbles inside the syringe and canula. When the ultracentrifugation is complete, install and pierce the ultracentrifuge tube containing the sucrose gradient.Start the syringe pump at one milliliter per minute and collect one milliliter fractions while monitoring the A254 values. Fractions representing the ADS monosome peak are collected and pooled. Filter the fractions through 0.5 milliliter centrifugal filters at 12, 000 times g at four degrees celsius for 10 minutes, discard the flow-through, and repeat until the volume is less than 100 microliters.At 400 microliters of release buffer mixed by pipetting and incubate on ice for 10 minutes, transfer the unit into a new collection tube and centrifuge at 12, 000 times g at four degrees celsius for 10 minutes. Collect the flow-through. Subsequently, purify the footprint fragments and precipitate the samples using ethanol precipitation as described in the text protocol.To begin this procedure, centrifuge the precipitated footprint and fragmented mRNA samples at 20, 000 times g and four degrees celsius for 30 minutes. After removing ethanol and air drying the pellets, we suspend each pellet in 7.75 microliters of water. To each pellet, add one microliter of 10XT4 polynucleotide kinase buffer, one microliter of T4 polynucleotide kinase, and 0.25 microliters of RNase inhibitor.Incubate at 37 degrees celsius for one hour. Add 10 microliters of 2X TBE urea sample buffer to 10 microliters of each footprint and mRNA sample. Incubate the samples and appropriate controls at 75 degrees celsius for three minutes, spin down, and put on ice for one minute.Load each sample into two wells of a 15%TBE urea gel and separate the RNA fragments by gel electrophoresis at 180 volts for one hour. Stain the gel with a nucleic acid gel stain, protected from light for five minutes. While visualizing the gel under a blue light transilluminator, excise the proper band between 28 and 32 nucleotides for footprint samples and around 50 to 70 nucleotides for mRNA samples.Freeze the excised polyacrylamide gel pieces at minus 80 degrees celsius for at least 10 minutes before extracting RNA from the polyacrylamide gel. Prior to reverse transcription, perform three prime adapter ligation and precipitate the samples as described in the text protocol. Resuspend each pellet in 11.5 microliters of nuclease-free water.Then add 0.5 microliters of eight micromolar reverse transcription primer and one microliter of dNTP mix. Incubate at 65 degrees celsius for five minutes and then place on ice. To each sample, add four microliters of 5x first strand buffer, two microliters of 0.1 molar DTT, 0.5 microliters of RNase inhibitor, and 0.5 microliters of reverse transcriptase.Incubate at 48 degrees celsius for 30 minutes, 65 degrees celsius for one minute, and 80 degrees celsius for five minutes. Proceed immediately to the hydrolysis of RNA by adding 0.8 microliters of two molar sodium hydroxide to each sample and incubating at 98 degrees celsius for 30 minutes. Add 0.8 microliters of two molar hydrogen chloride to neutralize the reaction.After precipitating the samples as described in the text protocol, resuspend each pellet in five microliters of nuclease-free water and add five microliters of 2x TBE urea sample buffer. Incubate at 75 degrees celsius for three minutes, spin down, and ice for one minute. Load the sample in one well of a 10%TBE urea gel.Separate the products of the reverse transcription reaction by gel electrophoresis 180 volts for 50 minutes. Stain the gel with a nucleic acid gel stain protected from light for five minutes. Using a blue light transilluminator, excise the band around 128 nucleotides and higher.Freeze the polyacrylamide gel pieces at minus 80 degrees celsius for at least 10 minutes before extracting DNA from the polyacrylamide gel. To circularize the DNA, resuspend each DNA pellet in 16.75 microliters of nuclease-free water. Add two microliters of 10x single-stranded DNA lygase buffer, one microliter of 50 millimolar manganese chloride, and 0.25 microliters of single-stranded DNA Ligase.Incubate at 60 degrees celsius for one hour, followed by 80 degrees celsius for 10 minutes. Without precipitating, store the single-stranded DNA ligation reaction product at minus 20 degrees celsius. Subsequently, perform PCR library amplification followed by library quantification and high throughput sequencing as described in the text protocol.Representative bio analyzer profiles of the PCR amplified footprint library and the sequencing library obtained for mRNA samples are shown. The expected average size of the footprint library is 148 to 152 nucleotides, and the expected size of the mRNA library is 170 to 190 nucleotides. This graph shows the combined number of mRNA, footprint, and rRNA reads obtained for two independent biological replicates of a wild type sample and the hbs1 deletion mutant.50%to 60%of all sequenced reads in the footprint libraries corresponded to ribosome-protected footprint fragments. In contrast, only 3%of rRNA fragments were observed in mRNA libraries, demonstrating that poly(A)mRNA isolation allows effective elimination of rRNA reads. Both footprint and mRNA sample libraries show good reproducibility as indicated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of about 0.99 between matched samples.When combined with mRNA abundance measurements, ribosome profiling allows measuring changes in translation efficiency between experimental conditions. Significantly up-regulated and down-regulated genes in the hbs1 deletion mutant are grouped in accordance to whether they are affected by a change in mRNA transcription, translation efficiency, or by a common effect. Once mastered, the entire protocol can be performed in approximately 11 days.While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to wear gloves and perform all steps using RNase free reagents and consumables to avoid RNase contamination and lower the risk of RNA degradation in the samples. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to generate ribosome footprints using nuclease digestion, isolate intact ribosome footprint complexes by sucrose gradient fractionation, and prepare DNA libraries for deep sequencing. Don't forget that working with liquid nitrogen can be extremely hazardous, and precautions such as wearing safety glasses and cryo-gloves should always be taken while handling extremely cold materials.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

解决由蓝变性PAGE和蛋白质相关剖析亲和纯化的蛋白复合物

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

科研

生物化学

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

定量荧光测量全球本地化翻译

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and ...

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

用等压标记、广泛的液相色谱法、质谱法和软件辅助定量技术进行深层蛋白质组分析

Many exceptional advances have been made in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, with particular technical progress in liquid chromatography (LC) ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

血管紧张蛋白II图解的硝酸分析与鉴定

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP for RNA Isolation from Endothelial Cells In Vivo

翻译核糖体亲性纯化(TRAP),用于从体内内皮细胞中分离RNA

Many studies have been limited to using in vitro cellular assays and whole tissues or isolating of specific cell types from animals for in vitro analysis ...

DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling

DNA序列识别利用高通量原酶分析的DNAPrimase

DNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers that initiate DNA synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. ...

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

双DNA标尺研究单核苷酸分辨率的核糖体易位机制

The ribosome translocation refers to the ribosomal movement on the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides (nt), which is the central step in protein synthesis. ...

High-Resolution Complexome Profiling by Cryoslicing BN-MS Analysis

通过低温BN-MS分析进行高分辨率复杂分析

Proteins generally exert biological functions through interactions with other proteins, either in dynamic protein assemblies or as a part of stably formed ...