Name: quantification of endogenous auxin and cytokinin during internode culture of ipecac
Uploaded: 2018-03-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac at JoVE.com

その技術支援の応用生物科学部、東洋大学、群馬県農業技術センターの谷口広大の村上彰氏に感謝しております。東洋大学、博士 Uma Maheswari 医教授庄作柏田へ彼らの提案に感謝しております。本研究は、生活と環境科学、東洋大学の研究センター部分で支えられました。

注: 内因性ホルモンの分析を容易にするため、トコン (C. トコン) はこの研究で使用されました。
1 トコンの不定芽を誘発する成長条件
<ol><li>PH 5.710、調整無料の植物ホルモンの B5 培地を準備し、0.2% ジェランガムを追加します。オートクレーブに入れることによって殺菌しなさい。</li>
	<li>オートクレーブの中の 25 mL を滅菌シャーレ (90 × 20 mm) ?...

<ol>
	<li>Haberlandt, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kulturversuche+mit+isolierten+Pflanzenzellen.">Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen.</a> Sitzungsber. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien. 111, 69-92 (1902).</li><li>Skoog, F., Miller, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+regulation+of+growth+and+organ+formation+in+plant+tissues+cultured+in+vitro.">Chemical regulation of growth and organ formation in plant tissues cultured in vitro.</a> Symp Soc Exp Biol. 11, 118-130 (1957).</li><li>Ganeshan, S., Caswell, K. L., Kartha, K. K., Chibbar, R. N., Khachatourians, G. G., McHughen, A., Scorza, R., Nip, W. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+and+utilixzation+of+medicinal+plants.">Cultivation and utilixzation of medicinal plants.</a> Regional Research Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. , 295-301 (1982).</li><li>Yoshimatsu, K., Shimomura, K., Bajaj, Y. P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 21, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV. , 87-103 (1993).</li><li>Ideda, K., Teshima, D., Aoyama, T., Satake, M., Shimomura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+propagation+of+Cephaelis+ipecacuanha.">Clonal propagation of Cephaelis ipecacuanha.</a> Plant Cell Rep. 7 (4), 288-291 (1988).</li><li>Yoshimatsu, K., Shimomura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+shoot+formation+on+internodal+segments+and+alkaloid+formation+in+the+regenerates+of+Cephaelis+ipecacuanha+A.+Richard.">Efficient shoot formation on internodal segments and alkaloid formation in the regenerates of Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. Richard.</a> Plant Cell Rep. 9 (10), 567-570 (1991).</li><li>Koike, I., Taniguchi, K., Shimomura, K., Umehara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+endogenous+indole-3-acetic+acid+and+cytokinins+during+adventitious+shoot+formation+in+ipecac.">Dynamics of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinins during adventitious shoot formation in ipecac.</a> J. Plant Growth Regul. , (2017).</li><li>Gamborg, O. L., Miller, R. A., Ojima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutrient+requirements+of+suspension+cultures+of+soybean+root+cells.">Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 50 (1), 151-158 (1968).</li><li>Watad, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adventitious+shoot+formation+from+carnation+stem+segments:+a+comparison+of+different+culture+procedures.">Adventitious shoot formation from carnation stem segments: a comparison of different culture procedures.</a> Scientia Hortic. 65 (4), 313-320 (1996).</li><li>Ajithkumar, D., Seeni, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+clonal+multiplication+through+in+vitro+axillary+shoot+proliferation+of+Aegle+marmelos+(L.)+Corr.,+a+medicinal+tree.">Rapid clonal multiplication through in vitro axillary shoot proliferation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., a medicinal tree.</a> Plant Cell Rep. 17 (5), 422-426 (1998).</li><li>Tiwari, V., Tiwari, K. N., Singh, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+studies+of+cytokinins+on+in+vitro+propagation+of+Bacopa+monniera.">Comparative studies of cytokinins on in vitro propagation of Bacopa monniera.</a> Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 66 (1), 9-16 (2001).</li><li>Rao, M. S., Purohit, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+shoot+bud+differentiation+and+plantlet+regeneration+in+Celastrus+paniculatus+Willd.">In vitro shoot bud differentiation and plantlet regeneration in Celastrus paniculatus Willd.</a> Biol. Plant. 50 (4), 501-506 (2006).</li><li>Sanikhani, M., Frello, S., Serek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TDZ+induces+shoot+regeneration+in+various+Kalancho&#235;+blossfeldiana+Poelln+cultivars+in+the+absence+of+auxin.">TDZ induces shoot regeneration in various Kalancho&#235; blossfeldiana Poelln cultivars in the absence of auxin.</a> Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 85 (1), 75-82 (2006).</li><li>Yoshimoto, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+negatively+regulates+cell+death+by+controlling+NPR1-dependent+salicylic+acid+signaling+during+senescence+and+the+innate+immune+response+in+Arabidopsis.">Autophagy negatively regulates cell death by controlling NPR1-dependent salicylic acid signaling during senescence and the innate immune response in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Cell. 21 (9), 2914-2927 (2009).</li><li>Schaller, G. E., Bishopp, A., Kieber, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+yin-yang+of+hormones:+cytokinin+and+auxin+interactions+in+plant+development.">The yin-yang of hormones: cytokinin and auxin interactions in plant development.</a> Plant Cell. 27 (1), 44-63 (2015).</li></ol>

植物ホルモンの分布を識別するために器官形成に関与することが重要です植物ホルモンを誘導するための植に外に適用されるため、器官形成植物ホルモン フリー培地で観察できる植物材料を使用枝や根、細胞分化と器官形成における植物の固有の可塑性を評価するが難しく、全体外植体に影響します。カーネーション・ l ・11、エグレ marmelos (l.) Corrêa<sup class="...

ゴットリーブ Haberlandt (1854-1945 年) は、「全能性」、ことができます細胞植物によって分割、区別し大株1で特定の細胞型に分化させ事前後も全植物体を再生の概念を提案しました。組織培養、植物体再生を誘起することまたはないかどうか、組み合わせと成長培地におけるジベレリンの植物ホルモンの濃度によって決まります。培とミラーは、不定根が低比2を含む培地に誘導することが一方 CKs とオーキシンの高い比率を含む培養液中でタバコ由来カルスから不定芽を誘導することが発見しました。その発見以来組織培養行われている遺伝子組換え植物3の再生、経済的に重要な作物の伝播のため。不定芽は、茎頂、葉、根、茎など以外の組織から誘導することができます。植物ホルモン処理は、ほとんどの植物種の不定芽の誘導に必要です。ただし、最適濃度との組み合わせは異なる種と組織外植片として使用中です。したがって、多くの努力は、最適な濃度と植物ホルモンの実験のための組み合わせを決定するのに入ります。
トコン(Brot。)L. アンダーソン (トコン) は、エメチンと根4を中心に、セファエリンなどのアルカロイドが含まれている薬用植物です。ルート エキス、amoebicide5嘔吐、去痰薬として使用されます。トコンは、ブラジルの熱帯雨林に自生、文化では、種子を設定するには消極的だし、寒い気候6を使って、日本の種子貯蔵中に発芽率が低下します。代わりに、組織培養からの伝播が、撮影する不定節の形成は最も効率的な方法7,8。興味深いことに、植物ホルモン治療8なしこの種の不定芽を誘起することができます。
不定芽は、基底部9ではなく親、なし節セグメントの根尖部に表皮に形成されます。この違いは、おそらく ∼ 規制下にある節セグメントで組織の極性を示します。トコン文化システムにより、不定芽形成の間に内生植物ホルモン レベルの変化を分析するユニークな機会です。ここで 1 つオーキシン (インドール-3-酢酸酢酸 (IAA)) と 4 つの CKs の内因性レベルの解析の手法を紹介 (イソペンテニル アデニン (iP)、イソペンテニル アデニン ゼアチンリボシド (iPR)、トランス-ゼアチン (tZ) とトランス-ゼアチンリボシド (最も息))LC ・ MS/MS を使用して節間のセグメント。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:677px;" width="678">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">[2H5]indole-3-acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Olchemlm Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">031 1531</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">[2H5]trans-zeatin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Olchemlm Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030 0301</td>
			<td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">[2H5]trans-zeatin riboside</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Olchemlm Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030 0311</td>
			<td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">[2H6]N6-isopentenyl adenine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Olchemlm Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030 0161</td>
			<td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">[2H6]N6-isopentenyl adenosine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Olchemlm Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">030 0171</td>
			<td>Internal standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">indole-3-acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Wako</td>
			<td>098 00181</td>
			<td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">trans-zeatin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z0876 5MG</td>
			<td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">trans-zeatin riboside</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Wako</td>
			<td>262 01081</td>
			<td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N6-isopentenyl adenine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D7674 1G</td>
			<td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">N6-isopentenyl adenosine</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">ACROS ORGANICS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22648 1000</td>
			<td>standard for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">acetonitrile hypergrade for LC-MS LiChrosolv</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.00029.1000</td>
			<td>solvent for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Water for chromatography LiChrosolv</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.15333.1000</td>
			<td>solvent for LC-MS/MS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">SHIMADZU</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Prominence</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MS</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sciex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3200QTRAP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oasis HLB 30 mg/1 cc</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WAT094225</td>
			<td>cartridge column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oasis MCX 30 mg/1 cc</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186000252</td>
			<td>cartridge column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">screw neck total recovery vial</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186002805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">blue, 12 x 32mm screw neck cap and PTFE/silicone septum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186000274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Acquity UPLC BEH C18, 2.1x100 mm</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Waters</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">186002350</td>
			<td>UPLC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Proshell 120 EC-C18, 2.1x50 mm</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">699775-902</td>
			<td>UPLC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Digital microscope</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DHS1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TissueLyser II</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">85300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Surgical blade</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. 22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel handle</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Feather</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">No. 4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">Savant SpeedVac/Refregerated vapor trap</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPD111/RVT4104</td>
			<td>vacuum concentrartor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Disposable glass tobe (13x100 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9832-1310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sterile petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">INA OPTICA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I-90-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of endogenous auxin and cytokinin during internode culture of ipecac

不定芽形成は経済的に重要な作物の普及のため、遺伝子組換え植物の再生に重要な手法です。植物ホルモン処理は、ほとんどの種の不定芽の誘導に必要です。オーキシンとサイトカイニン (CK) 間のバランスによって決定されます不定芽を誘発することができるかどうかのレベル。多くの努力は、最適な濃度と外植片として使用される各組織、各植物は植物ホルモンの組み合わせを決定するのに入ります。ただし、トコンは培植物ホルモン治療なしで節間のセグメントに不定芽を誘導することができます。これは評価する細胞分化のトコンの固有の可塑性をことができます。トコンの不定芽を誘導して、5 週間 0.2% ジェランガムで凝固した植物ホルモン無料 B5 培地で 14 h/10 h の光暗いサイクルで 15 µmol m− 2の− 1光の下の 24 の ° C で節間のセグメントを培養しました。不定芽形成過程における植物ホルモンの動態を調査するには、計測における内生インドール-3 - 酢酸及び CKs セグメント液体クロマトグラフィー-タンデム質量分析法クロマトグラフィー-タンデム質量による。このメソッドは、単純な方法で解析における内生インドール-3 - 酢酸の CKs レベルをできます。それは、他の植物の器官の中に内生オーキシンと CK のダイナミクスを調べるに適用できます。

1st週不定芽が形成ないです。2nd週間で小さな芽が登場しました。3rdと 4th週間、数シュート頂端領域 (I および II) を中心に増加 (図 2A)。5 週目で番号シュートの地域であった約 7 で私と 5 地域 II (図 2B)。対照的に、いくつかの撮影だけは III と IV の地域で形?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac at JoVE.com

Quantification of Endogenous Auxin and Cytokinin During Internode Culture of Ipecac

トコンの節間文化の中に内生オーキシンとサイトカイニンの定量化

不定芽は、植物ホルモン治療せずトコンの節間のセグメントに誘導できます。不定芽形成過程における植物ホルモンの動態を評価するには、MS LC/MS による節セグメントにおける内生オーキシンとサイトカイニンを測定しました。

Adventitious shoot formation is an important technique for the propagation of economically important crops and for the regeneration of transgenic plants. ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to describe how endogenous phytohormone levels change during adventitious shoot formation in ipecac. This method can help answer key questions related to tissue regeneration in the plant tissue culture wheel. The main advantage of this technique is the endogenous level of Indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinines can be simply analyzed with high sensitivity.The implication of this technique extend throughout establishment of plant tissue degeneration because changes in endogenous phytohormone level trigger adventitious shoot formation. To begin, prepare a phytohormone-free B5 medium and add 0.2 percent gellan gum. Then, autoclave the medium to sterilize it.Using a surgical scalpel on a sterile acrylic plate, slice eight millimeter internodal segments of ipecac plantlets and place them on the medium. Then, culture the ipecac segments at 24 degrees Celsius under 15 micromole per square meter seconds of light in a 14-hour light, 10-hour dark cycle for five weeks. After culturing the ipecac segments, identify regions one through four in each segment.Once a week, use a microscope to count the number of adventitious shoots in each region. First, place a five millimeter zirconia bead into four two-milliliter sample tubes. Then, use a surgical scalpel on a sterile acrylic plate to cut the ipecac segments into regions I through IV.Then collect eight segments from each region into one sample tube.Weigh each of the samples and freeze them in liquid nitrogen. Next, use a bead-based homogenizer to crush the frozen samples. Use a vortex mixer to suspend the samples in one milliliter of the acetonitrile with 500 picograms of each internal standard of oxen and CKs.Home the samples at four degrees Celsius for one hour. And then centrifuge the samples at 3500 G for five minutes at room temperature. Wash the pellet in 80 percent acetal nitrile with one percent acetic acid.Then repeat the centrifugation and use a disposable class tube to combine the supernatants. Add 600 microliters of water with one percent acetic acid to the combined supernatant. Then use a vacuum concentrator to evaporate the acetal nitrile.Load the sample solutions into individual equilibrated HLB cartridges. And wash the cartridges with one milliliter of water with one percent acetic acid. Then allude all of the hormones with two milliliters of 80 percent acetyl nitrile with one percent acetic acid in a glass tube.Using a vacuum concentrator, evaporate the acetal nitrile to obtain extract in water with one percent acetic acid. Load the sample solutions into individual equilibrated MCX cartridges and wash the cartridges with one milliliter of water with one percent acetic acid. Then allude IAA in a glass tube, with two milliliters of 30 percent acetal nitrile with one percent acetic acid.Then wash the cartridges with two milliliters of 80 percent acetal nitrile with one percent acetic acid. Next, wash the cartridges with two milliliters of water and one milliliter of water with five percent aqueous ammonia in a draft chamber. Allude the CKs in a glass tube with two milliliters of 60 percent acetal nitrile with five percent aqueous ammonia in a draft chamber.Then use a vacuum concentrator to evaporate the solvent of each hormone fraction. Stir the samples at minus thirty degrees Celsius until LCMSMS analysis. First, dissolve each hormone extract in a tube with 600 microliters of methanol.Then transfer the solution to a screw-neck total recovery vial and use a vacuum concentrator to evaporate the solvent. Dissolve the IAA fraction in 20 microliters of 30 percent acetal nitrile and the CK fractions in 20 microliters of water with one percent acetic acid. Next use a triple quadrupole MS system equipped with an HPLC system to analyze the samples in positive ion mode.Finally quantify endogenous IAA in CK levels against a standard curve of the ration of unlabeled to deuterium label standards. In this protocol endogenous oxidant cytokinin in adventitious chutes was measured via LCMSMS for five weeks. At the first week, no adventitious chutes had formed and the first small chutes appeared during the second week.During the third and fourth weeks, the number of chutes increased mostly in regents one and two. During the fifth week the number of chutes was approximately seven in region one, and five in region two. Before culture, the IAA level was slightly higher in region one than in regions two, three, and four.During the first week, the IAA level increased greatly in region four, and decreased slightly in regions one, two, and three. By five weeks of culture an IAA concentration gradient emerged. With levels increasing from region one to region four.Before culture, there were only trace levels of most of the CKs. At the first week, the tZR level increased to 13.8 picograms per milligram in region two. And 18.1 picograms per milligram in region three.In contrast the levels of tZ, iP and iPR changed only slightly during culture. While attempting this procedure it's important to remember that endogenous part hormone are stable. After it's developed man, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of plant tissue culture.To explore adventitious formation in other organisms. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to analyze endogenous Indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinines.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

エンテロウイルスと文化およびRT-QPCRによる水中のノロウイルス発生のEPAメソッド1615測定。ウイルスサンプルのI.コレクション

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

環境学

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

重金属や微細藻類の生産性に関するその他の無機汚染物質の定量

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

リアルタイムPCRによる沿岸堆積物および定量16SのrRNA遺伝子と転写物からの同時DNA-RNA抽出

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

タイムのエッセンシャル オイルのアプリケーションの肉乾燥中の微生物負荷に及ぼす影響

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

岩や放射光 x 線回折を用いた鉱物骨材の冷間圧縮時の応力分布

We report detailed procedures for performing compression experiments on rocks and mineral aggregates within a multi-anvil deformation apparatus (D-DIA) ...

Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles

爬虫類から皮膚脂質の分離、定量、化学分離

Reptiles signal to conspecifics using lipids in their skin, primarily to enable mate tracking and assessment. The isolation of these lipids has utility in ...

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

熱光学有機/元素炭素測定の分割点解析と不確実性定量

Researchers from myriad fields frequently seek to quantify and classify concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols as organic carbon (OC) or elemental carbon ...

Processing Embryo, Eggshell, and Fungal Culture for Scanning Electron Microscopy

電子顕微鏡検査用胚、卵殻、真菌培養の処理

Although scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is being widely used for the ultra-structural analysis of various biological and non-biological samples, ...