Name: an integrated platform for genome-wide mapping of chromatin states using high-throughput chip-sequencing in tumor tissues
Uploaded: 2018-04-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues at JoVE.com

우리는 마커 스 코일, Curtis Gumbs, 시퀀싱 지원에 대 한 MDACC에서 SMF 핵심을 감사합니다. 이 문서에서 설명 하는 작업 SMF 코어 NIH 그랜트 (CA016672)에서 교부 금에 의해 지원 되었다와 NCI K. R. (1K99CA160578 및 R00CA160578) 수상

모든 임상 표본은 기관 검토 위원회의 지침에 따라 얻은 했다.
1. 버퍼 준비
<ol><li>TE 버퍼 (10 mM Tris HCl, 10 m m ethylenediaminetetraacetic 산 (EDTA) pH 8.0) 200 mL를 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>STE 버퍼 (10 mM Tris HCl, 10 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 140 mM NaCl) 200 mL를 확인 합니다.</li>
	<li>2.0 M 글리신 (37.52 g 물 200 mL에 글리신의)의 200 mL 고 65 ° c 열</li>
	<li>200 mL의 5% 나트륨 deoxycholate (DOC) 솔루션 물 200 mL에 DOC (10 g)을 확...

<ol>
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이 프로토콜 chromatin 주에서 인간의 종양 조직 및 세포의 게놈 넓은 매핑 위한 완전 하 고 포괄적인 높은 처리량 칩 seq 모듈을 설명합니다. 어떤 칩 seq 프로토콜에서 가장 중요 한 단계 중 하나는 항 체 특이성입니다. 여기,이 메서드는 설명된 6 히스톤 수정, 모두 칩 등급 및 이전에 우리와 다른 실험실42,,4445 에 검증에 대 한 immun...

포유류 게놈 (98-99%)의 대다수는 noncoding 시퀀스, 구성 그리고 알려진 유전자 발현 및 염색 질 조직1,2에 참여 하는 규제 요소를 포함 하는이 nocoding 지역. 정상 세포에서 게놈 DNA의 특정 어셈블리 압축된 chromatin 구조에이 공간 조직, 규정 및 다양 한 DNA 관련 된 프로세스3,,45의 정확한 타이밍에 대 한 중요 합니다. 그러나 암 세포에, chromatin 수정 후 성적인 탈 선 메커니즘에 의해 chromatin 구조, 규제 요소, 염색체 루핑 시스템 및 유전자 표현 패턴6에 대 한 액세스를 포함 하 여 부적절 한 조직에 발생할 수 있습니다. 7,8,,910.
최근 발전에도 불구 하 고 우리 후 변경 관련 된 종양의 진행 이나 치료 응답의 이해를 제한 했다. epigenome 수정, 히스톤 부호, DNA 메 틸 화, 총칭 impinges 유전자 식 네트워크와 유지에 대 한 중요 한 다른 프로세스는 동적 상태 (chromatin 상태 라고 함)를 형성 등의 구성 세포 id입니다. 최근, 강화 변경 H3K27Ac 프로필11공부 하 여 여러 악성 종양에 표시 되었습니다. 100 개 이상의 후 성적인 수정 확인 된12,13 그들의 생물 학적 역할의 명확한 이해 없이 되었습니다 이러한 연구 격리 후 성적인 부호의 상관 관계에 대 한 통찰력을 제공, 그리고 상호 의존입니다. 또한, 이러한 히스톤과 DNA 수정 가능한 조합 패턴의 더 큰 수가 있다 며 이러한 조합 패턴-개별 수정-epigenetic 국가14를 지정 하는. 따라서, 암 진행 이나 치료. 에 대 한 응답 하는 동안 이러한 chromatin 상태 변경 식별 엄청난 필요는 암에 epigenome 변경의 포괄적인 지식 기술 (예: 작은 양의 임상 자료/단일 셀에서 대규모 데이터의 발생)으로 인해 일부 후행 되었습니다 있다 및 분석 (예: 알고리즘을 정의 조합 국가) 도전. 따라서, 필요도 중요 한 임상 자료와 구현 하기 쉬운 전산 접근에서 히스톤 수정 표시의 많은 수를 프로 파일링에 대해 강력한 높은 처리량 방법 촉진 한다 조합 패턴 예측 epigenetic 상태 tumorigenesis 및 치료 저항의 다른 단계와 관련 된 결정. 최근 epigenome 프로 파일링 연구15,,1617,18,19,20,21에서 사용할 수 있는 추가, 데이터 정상 조직 및 세포에서 22,23 chromatin 프로필에 대 한 추가 epigenome 기여 종양 생물학에 종양의 통합 될 수 있다.
Chromatin 프로 파일링 다양 한 chromatin 수정15,24의 글로벌 바인딩 패턴을 식별 하기 위한 강력한 도구가 되고있다. 최근 몇 년 동안에 칩 seq 세계적인 규모25,,2627에 DNA 단백질 상호 작용 연구 "금 표준" 되고있다. 어떤 칩 seq 실험에 대 한 단계가 중요 한 성공, 조직 처리 및 연관 해제를 포함 하 여, 최적의 쥡니다 조건, 강 수, 도서관 준비에 대 한 최적의 항 체 농도 determing determing에 필요한 -시퀀싱 데이터 처리 및 다운스트림 분석입니다. 각이 단계 주요 품질 관리 검사점을 포함 하 고 함께 찍은 때 제대로 기능 유효성 검사에 대 한 잠재적인 대상을 식별 하는 데 중요 한 있다. 이 단계에서 혁신을 통해 여러 이전 연구에서 적은 양의 조직28,,2930,31,32 칩 또는 칩 Seq를 수행 하는 방법론 개발 . 또한, 일부 연구는 높은 처리량 칩 실험 뒤에 PCR 프로토콜 기반 정량33,34건의 했다. 마지막으로, 일부 공개적으로 사용 가능한 분석 플랫폼 칩 Seq 데이터에 대 한 Easeq35 등 은36사용할 수 지금 있습니다. 그러나, 하나의 마크 chromatin 상태 분석 수행을 계산 파이프라인 함께 높은 처리량 패션에 칩 Seq를 수행 하기 위한 통합된 플랫폼 부족 되었습니다.
이 프로토콜 설명 종양 조직에 셀 라인, chromatin의 게놈 넓은 매핑 위한 완전 하 고 포괄적인 칩 seq 워크플로 쉽게 성공적인 실험에 필요한 단계를 모두 포괄 하는 지침에 따라. 이전 Blecher 고 넨 외. 에 의해 설명 하는 높은 처리량 방법을 채택 하 여 37이 프로토콜 병렬로 샘플의 수십에서 수행할 수 있습니다 그리고 암 세포 선 및 흑색 종, 전립선, 콜론과 세포종 님 같은 인간 종양에 성공적으로 적용 되었습니다. 6 코어 히스톤 수정 인간 흑색 종 세포 선 및 종양 샘플에 epigenetic 규제 프리의 주요 구성 요소를 나타내는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 이러한 수정 포함 H3K27ac (강화), H3K4me1 (활성 및 태세 강화), H3K4me3 (발기인), H3K79me2 (복사할 영역), H3K27me3 (polycomb 억압), 및 H3K9me3 (heterochromatic 억압). 이러한 표시 억압 및 활성 도메인을 나타내는 기능적으로 뚜렷한 chromatin 상태를 식별 하기 위해 단독으로 또는 조합에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K4me1 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K27ac antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab4729</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K4me3 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K79me2 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab3594</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K27me3 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab6002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ChIP-grade H3K9me3 antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M Tris HCl, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>T1080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8898</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Sigma - Life Sciences</td>
			<td>D8537-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>74255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LiCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>746460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP-40</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>492016-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% TWEEN-20</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA - IgG-free</td>
			<td>Sigma - Life Sciences</td>
			<td>A2058-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibo</td>
			<td>14025092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GentleMACS C tube</td>
			<td>GentleMACS</td>
			<td>120-008-466</td>
			<td>disassociation tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Peierce</td>
			<td>28906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>miniProtease inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11836153001</td>
			<td>protease inhibitor tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads Protein G&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10009D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioruptor NGS tubes 0.65 mL</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C30010011</td>
			<td>sonication tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag - 96 Side Skirted</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>120.27</td>
			<td>96-well magnetic stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TE buffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V6231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12091021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>100005393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AMPure XP beads</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63882</td>
			<td>paramagnetic beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit ds DNA High Sensitivity Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32854</td>
			<td>high sensitivity DNA reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E7645L</td>
			<td>DNA Library Prep Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity D1000 ScreenTape</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-5584</td>
			<td>high sensitivity DNA reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity D1000 reagents</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-5585</td>
			<td>high sensitivity DNA reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiplex Oligos (Index primers- Set 1)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E7335L</td>
			<td>Multiplex Oligos&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiplex Oligos (Index primers- Set 2)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>E7500L</td>
			<td>Multiplex Oligos&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TapeStation 4200</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2991AA</td>
			<td>high sensitivity DNA electropherogram instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioruptor Pico sonication device&#160;</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>B01060001</td>
			<td>water bath disruputor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixer</td>
			<td>Nutator</td>
			<td>421105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Rad C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1851196</td>
			<td>PCR Thermal cycler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water Bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>2322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Pipet</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>1003123</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Revolver</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>88881001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-Well Skirted Plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>47744-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Allegra X-12R Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A99464</td>
			<td>benchtop centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5424</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22620461</td>
			<td>tabletop centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical tube strips (8x Strip)</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>401428</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical tube strip caps (8x strip)</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>401425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading Tips, 10 Pk</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-5599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IKA MS3 vortex</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3617000</td>
			<td>vortex</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an integrated platform for genome-wide mapping of chromatin states using high-throughput chip-sequencing in tumor tissues

히스톤 수정은 epigenome의 주요 구성 요소를 구성 하며 중요 한 역할을 규제 관련된 loci의 transcriptional 상태를 결정 합니다. 또한, 특정 수정의 존재 위치와 강화 등 비 코딩 기능 요소 정체성을 결정 하 사용 되었습니다. 최근 몇 년 동안, chromatin immunoprecipitation 다음 세대 시퀀싱 (칩 seq) 다음 개별 히스톤 수정의 게놈 넓은 프로필 결정에 강력한 도구가 되고있다. 그러나, 그것은 점점 더 분명 chromatin 수정, Chromatin 상태 라고의 조합 패턴 정체성과 관련 된 genomic 소재 시의 결정 되고있다. 따라서, 다양 한 전산 분석 파이프라인 수 뿐만 아니라 히스톤 수정 표시를 프로 파일링에 대 한 강력한 높은 처리량 (HT) 방법론의 구성 된 워크플로 처리 칩 Seq의 무수의 프로 파일링 데이터 집합에 필요한 샘플의 많은 수에 있는 epigenomic 국가의 포괄적인 결정. 여기는 HT 칩 Seq 워크플로 두 개의 모듈로 구성: 1) 적은 양의 종양 샘플 및 96-잘 형식; 셀 라인에서 여러 히스톤 수정 프로 파일링 실험 프로토콜 그리고 2) 개별 마크 인 및 조합 chromatin 상태 패턴을 계산 하는 기존 도구를 결합 하 여 전산 데이터 분석 파이프라인. 함께,이 두 가지 모듈 쉽게 처리 칩 Seq 샘플의 수백의 신속 하 고 효율적인 방식으로 촉진 한다. 여기에 제시 된 워크플로 chromatin 상태 패턴 흑색 종 종양 세포에서 6 히스톤 마크 프로필에서 파생 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 전반적으로, 우리는 인간의 종양 샘플 및 다양 한 악성 종양에 epigenomic 착오를 결정 하기 위해 암 세포 라인에 적용할 수 있는 포괄적인 칩 seq 워크플로 제시.

이 프로토콜에는 냉동된 종양 조직 및 높은 처리량 방법 (그림 1A)를사용 하 여 병렬로 샘플의 수십에 수행할 수 있는 셀 라인에서 immunoprecipitation 수 있습니다. 염색 질 조각을 위한 최적의 immunoprecipitation ~ 200-1000 bps 사이 범위 해야 합니다. 우리는 같은 전단 길이 달성 하는 데 필요한 시간이 다른 조직 및 세포 유형에 대 한 다른 지적 했?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues at JoVE.com

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues

종양 조직에 높은 처리량 칩 시퀀스를 사용 하 여 Chromatin의 게놈 넓은 매핑 위한 통합된 플랫폼

여기, 우리는 최적화 된 높은 처리량 칩 시퀀싱 프로토콜 및 냉동된 종양 조직 및 세포에서 게놈 넓은 chromatin 상태 패턴의 결정에 대 한 전산 분석 파이프라인을 설명합니다.

Histone modifications constitute a major component of the epigenome and play important regulatory roles in determining the transcriptional status of ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to unbiasedly identify combinatorial chromatin state patterns in tumor tissues and cancer cell lines. This method could help answer key questions in the cancer epigenetics field such as how a barren histone modification states could contribute to tumor genesis. The main advantage of this technique is that multiple histone modifications, as well as multiple samples could be processed both simultaneously, as well as efficiently.First, dissociate 50 milligrams of melanoma tissue manually and two milliliters of Hank's Balanced Salt Solution or HBSS, using a sterile razor blade. Mince the tissue into three or four millimeter pieces for approximately five minutes in a sterile tissue culture dish. Transfer the tissue solution to a dissociator tube and add another eighth milliliters of HBSS.Further dissociate the tissue, using a dissociator, until homogenized. Next, crosslink the tissue, adding 200 microliters of 16%formaldehyde per three milliliters of HBSS. Using a mixer, shake the mixture at 10 rpms for exactly 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.After removing the sample from the incubator, add 200 microliters of tumoral glycine per three milliliters of sample and shake the mixture at 10 rpms for five minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Spin the sample at 934 times g for five minutes at four degrees Celsius using a bench top centrifuge. When finished, remove the supernatant and add five milliliters of ice cold PBS.Then, centrifuge the sample again at 934 times g then remove the supernatant. Add 300 microliters of ChIP harvest buffer with protease inhibitors per 50 milligrams of tissue and lyse the samples for 30 minutes on ice. While the cells are lysing, turn on the water bath disruptor and associated cooling system and allow the temperature to reach four degrees Celsius.Place the sonicator tube in the water bath disruptor and sonicate the melanoma tissue for 60 cycles at 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off to obtain chromatin fragments of 200 to 600 base pairs. For eight milligrams of melanoma tissue, incubate three micrograms of each histone antibody with 20 microliters of protein g magnetic beads and 100 microliters of binding blocking buffer for two hours at four degrees Celsius with rotation, using a tube revolver. After sonication, dilute the sample five times using ChIP dilution buffer to bring the SDS concentration down to 0.1%After incubation of the antibody and protein g magnetic beads is complete, remove the ChIP dilution buffer and re suspend the beads in 240 microliters of the fresh buffer.Then, place 20 microliters aliquots of the beads into 12 separate tubes, each of which will be used for a separate tissue sample. Aliquot the sonicated material evenly to the protein g beads with specific antibody and rotate the tubes using a tube revolver overnight at four degrees Celsius. On the morning after reverse cross linking, transfer the antibody protein solution to a 96 well plate and place it on a magnetic stand.After allowing the beads to adhere for at least 30 seconds, remove the supernatant. Wash the beads five times with 150 microliters of ice cold RIPA wash buffer using a multi channel pipette. Move the magnet continuously for 30 seconds per wash, then remove the supernatant.After the washing steps, add an elution buffer master mix, containing 44 microliters of direct elution buffer, one microliter of Rnase and five microliters of protenase k per chip and input the sample for reverse cross linking. Incubate the samples using a PCR thermal cycler for four hours at 37 degrees Celsius, four hours at 50 degrees Celsius and eight to 16 hours at 65 degrees Celsius. On the next morning, place the samples back on the magnet and transfer the supernatant to a new 96 well PCR plate which contains the amino precipitated DNA.Add 2.3 x paramagnetic beads to the solution and carefully pipette up and down 25 times using a multi channel pipette. Following this, incubate at room temperature for four minutes. Then place the samples back on the magnet and incubate at room temperature for another four minutes.After discarding the supernatant, add 150 microliters of 70%ethanol to the samples and incubate at room temperature for 30 seconds without disturbing the beads. After allowing the beads to dry, remove the samples from the magnet and add 30 microliters of 10 millimolar traceal. Mix by pipetting 25 times.After incubating the samples at room temperature, place them back on the magnet and incubate at room temperature for another four minutes. Transfer 20 microliters of each sample to a new 96 well plate for library preparation. After PCR amplification, remove the samples and bring the total volume to 100 microliters using nucleus free water.Perform double sided paramagnetic size selection by first adding 55 microliters of beads to each sample and mixing 25 times with a pipette. Then incubate at room temperature for four minutes. Place the samples back on the magnet and incubate at room temperature for another four minutes to attain large fragments on the beads that are unsuitable for sequencing.After incubation, transfer the supernatant to a new 96 well PCR plate. Add another 25 microliters of paramagnetic beads and mix by pipetting 25 times and incubate at room temperature off the magnet for four minutes. After incubating at room temperature, place the samples back on the magnet and incubate at room temperature for four minutes.Then discard the supernatant. While leaving the samples on the magnet, add 150 microliters of 70%ethanol and incubate at room temperature for 30 seconds without disturbing the beads. Remove the ethanol and repeat the wash.After allowing the beads to dry, remove the samples from the magnet and add 25 microliters of 10 millimolar traceal pH 8.0. Mix by pipetting 25 times and incubate at room temperature, off the magnet for four minutes. After incubating at room temperature, place the samples back on the magnet and incubate at room temperature for four minutes.Now, quantify the libraries using a high sensitivity DNA electropherogram instrument before multiplexing to ensure the sizes are suitable for sequencing. This protocol allows immunoprecipitation of frozen tumor tissues and cell lines that can be performed on dozens of samples and parallel using a high throughput method. Chromatin fragments should range between 200 and 1000 base pairs for optimal immunoprecipitation.Purified ChIP DNA should be quantified before proceeding to library preparation. Completed libraries suitable for multiplexing and next generation sequencing should range between 200 and 600 base pairs and be devoid of any primer dimers. Upon post sequencing, there are many quality control metrics that should be met before proceeding to further steps of the pipeline, such as macs peak calling and chromHmm analysis.ChIP samples should be enriched over input DNA and each histone modification should display a distinct profile representing a specific component of the epigenetic landscape. The chrome HMM algorithm uses a Multivariate Hidden Markov Model to identify the most prominent reoccurring combinatorial and spacial chromatin patterns based on the histone modifications studied. Using these six modifications, chrome HMM identifies functionally distinct chromatin states representing both repressive and active domains, such as polycomb repression, heterochromatic repression, active transcription, and active enhancers.Once mastered, this technique can be done in three to four days, if it's performed properly. While attempting this procedure, it's important to determine optimal sonication conditions and specification for antibodies before continuing to library preparation and data analysis. For learning this procedure, other methods, such as RRS sequencing and chromosome confirmation capture can be performed to determine coalition of chromatin state parts with gene expression and higher chromatin structure.After the experiment, the technique has paved way for researchers in cancer epigenetics field to explore chromatin state patterns in patient tumor samples. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to process and disassociate tumor tissues, perform chromatin immunoprecipitation, prepare libraries for nextgen sequecing, process post sequencing data and gain insights into initial steps of downstream analysis. Don't forget that when working with formaldehyde, it can be extremely hazardous and precautions, such as an appropriate fume hood, should always be taken when performing this procedure.

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