Name: therapy testing in a spheroid-based 3d cell culture model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Uploaded: 2018-04-20T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma at JoVE.com

このプロジェクトは、ミュンヘン大学の助成金によって賄われていた (FöFoLe プロジェクト号: 789-781)。

本稿では、すなわち、人間の腫瘍の標本の使用に示すようにすべての研究は、事前決定から大学医学のマインツ/大学ミュンヘン医療センター倫理委員会の同意の下に保護されています。患者は、その治療の過程で得られた余剰の生物材料の科学上の利用に同意すること国民の法的なガイドラインに従ってインフォームド・コンセントを与えています。研究は、人間の福祉のためすべての機関...

<ol>
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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+bone+marrow,+disseminated+tumour+cells+and+blood-circulating+tumour+cells+in+breast+cancer+patients+after+primary+treatment.">Comparison of bone marrow, disseminated tumour cells and blood-circulating tumour cells in breast cancer patients after primary treatment.</a> Brit J Cancer. 100 (1), 160-166 (2009).</li><li>Mockelmann, N., Laban, S., Pantel, K., Knecht, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+tumor+cells+in+head+and+neck+cancer:+clinical+impact+in+diagnosis+and+follow-up.">Circulating tumor cells in head and neck cancer: clinical impact in diagnosis and follow-up.</a> Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 271 (1), 15-21 (2014).</li><li>Gerlinger, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratumor+heterogeneity+and+branched+evolution+revealed+by+multiregion+sequencing.">Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing.</a> N Engl J Med. 366 (10), 883-892 (2012).</li><li>Ledgerwood, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+degree+of+intratumor+mutational+heterogeneity+varies+by+primary+tumor+sub-site.">The degree of intratumor mutational heterogeneity varies by primary tumor sub-site.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (19), 27185-27198 (2016).</li><li>Loyo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+learned+from+next-generation+sequencing+in+head+and+neck+cancer.">Lessons learned from next-generation sequencing in head and neck cancer.</a> Head Neck. 35 (3), 454-463 (2013).</li><li>Morris, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Molecular+Landscape+of+Recurrent+and+Metastatic+Head+and+Neck+Cancers:+Insights+From+a+Precision+Oncology+Sequencing+Platform.">The Molecular Landscape of Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Cancers: Insights From a Precision Oncology Sequencing Platform.</a> JAMA Oncol. , (2016).</li><li>Bauml, J. M., Cohen, R. B., Aggarwal, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunotherapy+for+head+and+neck+cancer:+latest+developments+and+clinical+potential.">Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer: latest developments and clinical potential.</a> Ther Adv Med Oncol. 8 (3), 168-175 (2016).</li><li>Mack, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+non-enzymatic+in+vitro+retrieval+of+tumour+cells+from+surgical+specimens.">Rapid and non-enzymatic in vitro retrieval of tumour cells from surgical specimens.</a> PLoS One. 8 (1), e55540 (2013).</li><li>Ham, S. L., Joshi, R., Thakuri, P. S., Tavana, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid-based+three-dimensional+tumor+models+for+cancer+research+and+drug+discovery.">Liquid-based three-dimensional tumor models for cancer research and drug discovery.</a> Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 241 (9), 939-954 (2016).</li><li>Kelm, J. M., Timmins, N. E., Brown, C. J., Fussenegger, M., Nielsen, L. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+generation+of+homogeneous+multicellular+tumor+spheroids+applicable+to+a+wide+variety+of+cell+types.">Method for generation of homogeneous multicellular tumor spheroids applicable to a wide variety of cell types.</a> Biotechnol Bioeng. 83 (2), 173-180 (2003).</li><li>Kunz-Schughart, L. A., Freyer, J. 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B., Bellet, D., Dangles-Marie, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spherical+cancer+models+in+tumor+biology.">Spherical cancer models in tumor biology.</a> Neoplasia. 17 (1), 1-15 (2015).</li><li>Cancer Genome Atlas, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+genomic+characterization+of+head+and+neck+squamous+cell+carcinomas.">Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.</a> Nature. 517 (7536), 576-582 (2015).</li><li>Duarte, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+head+and+neck+squamous+carcinoma+cancer+stem-like+cells+in+a+syngeneic+mouse+model+and+analysis+of+hypoxia+effect.">Isolation of head and neck squamous carcinoma cancer stem-like cells in a syngeneic mouse model and analysis of hypoxia effect.</a> Oncol Rep. 28 (3), 1057-1062 (2012).</li><li>Reid, P. A., Wilson, P., Li, Y., Marcu, L. G., Bezak, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+understanding+of+cancer+stem+cells:+Review+of+their+radiobiology+and+role+in+head+and+neck+cancers.">Current understanding of cancer stem cells: Review of their radiobiology and role in head and neck cancers.</a> Head Neck. 39 (9), 1920-1932 (2017).</li><li>Cossu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+Insight+into+Inhibitor+of+Apoptosis+Proteins+Recognition+by+a+Potent+Divalent+Smac-Mimetic.">Structural Insight into Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Recognition by a Potent Divalent Smac-Mimetic.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (11), e49527 (2012).</li><li>Hagemann, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spheroid-based+3D+Cell+Cultures+Enable+Personalized+Therapy+Testing+and+Drug+Discovery+in+Head+and+Neck+Cancer.">Spheroid-based 3D Cell Cultures Enable Personalized Therapy Testing and Drug Discovery in Head and Neck Cancer.</a> Anticancer Res. 37 (5), 2201-2210 (2017).</li><li>Worp, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+animal+models+of+disease+reliably+inform+human+studies?.">Can animal models of disease reliably inform human studies?.</a> PLoS Med. 7 (3), e1000245 (2010).</li><li>Wilding, J. L., Bodmer, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+cell+lines+for+drug+discovery+and+development.">Cancer cell lines for drug discovery and development.</a> Cancer Res. 74 (9), 2377-2384 (2014).</li><li>Chitcholtan, K., Asselin, E., Parent, S., Sykes, P. H., Evans, J. 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細胞懸濁液、両方の細胞についての予備的実験、ひと腫瘍細胞から再現可能な回転楕円体を生成するプロトコルを確立することができました。まず上記 2 つの方法を評価し、ULA メソッド、制服の三次元回転楕円体の生成のより安全でより信頼性の高いものにする、超低接着面を有する培養皿は使用法を識別しました。アッセイ読み出し (サイズ/地域と細胞生存率) の 2 つの独立した方法を組?...

頭頸部扁平上皮癌 (各種) は第 6 最も一般的な癌の過剰なニコチンやアルコールによって引き起こされるケースの大半の横にある、粘膜ヒトパピ ローマ ウイルス (HPV) 感染症関連病態の上昇率で世界消費1,2。進行期および再発の各種の治療と積極的な腫瘍浸潤によるやりがいのまま小さい腫瘍や前侵略的な段階は、通常、通常は頸部リンパ節郭清と組み合わせて、外科的切除も治療中転移と放射線と化学療法プロトコル3,4,5,6,7,8への抵抗。最近の研究は、細胞の表現型の高い変動と循環のサブ特性を示唆しているし、9,10播種性腫瘍細胞は始まったばかり。制服、固体腫瘍の以前の信念質量が過去の最近の研究に照らして修正されなければならなかった年11,12,13,14。腫瘍の特性とキーの突然変異の同定のための現在のアプローチは、治療抵抗と関連付けられるが、コストのかかるアプローチを維持するように見えるいくつかの遺伝子を識別できます。さらに、遺伝子型の知識では表現型とその治療応答の信頼性の高い予測が必ずしも許可しません。
進行期および再発性疾患の全体および無病生存率を向上させるいくつかの進歩がずっとあります。ニコチン-と同様ウイルス関連癌、手術以外にも現在の治療法の選択肢は、積極的な放射線とプラチナ ベースの化学療法レジメンを囲みます。HPV 陰性と陽性の癌; 間別反応率に影響があったしかし、これは未だ一般的な療法のガイドラインの変更をもたらします。プラチナ ベース化学療法だけでなく対象療法 (抗 EGFR; 広範な現象は、すべての腫瘍の段階あり、放射線や化学療法への抵抗表皮成長因子受容体)最近浮上してチェックポイント阻害15。効果が放射線と化学療法、嚥下障害、粘膜炎、口渇、とりわけ腎臓や心臓の機能の低下のリスクの観点から重要な患者の罹患率の高い費用で来る。療法前に応答を予測、個々 の患者のための一般的な治療概念の決定は、不必要な治療概念、副作用やコストを防ぐ重要な目標であるようです。
我々 は現在標準的な化学療法放射線という技術的な立場から定期的かつ品質制御腫瘍治療アルゴリズムに統合されることに対する個々 の患者の治療感受性をテストするモデルを確立しようとしました。遠い目標は、彼らは不完全にしか変動せず実際のひと腫瘍細胞を表せないし、不均一性我々 はプロトコルの確立中、今知っていると様々 な細胞で行われていた大きく変化と高齢者の細胞株を使用せずモデルを使用していた。市販の細胞からのみ独立するには、我々 最近正常に「異食症」と呼ばれる中間細胞ライン細胞から生成プライマリ各種人間腫瘍標本からその表面と限られた通路に保存された細胞マーカー16. このパイカ セルラインが腫瘍生検から新鮮なひと癌細胞の試験を後で次に道路上のモデルの開発のための準備として役立つべきであります。それは文化が異なる反応三次元細胞とより多く体内細胞を示されている-これらの単分子膜17,18,19,20 の増大よりも抗がん剤の投与に ,21, 主に渡り鳥の保全のため、特定の細胞のサブセットの22,23,の24のサブ分化特性。ここでは、中間細胞から回転楕円体に基づく、三次元モデルのプロトコルについて述べるし、そのようなモデル統合がん治療、頭頸部外科医と腫瘍内科医 (どのようにプライマリひと扁平上皮癌細胞と方法図 1)。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>F 0425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco Life Technologies, Paisley, UK</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>A2212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>L0473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>K0293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>K0293</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liberase</td>
			<td>Roche Life Sciences, Basel, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5401127001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GravityPLUS 3D Culture and Assay Platform</td>
			<td>InSphero, Schlieren, Switzerland</td>
			<td>PB-CS 06-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GravityTRAP plate</td>
			<td>InSphero, Schlieren, Switzerland</td>
			<td>PB-CS-01-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low attachment (ULA) culture plates</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY, USA</td>
			<td>4520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>airway epithelial cell growth medium</td>
			<td>Promocell, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>C-21060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Biochrom, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td>A 2612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>airway epithelial cell growth medium supplement mix</td>
			<td>Promocell, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>C39165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WST-8 test</td>
			<td>Promocell, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>PC PK-CA705-CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Keratinocyte SFMedium + L-Glutamine 500mL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#17005-034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Pituitary Extract (BPE), 25mg</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#37000015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human Epithelial Growth Factor 2.5 &#181;g</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#37000015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM High Glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#21068-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin 10000U/mL Penicillin/ 10000&#181;g/mL Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 Nutrient Mix</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#21765-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax (200 mM L-Alanyl-L-Glutamin-Dipeptide in NaCl)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#35050087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS (Ca, Mg)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>#14025-092</td>
			<td>(no phenol red)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x TrypLE Expres Enzyme</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>#12604-013</td>
			<td>(no phenol red)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase (enzymatic cell detachment solution)</td>
			<td>Innovative cell technologies</td>
			<td>Cat# AT104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#181;m Falcon cell strainer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, USA</td>
			<td>#352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

therapy testing in a spheroid-based 3d cell culture model for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

進行・再発の頭頸部扁平上皮癌 (各種) に対する現在の治療法の選択肢は、放射線と化学療法放射線アプローチ手術の有無を囲みます。一方、プラチナ ベースの化学療法レジメンは現在効果の面でゴールド スタンダードを表し、ほとんどの場合、新しい化学療法レジメンは、すなわち免疫療法が浮上しています。しかし、奏効率と化学療法の治療抵抗性機構を予測し、理解が不十分なままにするは難しい。化学療法と放射線耐性機構の広範なバリエーションは、日付に知られています。この調査は記述するパーソナライズされた腫瘍の将来のツールとして個々 の患者からの各種セル行の応答様々 な治療レジメンとうまくいけば初代培養細胞を評価するために標準化された、高スループットの in vitroアッセイの開発療法。アッセイは、三次医療センターでの各種患者のため品質管理の標準のアルゴリズムに統合されているためただし、これは今後の研究の対象となります。技術的な実現可能性は、実際の患者から腫瘍生検から一次電池の有望に見えます。試料は、実験室に転送されます。生検は、酵素消化によって続いて機械的に分かれています。セル、三次元の回転楕円体の形をしたセルのコングロマリットの再現性、標準化、自発的な形成を促進する超低接着細胞文化バイアルに培養されます。回転楕円体は、放射線化学療法プロトコルと必要に応じて免疫療法プロトコルに公開する準備がされます。最終的な細胞生存率および回転楕円体サイズ療法感受性の指標をしたがって将来の患者の可能性が高い治療応答を評価するために考慮に引き込まれる可能性があります。このモデルは、頭頸部癌の個別化治療に向けた貴重なコスト効率の高いツールを使用できます。

再現性をもってハーゲマンらで説明するように新鮮な腫瘍生検から派生したひと癌細胞から後は、独自の PiCa セルの行を含む異なる細胞から最初単一細胞懸濁液から回転楕円体を生成することができました.26. 回転楕円体の生成の 2 つの確立された方法を行った。いわゆる吊りをされて 2 (HD) 法と超低付着性 (ULA) 法、後者がより効果的かつ安?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma at JoVE.com

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

療法の評価を目指して私たち頭頸部扁平上皮癌細胞株に対する実験的治療レジメンの現在の規格をテストすることができる回転楕円体に基づく、三次元の in vitroモデルの進化について述べる感受性と将来的に人体標本からの一次電池に抵抗。

治療の頭頸部扁平上皮癌に対する回転楕円体に基づく 3 D 細胞培養モデルのテスト

Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with ...

The overall goal of this in vitro method is to generate the three dimensional cell culture spheroids that enable the testing of current standard or experimental therapy regimens for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This method helps us to understand three dimensional tumor growth of head and neck cancer cells when exposed to radiation or chemo radiation treatment. It remains to be said that handling primary tumor cells is difficult and does not always lead to reliable three dimensional spheroid formation.Demonstrating the procedure will be Sabina Schwenk-Zieger, a technician from our laboratory. While using primary cells from a tumor specimen, place the specimen on a suitable and sterile surface and cut it thoroughly with a sterile, single-use scalpel into very small pieces. After sufficient mechanical separation of the primary tissue, transfer it into a vial containing collagenase 1 and 2 and incubate it for one hour at 37 degrees celsius.Next, sieve the mixture through a 70 micrometer Falcon cell strainer and wash the suspension with HBSS. After successful separation and subsequent washing, transfer the suspension containing one to two million cells into a T75 cell culture flask to grow to subconfluency at 37 degrees celsius for up to ten days. Under a microscope, confirm tumor cell growth.Count the cells in culture. Using an ultra-low adhesion 96-well plate with concave round bottoms, seed 5, 000 primary tumor cells, or 1, 000 to 2, 000 cells of intermediate cell line, in 200 to 300 microliters of media into the wells. Next, culture the cells at 37 degrees celsius.Perform media changes every other day. Pay attention not to aspirate the spheroid with the pipette during media changes. Culture the spheroids until the three dimensional spheroid-shaped cell conglomerates are observed.Keep in mind to exclude the wells with irregular or multiple spheroid formation from further investigation. Subsequently, change the media to media with chemo therapeutics and/or monoclonal antibodies at desired concentrations. Add Cisplatin at the concentrations of 2.5, five, or 10 micromolar or 5-Fluorouracil at 30 micromolar.In this procedure, measure the spheroid size after digital photo documentation on day six, day 10 and day 16 with a graphic software. After centrifugation of the plate at 520g for 2.5 minutes, remove the supernatant. Next, wash the cells with 1x PBS and centrifuge the plate again, followed by removing the supernatant.Next, add 100 microliters of enzymatic cell detachment solution to each vial to allow the spheroids to dissolve. Subsequently, incubate the plate for eight minutes at 37 degrees celsius. Check for successful dissolving of the spheroids under the microscope.Add 100 microliters of DMEM. Next, centrifuge the plate at 520g for 2.5 minutes. Then remove the supernatant and suspend the cells in 100 microliters of DMEM.Subsequently, if necessary, perform a commercially-available colorimetric proliferation assay and read the assay in an ELISA reader. All cell lines could generate reliable spheroids with differences in size and time of readout. Primary cells did form reproducible spheroids in ultra-low attachment plates.The Ki-67 staining reveals the periphery of the culture showing much higher proliferation rates than central cells, mimicking nutrient distribution in solid mucosal tumors that often show necrotic cores. Here, the effect of several chemo therapeutics and radiation on spheroid size. Radiation with two gray prior to treatment with Cisplatin, lead to a significant decrease in spheroid size compared to Cisplatin alone.With further establishment of generating spheroids from primary human cells, this is how the concept of therapy testing could be implemented. Spheroids would be generated after tumor biopsy, and then tested for molecular characteristics and therapy susceptibility. We were able to establish a protocol to generate reproducible spheroids from cell suspensions for both cell lines and primary human tumor cells.This multimodal assay is sufficiently sensitive to identify small differences between groups. In future, the assay could be used to first, assess individual response to standard and experimental therapy protocols. Second, further characterize the tumor cells from fresh specimens.And third, correlate therapy response to molecular patterns. The use of primary cells and the generation of spheroids would allow the preservation of as many characteristics of in vivo tumor growth as possible in combination with a cost-efficient assay for studying individual therapy response.

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舌の細胞外マトリックスと舌扁平上皮癌生体外の再構成の作製

In order to construct an effective and realistic model for tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in vitro, the methods were created to produce ...

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