Name: an in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability assay in mice using fluorescently labeled tracers
Uploaded: 2018-02-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers at JoVE.com

提交人希望承认由 Leduq 基金会资助的 Sphingonet 财团支持这项工作。这项工作还得到了合作研究中心 "血管分化和重塑" (CRC/Transregio23, 项目 C1) 和7的支持。FP, COFUND, 歌德国际博士后方案进入, 291776 号资金。我们进一步承认凯瑟琳索默她的技术援助与老鼠的处理和基因分型。

在手术过程中, 所有动物都非常小心的处理, 尽量减少疼痛或不适。本程序遵循本机构的动物保育准则, 并经当地委员会批准 (Regierungspraesidium 达姆施塔特, 批准号 FK/1044)。
图 1显示了鼠标中体内渗透性检测的工作步骤示意图。每个步骤的详细信息如下所述。
1. 动物搬运
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示踪剂和麻醉剂的制备与管理
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<ol>
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(65), e3564 (2012).</li><li>Hoffmann, A., Bredno, J., Wendland, M., Derugin, N., Ohara, P., Wintermark, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+and+Low+Molecular+Weight+Fluorescein+Isothiocyanate+(FITC)-Dextrans+to+Assess+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Disruption:+Technical+Considerations.">High and Low Molecular Weight Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextrans to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Technical Considerations.</a> Translational stroke research. 2 (1), 106-111 (2011).</li><li>Armulik, A., Genov&#233;, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+regulate+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier.</a> Nature. 468 (7323), 557-561 (2010).</li><li>Daneman, R., Zhou, L., Kebede, A. A., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+are+required+for+blood-brain+barrier+integrity+during+embryogenesis.">Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis.</a> Nature. 468 (7323), 562-566 (2010).</li><li>Bell, R. D., Winkler, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pericytes+control+key+neurovascular+functions+and+neuronal+phenotype+in+the+adult+brain+and+during+brain+aging.">Pericytes control key neurovascular functions and neuronal phenotype in the adult brain and during brain aging.</a> Neuron. 68 (3), 409-427 (2010).</li><li>Banks, W. A., Gray, A. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood-Brain+Barrier:+Role+of+Brain+Endothelial+Surface+Charge+and+Glycocalyx.">Blood-Brain Barrier: Role of Brain Endothelial Surface Charge and Glycocalyx.</a> Ischemic Blood Flow in the Brain. , 33-38 (2001).</li><li>Fu, B. M., Li, G., Yuan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charge+effects+of+the+blood-brain+barrier+on+the+transport+of+charged+molecules.">Charge effects of the blood-brain barrier on the transport of charged molecules.</a> The FASEB Journal. 22 (1 Supplement), (2008).</li><li>Goebl, N. A., Babbey, C. M., Datta-Mannan, A., Witcher, D. R., Wroblewski, V. J., Dunn, K. 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血脑屏障功能障碍与一系列神经系统疾病有关, 包括原发性和次级脑肿瘤或中风。脑屏障破裂通常与危及生命的中枢神经系统水肿有关。因此, 分子机制的阐明, 触发开放或关闭的脑屏障是治疗的意义, 在神经系统疾病和一般调查的研究人员。然而, 研究文献中报告的脑屏障通透性在体内的方法往往与技术上的困难有关, 这取决于荧光图像的单调和主观量化,17,<sup class...

血脑屏障 (BBB) 由紧密相关的毛细血管 (pc) 支持的微血管内皮细胞 (ECs) 组成, 它们是基底叶片中的 ensheathed, 而星形胶质细胞 (ACs) 将基底膜包裹在其端脚上1 ,2。ECs 与支持和调节屏障功能的几种细胞类型相互作用, 主要是 ACs 和 pc, 以及神经元和小胶质, 它们共同构成神经血管单元 (NVU)。NVU 对脑屏障功能至关重要, 它限制了血液传播毒素和病原体进入大脑的传输。这一功能是紧密连接分子, 如 claudin-5, occludin, 拼装 occludens-1, 这是存在之间的, 也由于转运体, 如 p-糖蛋白 (p gp) 的作用, 外流分子进入内皮回到容器流明1,2,3。然而, 在 EC 等离子膜1,2,3上表达的特定运输者, 血脑屏障允许运输必要的分子, 如营养素 (葡萄糖, 铁, 氨基酸)。欧共体层是高度极化的在不同的运输载体之间的分布 (血面) 和 abluminal (脑面膜), 以允许特定和向量传输函数4,5.虽然脑屏障在严密调节中枢神经系统环境方面是有保护作用的, 但对于中枢神经系统药物在帕金森氏症和功能性脑屏障等疾病中的传递来说, 这是一个重大挑战。即使在神经疾病的脑屏障功能障碍, 它不能假设, 大脑药物传递是增加特别是因为屏障功能障碍可能包括损害特定的运输目标, 例如阿尔茨海默病 (AD)。在 AD 中, 一些淀粉样β转运体, 如 LRP1, 愤怒, P gp 被称为失调, 因此针对这些转运可能是徒劳的6,7,8。脑屏障损伤在一些神经疾病, 如中风, AD, 脑膜炎, 多发性硬化症, 并在脑瘤9,10,11。恢复屏障功能是治疗策略的重要组成部分, 因此其评估是至关重要的。
在这项工作中, 我们已经描述了一个目标和定量协议的渗透率检测啮齿目动物, 我们成功地应用到几个鼠标线的转基因和实验性疾病模型10,12,13 ,14。该方法是建立在简单的腹腔注射荧光示踪剂的基础上, 然后通过灌注小鼠来去除血管腔内的示踪物。脑和其他器官被收集后灌注和渗透率评估的客观和绝对渗透指数的基础上的荧光测量组织组织匀浆在一个板块阅读器。所有原始的荧光值都是用组织组织匀浆或不接受任何示踪的假动物的血清来矫正的。大量的标准化包括在血清体积, 血清荧光和组织的重量, 从而产生的通透性指数是绝对的和可比的实验和组织类型。为了便于组之间的比较, 绝对渗透率索引值可以很容易地转换为比我们以前执行的12。同时, 储存的半脑和肾脏可用于示踪剂可视化的荧光显微术10。经典荧光显微术对获得区域通透性的差异有很高的价值, 尽管由于对组织切片和图像的主观选择进行了半定量的分析。详细步骤载于协议中, 并酌情添加注释。这为在小鼠中成功执行体内通透性检测提供了必要的信息, 可以将其扩展到其他小动物身上。该方法可应用于多种示踪剂, 通过与不同荧光光谱的示踪物相结合进行电荷和尺寸的渗透率评估。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethyl Rhodamine (TMR) dextran 3kD</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td>D3308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran 3kD</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td>D3306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (Ketavet)</td>
			<td>Zoetis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Saline</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-tek O.C.T compound</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% Formaldhehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>252549-1L</td>
			<td>prepare a 4% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin, fraction V</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>8076.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rat anti CD31 antibody, clone MEC 13.3</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti rat alexa 568</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti rat alexa 488</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>A-11006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqua polymount</td>
			<td>Polyscience Inc</td>
			<td>18606</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21-gauge butterfly needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>387455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>serum collection tube</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>41.1500.005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2mL eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>72.695.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimtech precision wipes tissue wipers</td>
			<td>Kimberley-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>05511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384-well black plate</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>781086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>slides superfrost plus</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTFE pestle</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>358029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>electric overhead stirrer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>VWR VOS 14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plate reader</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Infinite M200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Microm GmbH</td>
			<td>HM 550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon C1 Spectral Imaging confocal Laser Scanning Microscope System</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>peristaltic perfusion system</td>
			<td>BVK Ismatec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>eppendorf</td>
			<td>5415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability assay in mice using fluorescently labeled tracers

血脑屏障 (BBB) 是一种专门的屏障, 保护大脑微环境的毒素和病原体在循环和保持大脑稳态。屏障的主要部位是脑毛细血管内皮细胞, 其屏障功能来自于细胞膜上表达的紧密细胞间结和外排转运体。这个功能是由毛细血管和星形胶质细胞组成的神经血管单元 (NVU) 调节。一些神经系统疾病, 如中风, 阿尔茨海默病 (AD), 脑肿瘤与受损的 BBB 功能。因此, 评估脑屏障通透性对于评估神经系统疾病的严重性和所采用的治疗策略的成功至关重要。
我们提出了一个简单而稳健的渗透试验, 已成功地应用于几个小鼠模型, 遗传和实验。该方法与常用的示踪荧光分析法相比, 具有较高的定量和客观性。在这种方法中, 小鼠被注射腹腔的混合水惰性荧光示踪剂后麻醉小鼠。动物的心脏灌注是在收割大脑、肾脏或其他器官之前进行的。器官是均匀的和离心的, 其次是荧光测量从上清。在灌注前从心脏穿刺中提取的血液为规范化目的的血管室。组织荧光对湿重和血清荧光进行规范化, 获得定量示踪剂通透性指数。为进一步确认, 对侧半脑保存的免疫组化可用于示踪荧光显示的目的。

我们最近表明, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) 增益功能 (GOF) 小鼠脑血管通透性比控制小鼠在健康条件下10。在脑卒中诱导的小鼠中, GOF 小鼠的梗死面积较大, 通透性大于对照窝。这些结果显示 Ang-2 在脑屏障通透性中的重要作用。因此, 该议定书利用 GOF 小鼠, 并将其与对照窝来描述体内通透性试验。然而, 这种方法可以应用于任何疾病模型, 转基因小鼠模型或药?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers at JoVE.com

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

用荧光标记示踪剂对小鼠血脑屏障通透性的体内检测

在这里, 我们提出了一个小鼠脑血管通透性检测, 采用腹腔注射荧光示踪剂后灌注, 适用于动物模型的血脑屏障功能障碍。一个半脑用于定量评估渗透性, 另一个用于示踪器可视化/染色。10只老鼠的手术过程需要 5-6 小时。

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized barrier that protects the brain microenvironment from toxins and pathogens in the circulation and maintains ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assess the permeability of brain vasculature in mice using fluorescently-labeled tracers to assess blood-brain barrier dysfunction in animal models. This method can help answer key questions in the blood-brain barrier field pertaining to neuro-vascular permeability in diseases and its recovery upon therapy. The main advantage of this method is that it is simple and quantitative.It gives the possibility for concurrent assessment of permeability by fluorometry, which is quantitative, and also fluorescence microscopy for regional defenses. The implications of this technique extend towards diagnosis and therapy of several neurological disorders, including brain tumors, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease because these diseases are associated with life-threatening brain edema and improvement of BBD function as a key therapeutic target. Demonstrating part of the procedure will be Miss Jadranka Macas, a scientific technology officer at the institute.Intraperitoneally inject mice with 100 microliters of two-millimolar tracer solution. Choose lysine-fixable tracers, such as dextrans labeled with FITC and TMR with distinct excitation emission spectra for minimal interference between the dyes. If combining tracers, inject 200 microliters of combined tracer solution intraperitoneally.Include vehicle-only injections to serve as sham controls for autofluorescence background subtraction. After each injection, allow five minutes before deeply anesthetizing the mice according to the approved institutional protocols. Prepare the animals for cardiac perfusion 10 minutes after anesthetic administration.Check the absence of paw twitch response to ensure that the mouse has reached a surgical plane of anesthesia. Lay the mouse to be perfused on its back and apply 80%ethanol on the skin of the abdominal area. After using small scissors to create a two-centimeter incision in the abdominal wall, separate the liver from the diaphragm, and then slowly cut through the diaphragm, exposing the plural cavity.Cut the ribcage bilaterally and fix the cut sternum to expose the left ventricle. Insert a 21-gauge butterfly needle connected to a peristaltic perfusion system in the posterior of the left ventricle. Puncture the right atrium and then use a one-milliliter pipette tip with the end cut off to quickly collect the 200 to 300 microliters of released blood and transfer to a serum collection tube.Store the collected blood on ice. As soon as the blood is collected, switch on the perfusion system and perfuse the animal for three minutes with room temperature calcium and magnesium ion-free PBS. Assess perfusion quality by noting the color of the liver and kidneys, which appear pale after perfusion.After harvesting the brain, verify that there is no blood visible in vessels of the meninges. The sample should be excluded from the permeability analysis if the perfusion quality is poor. Use a scalpel to separate the brain into two hemi-brains.Then dissect the cerebellum and olfactory lobe from one hemi-brain, and transfer the hemi-cerebrum to a two-milliliter tube. Place one harvested kidney to another two-milliliter tube. Immediately place the samples on dry ice.Natively embed the remaining kidney and hemi-brain with cerebellum and olfactory lobes intact in TissueTech optimal cutting temperature compound, and put it on dry ice. Lastly, after centrifuging the blood samples at 10, 000 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius, transfer the serum supernatants to 1.5-milliliter tubes and place them in the dry ice container. Transfer the samples to the minus 80 degrees Celsius freezer as homogenization efficiency increases after freeze-thawing.Place the hemi-cerebrum and kidney samples on ice to thaw, and then weigh the tubes containing the organs. From these weights, subtract the mean value of approximately 20 empty tubes to get the tissue weight. Add 300 microliters of cold PBS to the tube containing kidney and 200 microliters to the tubes containing hemi-cerebrum.Homogenize each sample in the original microfuge tube with a PTFE pestle attached to an electric overhead stirrer, using about 15 strokes. Store the homogenized samples on ice, protected from light. Rinse the pestle with PBS in between samples and wipe dry before proceeding to the next sample.When all samples have been homogenized, centrifuge for 20 minutes at 15, 000 G and four degrees Celsius. Following centrifugation, transfer the supernatants to new 1.5-milliliter tubes on ice before proceeding to fluorescence measurement and quantification. Transfer the supernatant to a 384-well plate and insert the plate into fluorescence reader.Make sure the right excitation and emission wavelengths are included for the tracer and set the gain to Optimal. Start the measurement, and export the data as a spreadsheet to perform the calculations as described in the protocol. On the day of staining, thaw 10-micron cryostat sections mounted on slides at 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.Then, fix the sections with 4%paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by quick-washing in PBS. Permeabilize and block non-specific binding in the sections by incubating in sterile PBS containing 1%PSA and 0.5%Triton X-100 for one hour at room temperature. After blocking, incubate the slides with a one-to-100 dilution of CD31 primary antibody for 1.5 hours at room temperature.After washing with PBS three times for five minutes each, perform secondary antibody incubation for one hour at room temperature with species-specific fluorescently labeled antibodies. Mount the stained sections with Aqua-Poly/Mount and leave overnight for polymerization at room temperature in the dark. Finally, acquire images using a spectral imaging confocal laser scanning microscope system.In order to establish the tracer circulation time for the permeability assay, a long circulation time of two hours is compared to a short circulation time of 15 minutes post tracer injection. The longer circulation time of two hours leads to low amounts of tracers accumulation in kidney compared to a short 15-minute circulation time potentially due to a high clearance FITC dextran shown in green from the vascular compartment. This effect is even more dramatic in the brain due to the tight blood-brain barrier.CD31 staining seen in the red channel confirmed the presence of vessels in the kidney at both time points examined and in the brain. Once mastered, this technique can be performed within five to six hours for 10 mice with two scientists working in tandem. While attempting this technique, it is important to remember to use tracers of right molecular weight, chart and fluorescence characteristics in order to answer the questions regarding the blood-brain barrier permeability.Following this procedure, other methods like immuno-histochemistry for BBD and disease fill on factors can be performed to answer additional questions, like severity and localization of disease site.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An In Vivo Blood-brain Barrier Permeability Assay in Mice Using Fluorescently Labeled Tracers

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

Generation of an Immortalized Murine Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Line as an In Vitro Blood Brain Barrier Model

代的永生化小鼠脑微血管内皮细胞株作为<em在体外</em血脑屏障型号

Epithelial and endothelial cells (EC) are building paracellular barriers which protect the tissue from the external and internal environment. The ...

科研

神经科学

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

An Assay for Permeability of the Zebrafish Embryonic Neuroepithelium

的斑马鱼胚胎神经上皮通透性的测定

The brain ventricular system is conserved among vertebrates and is composed of a series of interconnected cavities called brain ventricles, which form ...

Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

FITC 标记白蛋白静脉滴注对神经退行性疾病模型血脑屏障通透性的评价

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a common feature for different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the interplay ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

一种体内评价大鼠缺血性中风模型中血脑屏障的破坏

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

A Benchtop Approach to the Location Specific Blood Brain Barrier Opening using Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

在鼠模型中使用聚焦超声波打开位置特定血脑屏障开口的台面方法

Stereotaxic surgery is the gold standard for localized drug and gene delivery to the rodent brain. This technique has many advantages over systemic ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

使用腺相关病毒在小鼠中瞄准科菲林操纵的大脑皮层区域的电皮质记录

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...

Lineage Tracing of Inducible Fluorescently-Labeled Stem Cells in the Adult Mouse Brain

成年小鼠大脑中诱导荧光标记干细胞的谱系示踪

A telomerase reverse transcriptase (Tert) lineage-tracing mouse line was developed to investigate the behavior and fate of adult tissue stem cells, by ...

跨内皮抗性测量以评估细胞屏障完整性

Barrier Functional Integrity Recording on bEnd.3 Vascular Endothelial Cells via Transendothelial Electrical Resistance Detection

作者聚焦：TEER 检测在评估细胞屏障完整性中的应用 

通过跨内皮电阻检测对bEnd.3血管内皮细胞进行屏障功能完整性记录

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic physiological structure composed of microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes. By coordinating ...