Name: experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas
Uploaded: 2018-04-03T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了 nasa/SSERVI 建模等离子体、大气层和宇宙尘埃 (撞击) 和 nasa 太阳能系统工作计划 (赠款号: NNX16AO81G) 的支持。

1. 真空室设置
<ol><li>将绝缘橡胶板 (直径为0.2 厘米, 5 厘米) 与一个中心孔1.9 厘米直径在绝缘板上 (2 厘米厚和20厘米直径) (图 2a, b)。负载绝缘, 不规则形状的尘埃粒子 (直径在10和50微米之间) 在洞中。</li>
	<li>将绝缘板放置在真空室中间的金属板上。用陶瓷支架将金属板从腔室中电隔离。</li>
	<li>打开真空泵 (由机械粗加工泵支持的涡轮泵), 以达到 10-6乇?...

<ol>
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数十年来, 静电尘埃在无气物体壤上的传输问题仍然是一个悬而未决的问题, 如何壤尘埃粒子获得足够大的电荷来动员或放样。最近的实验室研究26,27从根本上提高了对这个问题的理解。
在这里, 它被证明三最近开发的实验显示粉尘充电和动员在热等离子体与电子束电子, 仅电子束或紫外线辐射。这些实验的关键元素是创造二次电子?...

无空气的行星体, 如月球和小行星, 被称为壤的细小尘埃粒子所覆盖。这些空气不通风的物体, 不像地球, 直接暴露于太阳风等离子体和太阳紫外线 (UV) 辐射, 导致壤尘埃被充电。因此, 这些带电的尘埃粒子可能会被动员, 放样, 运输, 甚至从表面上被逐出和丢失由于静电力量。这一静电过程的第一个建议证据是所谓的 "月球地平线辉光", 在日落后不久观察到的西部地平线上的一个明显的辉光, 由测量员 5, 6, 7 航天器五年前 (图 1a)1, 2,3。据推测, 这一辉光是由从静电放样尘埃粒子 (5 微米半径) 到高度 < 1 米以上的距离月球终结器1,2,3。静电释放的细粉尘也被建议负责的射线状的彩带达到高海拔的阿波罗宇航员4,5。
自从这些阿波罗观测, 许多对其他无气物体的观测也与静电尘埃的动员或放样机制联系在一起, 例如土星环中的径向辐条6,7,8, 在小行星爱神 (图 1b)9和彗星 67P10上的尘埃池, 从主带小行星谱11的多孔表面, 土星冰冷的月球地图集12的异常平滑表面, 以及壤在月球漩涡13。此外, 激光反光境在月球表面的退化也可能是由静电放样尘埃的积累引起的 14.
实验室研究的主要动机是这些不寻常的空间观测, 以了解粉尘充电和运输的物理过程。在各种等离子体条件下观察到粉尘的动员, 其中尘埃粒子从玻璃球表面脱落15,16, 在等离子鞘中悬浮17, 并记录在导电和绝缘上移动。表面18,19,20,21。然而, 尘埃粒子如何获得足够大的电荷来放样或动员仍然是很不清楚的。对光滑表面上单个尘埃粒子的电荷的测量22和在尘埃表面上的平均电荷密度23浸入等离子显示, 这些电荷太小, 不能放样或动员尘埃粒子。
在前面的理论16,24,25中, 充电只被认为发生在直接暴露于紫外线或等离子的顶面层上。电荷通常被认为是均匀分布在整个尘土飞扬的表面上, i. e., 每个单独的尘埃粒子获得相同的电荷量, 由所谓的 "共享电荷模型"16描述。然而, 从这个模型计算的电荷比单独的引力要小得多。电荷涨落理论, 将电子和离子通量的随机过程解释为表面的16,24显示了静电力的时间增强, 但相对于引力。
本文利用三新近研制的实验26对静电粉尘的放样和动员进行了论证, 对了解无气行星体壤的粉尘输送具有重要意义。这些实验是在热等离子体的条件下, 电子束电子, 仅电子束或紫外线辐射。这些实验证明了最近开发的 "修补电荷模型"26,27的有效性, 其中微腔在表面下面的相邻尘埃粒子之间形成, 可以重新吸收发出的照片和/或二次电子, 在相邻的尘埃粒子的表面产生大的负电荷。这些负电荷之间的排斥力可以变得足够大, 以动员或解除尘埃粒子。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum chamber</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum electrode feedthrough</td>
			<td>Lesker</td>
			<td>EFT0113053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten filament (0.1 mm thick)</td>
			<td>Goodfellow</td>
			<td>W055250</td>
			<td>Thoriated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply #1 (0-8V, 3A)</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>E3610A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply #2 (0-140V, 0.5A)</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>E3612A</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV lamp</td>
			<td>Osram</td>
			<td>XERADEX L40/120/SB-SX48/KF50HV</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dust sample</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>Mars or Lunar simulants or other types</td>
			<td>Irregularly-shaped, sieved, insulating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulating plate</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Thickness &#62; 1 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber sheet</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Thickness &#62; 1 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal plate</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic stands</td>
			<td>McMaster</td>
			<td>94335A130</td>
			<td>1/2&#34; diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera (consumer)</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>HC-VX870</td>
			<td>Or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera (high-speed)</td>
			<td>Phantom</td>
			<td>V2512</td>
			<td>&#62; 1000 fps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED lamp</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>&#62; 500W Tungsten Equivalent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental methods of dust charging and mobilization on surfaces with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or plasmas

静电尘埃的传输已经被推测来解释一些异常行星现象的观测。在这里, 它被证明使用三最近开发的实验中, 尘埃粒子暴露在热等离子体与电子束电子, 只电子束, 或紫外线 (紫外线) 辐射。紫外线光源的波长以 172 nm 为中心, 带宽狭窄。光束电子与能量的 120 eV 是创建一个负偏热灯丝。当真空室充满氩气时, 除了电子束外, 还会产生热等离子体。实验中使用了直径几微米的绝缘粉尘微粒。尘埃粒子被记录为放样的高度, 最高可达几厘米, 发射速度可达1米/秒。这些实验表明, 灰尘表面的照片和/或二次电子发射改变了尘埃粒子的充电机制。根据最近开发的 "修补电荷模型", 发射的电子可以在微腔内的相邻尘埃粒子之间重新吸收, 从而导致周围尘埃的增强负电荷堆积。粒子.这些负电荷粒子之间的排斥力可能足够大, 可以动员并将它们从表面上提起。这些实验对尘土飞扬的表面进行了粉尘充放电和运输的深入认识, 为今后研究其在无气行星体表面演化中的作用打下了基础。

用顶部或底部的细丝进行了一系列实验。使用顶部灯丝设置, 记录了尘埃粒子的跳跃 (图 3a)。相比之下, 当使用底部灯丝时, 尘埃颗粒仍保持静止。测量了在协议步骤 226中描述的条件下, 在两个实验中, 表面的垂直电场近似相同 (16 伏/厘米)。这些结果表明, 由于鞘电场的静电力不够大, 无法调动粉尘颗粒。这两个实验的唯一区别是存在...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas at JoVE.com

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

在三实验中, 用电子束电子、电子束或紫外线 (UV) 辐射照射热等离子体, 证明了粉尘的充电和动员。这些实验对静电粉尘的传输及其在无气行星体表面成形中的作用提出了先进的认识。

紫外辐射或等离子体照射表面的粉尘充电和动员实验方法

Electrostatic dust transport has been hypothesized to explain a number of observations of unusual planetary phenomena. Here, it is demonstrated using ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Methods for Facilitating Microbial Growth on Pulp Mill Waste Streams and Characterization of the Biodegradation Potential of Cultured Microbes

方法对纸浆厂污水流和培养微生物的生物降解能力的表征促进微生物生长

The kraft process is applied to wood chips for separation of lignin from the polysaccharides within lignocellulose for pulp that will produce a high ...

科研

环境科学

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。病毒样本的收集I.

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

EPA方法1615年测量和肠道病毒水中诺如病毒发生由文化部和RT-qPCR的的。 II。总可培养病毒试验

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。第三部分。病毒检测用RT-qPCR的

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

在探索大气蒸发强迫的影响：大气边界层和浅地层的实验整合

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

对水生生命值评价悬浮泥沙影响的流通系统曝光

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Experimental System of Solar Adsorption Refrigeration with Concentrated Collector

聚光集热器太阳能吸附制冷实验系统

To improve the performance of solar adsorption refrigeration, an experimental system with a solar concentration collector was set up and investigated. The ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

细菌附着在实验室测量的植物表面

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

Preparation of DMMTAV and DMDTAV Using DMAV for Environmental Applications: Synthesis, Purification, and Confirmation

使用 DMAv为环境应用 DMMTAv和 DMDTAv的准备: 合成、纯化和确认

Dimethylated thioarsenicals such as dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) and dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV), which are produced by the metabolic ...