Name: chemical amputation and regeneration of the pharynx in the planarian schmidtea mediterranea
Uploaded: 2018-03-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea at JoVE.com

Vi vil gerne takke Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado, der støttede den indledende optimering og udvikling af denne teknik. Arbejde i Carolyn Adlers laboratorium understøttes af Cornell University start-up midler.

1. forberedelse
<ol><li>
Forberedelse af planaria vand 17<ol>
<li>Opretholde planarians i en 1 X Montjuïc saltopløsning. For at forberede planarian vand, lave individuelle stamopløsninger af 1 M CaCl2, 1 M MgSO4, 1 M MgCl2, 1 M KCl og 5 M NaCl i ultrarent vand. Filter-sterilisere med en 0,2 µm flaske-top filterfor langtidsopbevaring. Bemærk: Brug kun laves deioniseret vand (med en resistivitet på 18.2 MΩ ved 25 ° C) ti...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitroreductase-mediated+cell/tissue+ablation+in+zebrafish:+a+spatially+and+temporally+controlled+ablation+method+with+applications+in+developmental+and+regeneration+studies.">Nitroreductase-mediated cell/tissue ablation in zebrafish: a spatially and temporally controlled ablation method with applications in developmental and regeneration studies.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 948-954 (2008).</li><li>White, D. T., Mumm, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nitroreductase+system+of+inducible+targeted+ablation+facilitates+cell-specific+regenerative+studies+in+zebrafish.">The nitroreductase system of inducible targeted ablation facilitates cell-specific regenerative studies in zebrafish.</a> Methods. 62, 232-240 (2013).</li><li>Smith-Bolton, R. K., Worley, M. I., Kanda, H., Hariharan, I. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+growth+in+Drosophila+imaginal+discs+is+regulated+by+Wingless+and+Myc.">Regenerative growth in Drosophila imaginal discs is regulated by Wingless and Myc.</a> Dev. Cell. 16, 797-809 (2009).</li><li>Smith-Bolton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Imaginal+Discs+as+a+Model+of+Epithelial+Wound+Repair+and+Regeneration.">Drosophila Imaginal Discs as a Model of Epithelial Wound Repair and Regeneration.</a> Adv. Wound Care. 5, 251-261 (2016).</li><li>Newmark, P. A., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Not+your+father's+planarian:+a+classic+model+enters+the+era+of+functional+genomics.">Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 210-219 (2002).</li><li>Reddien, P. W., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamentals+of+planarian+regeneration.">Fundamentals of planarian regeneration.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 725-757 (2004).</li><li>Wagner, D. E., Wang, I. E., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonogenic+neoblasts+are+pluripotent+adult+stem+cells+that+underlie+planarian+regeneration.">Clonogenic neoblasts are pluripotent adult stem cells that underlie planarian regeneration.</a> Science. 332, 811-816 (2011).</li><li>Scimone, M. L., Kravarik, K. M., Lapan, S. W., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neoblast+specialization+in+regeneration+of+the+planarian+Schmidtea+mediterranea.">Neoblast specialization in regeneration of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 3, 339-352 (2014).</li><li>van Wolfswinkel, J. C., Wagner, D. E., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+analysis+reveals+functionally+distinct+classes+within+the+planarian+stem+cell+compartment.">Single-cell analysis reveals functionally distinct classes within the planarian stem cell compartment.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 15, 326-339 (2014).</li><li>Adler, C. E., Seidel, C. W., McKinney, S. A., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+amputation+of+the+pharynx+identifies+a+FoxA-dependent+regeneration+program+in+planaria.">Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria.</a> Elife. 3, e02238 (2014).</li><li>Adler, C. E., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PHRED-1+is+a+divergent+neurexin-1+homolog+that+organizes+muscle+fibers+and+patterns+organs+during+regeneration.">PHRED-1 is a divergent neurexin-1 homolog that organizes muscle fibers and patterns organs during regeneration.</a> Dev. Biol. 427, 165-175 (2017).</li><li>Wong, M. C., Martynovsky, M., Schwarzbauer, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cell+migration+using+Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+model+system.">Analysis of cell migration using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 769, 233-247 (2011).</li><li>Margie, O., Palmer, C., Chin-Sang, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C+elegans+chemotaxis+assay.">C elegans chemotaxis assay.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , e50069 (2013).</li><li>Fang-Yen, C., Gabel, C. V., Samuel, A. D. T., Bargmann, C. I., Avery, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+microsurgery+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Laser microsurgery in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 107, 177 (2012).</li><li>Tasaki, J., Uchiyama-Tasaki, C., Rouhana, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Stem+Cell+Motility+In+Vivo+Based+on+Immunodetection+of+Planarian+Neoblasts+and+Tracing+of+BrdU-Labeled+Cells+After+Partial+Irradiation.">Analysis of Stem Cell Motility In Vivo Based on Immunodetection of Planarian Neoblasts and Tracing of BrdU-Labeled Cells After Partial Irradiation.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 1365, 323-338 (2016).</li><li>Roberts-Galbraith, R. H., Brubacher, J. L., Newmark, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+functional+genomics+screen+in+planarians+reveals+regulators+of+whole-brain+regeneration.">A functional genomics screen in planarians reveals regulators of whole-brain regeneration.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Arnold, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+shifts+in+endogenous+microbiota+impede+tissue+regeneration+via+distinct+activation+of+TAK1/MKK/p38.">Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Pearson, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde-based+whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+planarians.">Formaldehyde-based whole-mount in situ hybridization method for planarians.</a> Dev. Dyn. 238, 443-450 (2009).</li><li>LoCascio, S. A., Lapan, S. W., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+Absence+Does+Not+Regulate+Planarian+Stem+Cells+during+Eye+Regeneration.">Eye Absence Does Not Regulate Planarian Stem Cells during Eye Regeneration.</a> Dev. Cell. 40, 381-391 (2017).</li><li>Nishimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+dopaminergic+neurons+after+6-hydroxydopamine-induced+lesion+in+planarian+brain.">Regeneration of dopaminergic neurons after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion in planarian brain.</a> J. Neurochem. 119, 1217-1231 (2011).</li><li>Wilson, D. F., Chance, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azide+inhibition+of+mitochondrial+electron+transport.+I.+The+aerobic+steady+state+of+succinate+oxidation.">Azide inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. I. The aerobic steady state of succinate oxidation.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 131, 421-430 (1967).</li><li>Duncan, H. M., Mackler, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+Transport+Systems+of+Yeast:+III.+Preparation+and+properties+of+cytochrome+oxidase.">Electron Transport Systems of Yeast: III. Preparation and properties of cytochrome oxidase.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 241, 1694-1697 (1966).</li><li>Buchan, J. R., Yoon, J. H., Parker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-specific+composition,+assembly+and+kinetics+of+stress+granules+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Stress-specific composition, assembly and kinetics of stress granules in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> J. Cell Sci. 124, 228-239 (2011).</li><li>Cebri&#224;, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+nervous+system+in+the+model+planarian+Schmidtea+mediterranea:+An+immunocytochemical+study.">Organization of the nervous system in the model planarian Schmidtea mediterranea: An immunocytochemical study.</a> Neurosci. Res. 61, 375-384 (2008).</li><li>Shimoyama, S., Inoue, T., Kashima, M., Agata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+Neuropeptide-Coding+Genes+Involved+in+Planarian+Pharynx+Extension.">Multiple Neuropeptide-Coding Genes Involved in Planarian Pharynx Extension.</a> Zoolog. Sci. 33, 311-319 (2016).</li><li>Ito, H., Saito, Y., Watanabe, K., Orii, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epimorphic+regeneration+of+the+distal+part+of+the+planarian+pharynx.">Epimorphic regeneration of the distal part of the planarian pharynx.</a> Dev. Genes Evol. 211, 2-9 (2001).</li><li>Bueno, D., Espinosa, L., Bagu&#241;&#224;, J., Romero, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Planarian+pharynx+regeneration+in++tail+fragments+monitored+with+cell-specific+monoclonal+antibodies.">Planarian pharynx regeneration in tail fragments monitored with cell-specific monoclonal antibodies.</a> Dev. 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Denne protokol beskriver en metode til selektiv ablation af svælget med natriumazid. Andre målrettede ablation undersøgelser i planarians har brugt modificerede kirurgi til at fjerne fotoreceptorer21 eller farmakologiske behandling til ablate dopaminerge neuroner22. En væsentlig fordel ved kemiske amputation over eksisterende metoder er, at det ikke kræver operation. Den stive struktur i svælget i forhold til resten af planarian kroppen letter dens fuldstændig fjerne...

Regeneration er et fænomen, der opstår overalt i dyreriget, med regenererende kapacitet spænder fra fuld krop regenerering i visse hvirvelløse dyr til mere begrænsede evner i hvirveldyr1. Udskiftning af funktionelle væv er en kompleks proces, og ofte medfører den samtidige restaurering af flere celletyper. For eksempel, at regenerere salamander lemmer, osteoblaster, chondrocytter, neuroner, muskler og epitelceller skal være erstattet2. Disse nyligt genererede celletyper skal også være organiseret korrekt at lette nye lemmer funktion. Forstå disse komplekse processer kræver teknikker, der fokuserer på regenerering af specifikke celletyper og deres integration i organer.
En af de strategier, der er ansat til at forenkle studiet af regenerativ svar er den målrettede ablation af enten visse celletyper eller større samlinger af væv. For eksempel i zebrafisk fører udtryk for nitroreductase i bestemte celletyper til deres ødelæggelse efter anvendelse af metronidazol3,4. I Drosophila larver, kan udtrykker pro-apoptotiske gener under væv-specifikke initiativtagere selektivt ablate bestemte områder af fantasiens disc5,6. Begge af disse strategier hurtige men kontrolleret skade, og har været brugt til at dissekere de molekylære og cellulære mekanismer, der er ansvarlige for regenerering.
I dette manuskript beskriver vi en metode til at selektivt ablate hele organ kaldet svælget i planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Planarians er en klassisk model af regenerering, kendt for deres produktive regenerative evne, hvor selv minut fragmenter kan regrow hele dyr 7,8. De har en stor, heterogen population af stamceller bestående af både pluripotente celler og afstamning-begrænset stamfaderen9,10,11. Disse celler formere sig og differentiere for at erstatte alle mangler væv, herunder svælget, nervøs, fordøjelseskanalen og ekskretionsorganerne systemer, og muskel og epitelceller9,10,12. Selv om vi ved, at disse stamceller indlede regenerering, vi ikke fuldt ud forstå de molekylære mekanismer, der driver dem til at erstatte alle disse forskellige celletyper. Definerede såret metoder, der fremkalde præcise stamcelle svar kan hjælpe med at afgrænse denne komplekse proces.
Svælget er et stort, cylindriske rør kræves for fodring, og indeholder neuroner, muskel, epithelial og sekretoriske celler13,29. Normalt skjult i en pose på den ventrale side af dyret, det strækker sig gennem dyrets enkelt organ åbning ved sensing tilstedeværelsen af føde. Du kan selektivt amputere svælget, sættetid vi planarians i en kemisk kaldet natriumazid, et almindeligt anvendte bedøvelsesmiddel i C. elegans14,15,16. Dets anvendelse i planarians blev først rapporteret af Adler mfl., i 201412. Inden for minutter af eksponering for natriumazid, planarians presse deres pharynges, og med blide agitation, svælget frigøres fra dyret. Vi henviser til denne komplette og selektiv tab af svælget som "kemiske amputation". En uge efter amputation, er en fuldt funktionel svælget restaureret12. Fordi svælget er påkrævet for fodring, kan funktionelle regeneration måles ved at overvåge fodring adfærd. Nedenfor beskriver vi protokollen for kemiske amputation, og for at vurdere regenerering af svælget og restaurering af fodring adfærd.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1042">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (CaCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">C79-3</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate Anhydrous (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>M65-3</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl2)</td>
			<td>Acros/VWR</td>
			<td>41341-5000</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>196770010</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>207790050</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>123360010</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nalgene autoclavable polypropylene copolymer lowboy with spigot</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific/VWR</td>
			<td>2324-0015</td>
			<td>Storing planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instant Ocean Sea Salt</td>
			<td>Spectrum Brands</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gentamicin Sulfate</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-products</td>
			<td>400-100P</td>
			<td>Planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>71970</td>
			<td>Mincing liver&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable pastry bags-16&#8221;, 12 pack</td>
			<td>Wilton</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Liver aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD/VWR</td>
			<td>309647</td>
			<td>Liver aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dishes-35mm/60mm</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One/VWR</td>
			<td>82050-536/82050-544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic containers (various sizes)</td>
			<td>Ziploc</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Housing planarians in static culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>138030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps - Dumont Tweezer, Style 5</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences&#160;</td>
			<td>72700-D (0203-5-PO)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>62247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chemical amputation and regeneration of the pharynx in the planarian schmidtea mediterranea

Planarians er fladorme, der er ekstremt effektive på regenerering. De skylder denne evne til at et stort antal stamceller, der kan hurtigt reagere på enhver form for skade. Fælles skade modeller i disse dyr fjerne store mængder af væv, som skader flere organer. For at overvinde denne brede vævsskader, beskriver vi her en metode hen til selektivt fjerne en enkelt orgel, svælget, i planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Det opnår vi ved iblødsætning dyr i en oploesning indeholdende natriumazid cytokrom oxidase inhibitor. Kortvarig påvirkning til natriumazid forårsager ekstrudering af svælget fra dyr, som vi kalder "kemiske amputation." Kemiske amputation fjerner hele svælget, og genererer et lille sår hvor svælget tillægger tarmen. Efter omfattende skylning, regenerere alle amputerede dyr en fuldt funktionel svælget i cirka en uge. Stamceller i resten af kroppen drive regenerering af nye svælget. Her, vi leverer en detaljeret protokol for kemiske amputation, og beskriver både histologiske og adfærdsmæssige metoder til at vurdere vellykket amputation og regenerering.

Eksponering for natriumazid forstyrrer den normale motilitet af planarians, forårsager dyr til at strække og vride. Disse bevægelser tvinge svælget til at komme ud af den ventrale side af dyret, og efter ca. 6 min. i natrium indeholder løsning, den hvide spids i svælget kan ses (figur 1B-venstre panel). Et par minutter senere, dyr kontrakt aktivt og udvide fuldt svælget ved kraftigt at skubbe det ud af kroppen. (<strong class="...

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Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Kemiske Amputation og regenerering af svælget i Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea er en fremragende model for at studere stamceller og væv revitalisering. Denne publikation beskriver en metode til at selektivt fjerne en orgel, svælget, ved at udsætte dyr for den kemiske natriumazid. Denne protokol beskriver også metoder til overvågning af svælget regenerering.

Planarians are flatworms that are extremely efficient at regeneration. They owe this ability to a large number of stem cells that can rapidly respond to ...

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Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Unit 1

Regeneration and Repair

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