Name: chemical amputation and regeneration of the pharynx in the planarian schmidtea mediterranea
Uploaded: 2018-03-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea at JoVE.com

Vi vil gjerne takke Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado, som støttet den første optimalisering og utvikling av denne teknikken. Arbeid i Carolyn Adlers laboratorium støttes av Cornell University oppstart midler.

1. forberedelse
<ol><li>
Utarbeidelse av planaria vann 17<ol>
<li>Opprettholde planarians i en 1 X Montjuïc salt løsning. For å forberede planarian vann, gjør personlige lager løsninger av 1 M CaCl2, 1 M MgSO4, 1 M MgCl2, 1 M KCl og 5 M NaCl i ultrapure vann. Filter-sterilisere med 0,2 µm plastflaske-top filterfor langsiktig lagring. Merk: Bruk bare ultrapure deionisert vann (med en resistivitet av 18.2 MΩ ved 25 ° C) ...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nitroreductase-mediated+cell/tissue+ablation+in+zebrafish:+a+spatially+and+temporally+controlled+ablation+method+with+applications+in+developmental+and+regeneration+studies.">Nitroreductase-mediated cell/tissue ablation in zebrafish: a spatially and temporally controlled ablation method with applications in developmental and regeneration studies.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 948-954 (2008).</li><li>White, D. T., Mumm, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nitroreductase+system+of+inducible+targeted+ablation+facilitates+cell-specific+regenerative+studies+in+zebrafish.">The nitroreductase system of inducible targeted ablation facilitates cell-specific regenerative studies in zebrafish.</a> Methods. 62, 232-240 (2013).</li><li>Smith-Bolton, R. K., Worley, M. I., Kanda, H., Hariharan, I. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regenerative+growth+in+Drosophila+imaginal+discs+is+regulated+by+Wingless+and+Myc.">Regenerative growth in Drosophila imaginal discs is regulated by Wingless and Myc.</a> Dev. Cell. 16, 797-809 (2009).</li><li>Smith-Bolton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Imaginal+Discs+as+a+Model+of+Epithelial+Wound+Repair+and+Regeneration.">Drosophila Imaginal Discs as a Model of Epithelial Wound Repair and Regeneration.</a> Adv. Wound Care. 5, 251-261 (2016).</li><li>Newmark, P. A., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Not+your+father's+planarian:+a+classic+model+enters+the+era+of+functional+genomics.">Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 210-219 (2002).</li><li>Reddien, P. W., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamentals+of+planarian+regeneration.">Fundamentals of planarian regeneration.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 725-757 (2004).</li><li>Wagner, D. E., Wang, I. E., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonogenic+neoblasts+are+pluripotent+adult+stem+cells+that+underlie+planarian+regeneration.">Clonogenic neoblasts are pluripotent adult stem cells that underlie planarian regeneration.</a> Science. 332, 811-816 (2011).</li><li>Scimone, M. L., Kravarik, K. M., Lapan, S. W., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neoblast+specialization+in+regeneration+of+the+planarian+Schmidtea+mediterranea.">Neoblast specialization in regeneration of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 3, 339-352 (2014).</li><li>van Wolfswinkel, J. C., Wagner, D. E., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+analysis+reveals+functionally+distinct+classes+within+the+planarian+stem+cell+compartment.">Single-cell analysis reveals functionally distinct classes within the planarian stem cell compartment.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 15, 326-339 (2014).</li><li>Adler, C. E., Seidel, C. W., McKinney, S. A., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+amputation+of+the+pharynx+identifies+a+FoxA-dependent+regeneration+program+in+planaria.">Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria.</a> Elife. 3, e02238 (2014).</li><li>Adler, C. E., S&#225;nchez Alvarado, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PHRED-1+is+a+divergent+neurexin-1+homolog+that+organizes+muscle+fibers+and+patterns+organs+during+regeneration.">PHRED-1 is a divergent neurexin-1 homolog that organizes muscle fibers and patterns organs during regeneration.</a> Dev. Biol. 427, 165-175 (2017).</li><li>Wong, M. C., Martynovsky, M., Schwarzbauer, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+cell+migration+using+Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+model+system.">Analysis of cell migration using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 769, 233-247 (2011).</li><li>Margie, O., Palmer, C., Chin-Sang, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C+elegans+chemotaxis+assay.">C elegans chemotaxis assay.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , e50069 (2013).</li><li>Fang-Yen, C., Gabel, C. V., Samuel, A. D. T., Bargmann, C. I., Avery, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+microsurgery+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Laser microsurgery in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 107, 177 (2012).</li><li>Tasaki, J., Uchiyama-Tasaki, C., Rouhana, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Stem+Cell+Motility+In+Vivo+Based+on+Immunodetection+of+Planarian+Neoblasts+and+Tracing+of+BrdU-Labeled+Cells+After+Partial+Irradiation.">Analysis of Stem Cell Motility In Vivo Based on Immunodetection of Planarian Neoblasts and Tracing of BrdU-Labeled Cells After Partial Irradiation.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 1365, 323-338 (2016).</li><li>Roberts-Galbraith, R. H., Brubacher, J. L., Newmark, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+functional+genomics+screen+in+planarians+reveals+regulators+of+whole-brain+regeneration.">A functional genomics screen in planarians reveals regulators of whole-brain regeneration.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Arnold, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+shifts+in+endogenous+microbiota+impede+tissue+regeneration+via+distinct+activation+of+TAK1/MKK/p38.">Pathogenic shifts in endogenous microbiota impede tissue regeneration via distinct activation of TAK1/MKK/p38.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Pearson, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde-based+whole-mount+in+situ+hybridization+method+for+planarians.">Formaldehyde-based whole-mount in situ hybridization method for planarians.</a> Dev. Dyn. 238, 443-450 (2009).</li><li>LoCascio, S. A., Lapan, S. W., Reddien, P. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+Absence+Does+Not+Regulate+Planarian+Stem+Cells+during+Eye+Regeneration.">Eye Absence Does Not Regulate Planarian Stem Cells during Eye Regeneration.</a> Dev. Cell. 40, 381-391 (2017).</li><li>Nishimura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+dopaminergic+neurons+after+6-hydroxydopamine-induced+lesion+in+planarian+brain.">Regeneration of dopaminergic neurons after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion in planarian brain.</a> J. Neurochem. 119, 1217-1231 (2011).</li><li>Wilson, D. F., Chance, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azide+inhibition+of+mitochondrial+electron+transport.+I.+The+aerobic+steady+state+of+succinate+oxidation.">Azide inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport. I. The aerobic steady state of succinate oxidation.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 131, 421-430 (1967).</li><li>Duncan, H. 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Cell Sci. 124, 228-239 (2011).</li><li>Cebri&#224;, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+nervous+system+in+the+model+planarian+Schmidtea+mediterranea:+An+immunocytochemical+study.">Organization of the nervous system in the model planarian Schmidtea mediterranea: An immunocytochemical study.</a> Neurosci. Res. 61, 375-384 (2008).</li><li>Shimoyama, S., Inoue, T., Kashima, M., Agata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+Neuropeptide-Coding+Genes+Involved+in+Planarian+Pharynx+Extension.">Multiple Neuropeptide-Coding Genes Involved in Planarian Pharynx Extension.</a> Zoolog. 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Denne protokollen beskriver en metode for selektiv ablasjon av pharynx bruker Natriumazid. Andre målrettede ablasjon studier i planarians har brukt endret kirurgi for å fjerne fotoreseptorer21 eller farmakologisk behandling å ablate dopaminergic neurons22. En betydelig fordel av kjemiske amputasjon over eksisterende metoder er at den ikke krever kirurgi. Stive strukturen i pharynx sammenlignet med resten av planarian kroppen forenkler fullstendig fjerning fra dyr, som er...

Fornyelse er et fenomen som oppstår i hele dyreriket, med regenerativ akselrasjonsevner oppstiller fra hele kroppen gjenfødelse i enkelte dyr til mer begrenset evner i virveldyr1. Utskifting av funksjonelle vev er en kompleks prosess og ofte innebærer samtidige restaurering av flere celletyper. For eksempel å regenerere salamander lem, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, nerveceller, muskler og epitelceller må erstattet2. Disse nygenererte celletyper må også organiseres riktig å lette nye lem funksjonen. Forstå disse komplekse prosesser krever teknikker som fokuserer på fornyelse av spesifikke celletyper og deres integrering i organer.
En av strategiene ansatt å forenkle studere regenerative svar er den målrettede ablation enten visse celletyper eller større samlinger av vev. For eksempel i sebrafisk fører uttrykk for nitroreductase i spesifikke celletyper til deres ødeleggelse etter metronidazole3,4. I Drosophila larvene, kan uttrykke pro-apoptotisk gener under vev-spesifikke arrangører selektivt ablate regioner imaginal plate5,6. Begge disse strategiene rask, men kontrollerte skade, og har blitt brukt til å analysere molekylære og cellulære mekanismer ansvarlig for gjenfødelse.
I dette manuskriptet beskriver vi en metode for å selektivt ablate et hele organ kalt pharynx i planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Planarians er en klassisk modell av gjenfødelse, kjent for sine produktive regenerativ, der selv minutt fragmenter kan regrow hele dyr 7,8. De har et stort, heterogent befolkningen av stamceller bestående av både pluripotent celler og avstamning begrenset progenitors9,10,11. Disse cellene spredning og differensiere for å erstatte alle manglende vev, inkludert svelg, nervøs, fordøyelseskanal og excretory systemer og muskel og epitelceller9,10,12. Mens vi vet at disse stamcellene starte gjenfødelse, forstår vi ikke fullt ut molekylære mekanismer som driver dem til å erstatte alle disse forskjellige celletyper. Definerte såret metoder som framprovosere presis stamcelleforskningen reaksjoner kan bidra til å avgrense denne komplekse prosessen.
Pharynx er en stor, sylindriske tube kreves for fôring, og inneholder nerveceller, muskel, epitel og sekretoriske celler13,29. Normalt gjemt i en pose på ventral side av dyret, den strekker seg gjennom dyrets enkelt kroppen åpning ved sensing mat. For å selektivt amputere pharynx, suge vi planarians i en kjemisk kalt Natriumazid, en brukte bedøvelse i C. elegans14,15,16. Bruk i planarians ble først rapportert av Adler et al., i 201412. Planarians extrude deres pharynges minutter av eksponering for Natriumazid, og med milde agitasjon, pharynx løsner fra dyret. Vi kaller dette komplett og selektiv tapet av pharynx "kjemiske amputasjon". En uke etter amputasjon, er en fullt funksjonell pharynx restaurerte12. Fordi pharynx kreves for fôring, kan funksjonelle gjenfødelse måles ved å overvåke fôring atferd. Nedenfor beskriver vi protokollen for kjemiske amputasjon og vurdere fornyelse av pharynx og restaurering av fôring atferd.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1042">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:447px;">Calcium Chloride Dihydrate (CaCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">C79-3</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate Anhydrous (MgSO4)</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>M65-3</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl2)</td>
			<td>Acros/VWR</td>
			<td>41341-5000</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>196770010</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>207790050</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics/VWR</td>
			<td>123360010</td>
			<td>Montju&#239;c salt solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nalgene autoclavable polypropylene copolymer lowboy with spigot</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific/VWR</td>
			<td>2324-0015</td>
			<td>Storing planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instant Ocean Sea Salt</td>
			<td>Spectrum Brands</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gentamicin Sulfate</td>
			<td>Gemini Bio-products</td>
			<td>400-100P</td>
			<td>Planaria water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>71970</td>
			<td>Mincing liver&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable pastry bags-16&#8221;, 12 pack</td>
			<td>Wilton</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Liver aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD/VWR</td>
			<td>309647</td>
			<td>Liver aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri dishes-35mm/60mm</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One/VWR</td>
			<td>82050-536/82050-544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plastic containers (various sizes)</td>
			<td>Ziploc</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>Housing planarians in static culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>138030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps - Dumont Tweezer, Style 5</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences&#160;</td>
			<td>72700-D (0203-5-PO)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>62247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chemical amputation and regeneration of the pharynx in the planarian schmidtea mediterranea

Planarians er Flatormer som er svært effektiv i fornyelse. De skylder denne evnen til et stort antall stamceller som raskt kan svare på alle typer skader. Felles skade modeller i disse dyrene fjerne store mengder vev, som skader flere organer. For å overvinne dette brede vevsskade, beskriver vi her en metode for å selektivt fjerne en enkelt organ, pharynx, i planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Vi oppnå dette ved soaking dyr i en løsning som inneholder cytochrome oxidase hemmer Natriumazid. Kort eksponering for Natriumazid fører utelukkelse av pharynx fra dyr, som vi kaller "kjemiske amputasjon." Kjemisk amputasjon fjerner hele pharynx og genererer et lite sår der pharynx festes til tarmen. Etter omfattende rense, generere alle amputert dyr en fullt funksjonell pharynx i ca en uke. Stamceller i resten av kroppen kjøre regenerering av nye pharynx. Her gir vi en detaljert protokoll for kjemiske amputasjon og beskrive både histologiske og atferdsmessige metoder for å vurdere vellykket amputasjon og gjenfødelse.

Eksponering for Natriumazid forstyrrer den normale motilitet av planarians, forårsaker dyr å strekke og writhe. Disse bevegelsene tvinge pharynx fra ventral side av dyret, og etter ca 6 min i natrium azide løsning, hvit spissen av pharynx ses (figur 1B-venstre panel). Noen minutter senere, dyr kontrakt aktivt og utvide fullt pharynx ved kraftig skyve den ut av kroppen. (Figur 1B-midtre panelet)</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea at JoVE.com

Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Kjemiske amputasjon og regenerering av Pharynx i Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea er en utmerket modell for å studere stilk celler og vev gjenfødelse. Denne publikasjonen beskriver en metode for å selektivt fjerne en orgel, pharynx, ved å utsette dyr til den kjemiske Natriumazid. Denne protokollen skisserer også metoder for å kartlegge pharynx gjenfødelse.

Planarians are flatworms that are extremely efficient at regeneration. They owe this ability to a large number of stem cells that can rapidly respond to ...

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Chemical Amputation and Regeneration of the Pharynx in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

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