Name: determination of the settling rate of clay/cyanobacterial floccules
Uploaded: 2018-06-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules at JoVE.com

Die Autoren erkennen dankbar, Mittel aus den Naturwissenschaften und Engineering Research Council of Canada (05448, 165831 und 213411).

1. Vorbereitung der Cyanobakterielle Kulturen
<ol><li>
Vorbereitung der Inokulation Kulturen mit festen Medien
	<ol>
<li>Erhalten Sie axenic Zellen Zellen von der American Type Culture Collection oder Pasteur Culture Collection. Zum Beispiel die einzelligen, marine vorkommenden SP. PCC 7002 wurde von Pasteur Culture Collection erhalten, es wird im folgenden vorkommendenbezeichnet werden.</li>
		<li>Vorkommenden Zellen auf Tellern mit festen Medien (A + flüssige Medien<sup cl...

<ol>
	<li>Macquaker, H. S., Keller, M. A., Davies, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Algal+blooms+and+"marine+snow":+mechanisms+that+enhance+preservation+of+organic+carbon+in+ancient+fine-grained+sediments.">Algal blooms and "marine snow": mechanisms that enhance preservation of organic carbon in ancient fine-grained sediments.</a> J. Sediment. Res. 80, 934-942 (2010).</li><li>Tyson, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sedimentation+rate,+dilution,+preservation+and+total+organic+carbon:+some+results+of+a+modeling+study.">Sedimentation rate, dilution, preservation and total organic carbon: some results of a modeling study.</a> Org. Geochem. 32, 333-339 (2001).</li><li>Piper, D. Z., Calvert, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+marine+biogeochemical+perspective+on+black+shale+deposition.">A marine biogeochemical perspective on black shale deposition.</a> Earth-Sci. Rev. 95, 63-96 (2009).</li><li>Sengco, M. R., Li, A. S., Tugend, K., Kulis, D., Anderson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+red-+and+brown-tide+cells+using+clay+flocculation+I.+Laboratory+culture+experiments+with+Gymnodiniumbreve+and+Aureococcus+anophagefferens.">Removal of red- and brown-tide cells using clay flocculation I. Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodiniumbreve and Aureococcus anophagefferens.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 210, 41-53 (2001).</li><li>Guenther, M., Bozelli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+algae-clay+aggregation.">Factors influencing algae-clay aggregation.</a> Hydrobiologia. 523, 217-223 (2004).</li><li>Archambault, M. -. C., Grant, J., Bricelj, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+efficiency+of+the+dinoflagellate+Heterocapsa+triquetra+by+phosphatic+clay+and+implications+for+the+mitigation+of+harmful+algal+blooms.">Removal efficiency of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra by phosphatic clay and implications for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms.</a> Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253, 97-109 (2003).</li><li>Beaulieu, S. E., Sengco, M. R., Anderson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+clay+to+control+harmful+algal+blooms:+deposition+and+resuspension+of+clay/algal+flocs.">Using clay to control harmful algal blooms: deposition and resuspension of clay/algal flocs.</a> Harmful Algae. 4, 123-138 (2005).</li><li>de Magalh&#227;es, L., Noyma, N., Furtado, L., Mucci, M., van Oosterhout, F., Husza, V., Marinho, M., L&#252;rling, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+coagulants+and+ballast+compounds+in+removal+of+cyanobacteria+(Microcystis)+from+water+of+the+tropical+lagoon+Jacarepagu&#225;+(Rio+de+Janeiro,+Brazil).">Efficacy of coagulants and ballast compounds in removal of cyanobacteria (Microcystis) from water of the tropical lagoon Jacarepagu&#225; (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).</a> Estuaries and Coasts. 40, 121-133 (2017).</li><li>Li, L., Pan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+universal+method+for+flocculating+harmful+algal+blooms+in+marine+and+fresh+waters+using+modified+sand.">A universal method for flocculating harmful algal blooms in marine and fresh waters using modified sand.</a> Environ. Sci. Tech. 47, 4555-4562 (2013).</li><li>Miranda, M., Noyma, N., Pacheco, F. S., de Magalh&#227;es, L., Pinto, E., Santos, S., Soares, M., Huszar, V., L&#252;rling, M., Marinho, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+efficiency+of+combined+coagulant+and+ballast+to+remove+harmful+cyanobacterial+blooms+in+a+tropical+shallow+system.">The efficiency of combined coagulant and ballast to remove harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a tropical shallow system.</a> Harmful Algae. 65, 27-39 (2017).</li><li>Pan, G., Chen, J., Anderson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+local+sands+for+the+mitigation+of+harmful+algal+blooms.">Modified local sands for the mitigation of harmful algal blooms.</a> Harmful Algae. 10, 381-387 (2011).</li><li>Shi, W., Tan, W., Wang, L., Pan, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+Microcystis+aeruginosa+using+cationic+starch+modified+soils.">Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa using cationic starch modified soils.</a> Water Research. 97, 19-25 (2016).</li><li>Du, J., Pushkarova, R. A., Smart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cryo-SEM+study+of+aggregate+and+floc+structure+changes+during+clay+settling+and+raking+processes.">A cryo-SEM study of aggregate and floc structure changes during clay settling and raking processes.</a> Int. J. Miner. Process. 93, 66-72 (2009).</li><li>Stevens, S. E., Porter, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transformation+in+Agmenellum+quadruplicatum.">Transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 6052-6056 (1980).</li><li>Owttrim, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+helicases+in+cyanobacteria:+biochemical+and+molecular+approaches.">RNA helicases in cyanobacteria: biochemical and molecular approaches.</a> Methods Enzymol. 511, 385-403 (2012).</li><li>Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J. B., Herdman, M., Stanier, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generic+Assignments,+Strain+Histories+and+Properties+of+Pure+Cultures+of+Cyanobacteria.">Generic Assignments, Strain Histories and Properties of Pure Cultures of Cyanobacteria.</a> Microbiology. 111, 1-61 (1979).</li><li>Chamot, D., Owttrim, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cold+shock-induced+RNA+helicase+gene+expression+in+the+cyanobacterium+Anabaena+sp.+strain+PCC+7120.">Regulation of cold shock-induced RNA helicase gene expression in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.</a> J. Bacteriol. 182, 1251-1256 (2000).</li><li>Sutherland, B. R., Barrett, K. J., Gingras, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clay+settling+in+fresh+and+salt+water.">Clay settling in fresh and salt water.</a> Environ. Fluid Mech. 15, 147-160 (2014).</li><li>Porra, R. J., Thompson, W. A., Kriedemann, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+accurate+extinction+coefficients+and+simultaneous+equations+for+assaying+chlorophylls+a+and+b+extracted+with+four+different+solvents:+verification+of+the+concentration+of+chlorophyll+standards+by+atomic+absorption+spectroscopy.">Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 975, 384-394 (1989).</li><li>Liu, Y. X., Alessi, D. S., Owttrim, G. W., Petrash, D. E., Mloszewska, A. M., Lalonde, S. V., Martinez, R. E., Zhou, Q. X., Konhauser, K. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+reactivity+of+Synechococcus+sp.+PCC+7002:+implications+for+metal+sorption+from+seawater.">Cell surface reactivity of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002: implications for metal sorption from seawater.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 169, 30-44 (2015).</li><li>Playter, T., Konhauser, K., Owttrim, G., Hodgson, C., Warchola, T., Mloszewska, A. M., Sutherland, B., Bekker, A., Zonneveld, J. -. P., Pemberton, S. G., Gingras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbe-clay+interactions+as+a+mechanism+for+the+preservation+of+organic+matter+and+trace+metal+biosignatures+in+black+shales.">Microbe-clay interactions as a mechanism for the preservation of organic matter and trace metal biosignatures in black shales.</a> Chem Geol. 459, 75-90 (2017).</li><li>Verspagen, J. M. H., Visser, P. M., Huisman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aggregation+with+clay+causes+sedimentation+of+the+buoyant+cyanobacteria+Microcystis+spp.">Aggregation with clay causes sedimentation of the buoyant cyanobacteria Microcystis spp.</a> Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 44, 165-174 (2006).</li><li>Avnimelech, Y., Troeger, B. W., Reed, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutual+flocculation+of+algae+and+clay:+evidence+and+implications.">Mutual flocculation of algae and clay: evidence and implications.</a> Science. 216, 63-65 (1982).</li><li>Chen, L., Men, X., Ma, M., Li, P., Jiao, Q., Lu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polysaccharide+release+by+Aphanothece+halophytica+inhibits+cyanobacteria/clay+flocculation.">Polysaccharide release by Aphanothece halophytica inhibits cyanobacteria/clay flocculation.</a> J. Phycol. 46, 417-423 (2010).</li><li>Pan, G., Zhang, M. -. M., Chen, H., Zou, H., Yan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+cyanobacterial+blooms+in+Taihu+Lake+using+local+soils.+I.+Equilibrium+and+kinetic+screening+on+the+flocculation+of+Microcystis+aeruginosa+using+commercially+available+clays+and+minerals.">Removal of cyanobacterial blooms in Taihu Lake using local soils. I. Equilibrium and kinetic screening on the flocculation of Microcystis aeruginosa using commercially available clays and minerals.</a> Environ. Poll. 141, 195-200 (2006).</li></ol>

Flockung, katalysiert durch Cyanobakterien Zelle-Ton Interaktion hat ein großes Interesse in den Bereichen Ökologie und Technik2,3,4,5,6,7 angezogen. ,8,9,10,11,<sup class="...

Mit heutigen Umweltbedingungen und Prozesse, vorbei an Erosionsprozesse Mechanismen abzuleiten ist seit langem eine Untermauerung der Sedimentologie. Während moderne Ablagerungsbedingungen Analoga, wie das Schwarze Meer verwendet wurden, um die Ablagerung von organischen reichen, feinkörnige Ablagerungen zu verstehen, haben Labor-Experimente das Potenzial, zusätzlichen Aufschluss über die Herkunft der Schiefer-Lagerstätten. Eine ist Anfrage bei der Entstehung der schwarzen Schiefer die Abscheiderate und Mechanismus der ursprünglichen Formation. Traditionell hat theoretisiert, daß schwarze Schiefer Umgebungen gebildet wo die Sedimentation Rate, PRIMÄRPRODUKTIVITÄT und organischer Substanz Atmung Preise die Erhaltung der organischen Substanz im Sediment1,2 fördern ,3. Jedoch die Rolle der Cyanobakterien und Ton Flockung ist weitgehend unberücksichtigt geblieben. Dieser Mechanismus der Flockung würde es ermöglichen schnelle Ablagerung von organischen reichen, feinkörnige Sedimente auftreten, und ist nicht erforderlich, sauerstoffarmen. In Anbetracht dieser Prämisse dieses Protokolls hat zwei Ziele: (1) messen die Sedimentation Rate der Cyanobakterien/Ton Stapelfaser, und (2) den Sedimentationsprozess in Echtzeit zu visualisieren. Diese Methodik, neben geochemische Analyse wurde verwendet, zu zeigen, dass Cyanobakterien/Ton Flockung in der Tat ein wichtiger Mechanismus für Shale Formation1sein kann. Während ursprünglich für die Modellierung von Schiefer Ablagerung, gilt diese Methode zu anderen Disziplinen wie Biologie und Umweltsanierung wo der Einfluss der Ton-Eingang auf bakteriellen Stoffwechsel und Bevölkerung gemessen werden muss.
Zahlreiche Studien wurden durchgeführt, um die Flockung von Cyanobakterien und Lehm, zur Abschwächung der schädlichen Algenblüten2,3,4,5,6,7 beobachten , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 1 2. jedoch während der Messung Zellkonzentration im Laufe der Zeit, diese Studien haben nicht angewendet Cyanobakterien/Ton Flockung zur Modellierung der Ablagerung von der Rock-Datensatz. So fehlt diese Studien eine visuelle Komponente, die entscheidend sein kann, wenn Vergangenheit sedimentologische Prozesse zu modellieren. Zusätzlich zu die Mehrzahl der Studien nutzen Zellzählung (z. B. Pan Et Al. 11), die mühsam sein kann. Unsere Methode, mit der jüngsten Fortschritte in der Messtechnik Cyanobakterien Flockung, bestimmt die Änderungen in Cyanobakterien Zellkonzentration durch Messung Chlorophyll ein (Chl eine) in diskreten Zeitintervallen. Paarung Chl eine Messung mit visuellen Daten ist ein neuer Ansatz, die Erosionsprozesse Bedingungen abzuleiten verwendet werden können. Erzeugten Bilder können auch zur Sedimentation Rate nach der Arbeit von Du Et al.zu berechnen. 13. die Kombination von visuellen und numerischen Daten stärkt die Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse. Darüber hinaus erläutern wir weitere Protokolle für die Sedimentation der Toten Biomasse und Ton ermöglichen auch beobachtet werden. Dies ist wichtig, wenn man vorbei an sedimentologische Umgebungen, wo Leben und tot Biomasse Co aufgetreten. Unterschiede im Verhalten der Toten Biomasse während der Flockung (z. B. Rückgang der Flockung Tarif) hätte möglicherweise sedimentologische folgen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:664px;" width="665">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">cyanobacteria (in this study: Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Pasteur Culture Collection</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PCC 7002 or PCC 6803</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">used to inoculate the plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">agar</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CM0003</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">used to fill two petri dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Petri plates (standard bacteriology, 100 x 15 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">82.1473.001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1 L heat resistant Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">4980-125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">250 mL heat resistant Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">4980-250</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nichrome inoculating loop with handle</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">14-956-103</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">tinfoil</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Reynolds Wrap Aluminum Foil</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">89079-067</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">50 cm required; used to cover foam stopper and neck of erlenmeyer flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">growth media (e.g. A+)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1050 mL required; produced using composition described in tables 1-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bunsen Burner</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S95941</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">plastic tubing</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S504591</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 m required; used to create the bubbling apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">sponge stopper</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Jaece Industries Inc</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">14-127-40E</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; hole made in center for pipette; used for constructin the bubbling apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">acrylic sheet&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Optix clear acrylic sheet model # MC-102S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; used to construct acrylic tank (20 x 30 x 5.1 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">clear waterproof silicone adhesive</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Loctite clear silicone model # 908570</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; used to construct acrylic tank (20 x 30 x 5.1 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">camera or video recorder</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Panasonic</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">HC-V770 HD camcorder</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tripod</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Magnus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VT-300</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;">black cloth</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">primomart</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">&#160;EAN 0726670162199; Part number 680254blacknappedfr</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; duvetyne light block-out cloth; approximatly 152 x 213 cm to cover tank experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">heat resistant serological pipet</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">corning incorporated C708510</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">13-671-101G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; used to create the bubbling apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">sample vials&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Dynalon</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">S30467</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">at least 12 (will vary with time interval chosen)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="180">
			<td height="180" style="height:180px;">heat resistant glass pipette</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning Incorporated C708510, 13-671-101G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; used to create the bubbling apparatus; Polystyrene serological pipet would also work, but should be connected to the tubing and stopper after the rest of the apparatus is autoclaved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;">microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">22 62 120-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">&#160;1 required;Comparable products may be used if capable of centrifuging 1.5 -2 mL microfuge tubes at 13,000 x g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">vortex machine (Vortex-Genie 2)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Scientific Industries, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SI-0236</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;">100% methanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A412-500 SDS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">at least 12 mL (1mL per sample) required; Caution: Flammable, toxic. Wear gloves and safety glasses. Do not use or store near ignition source. Alternate sources may be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">cuvettes (1.6&#160; mL, polystyrene)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">67.742</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">at least 12 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">222-271600</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required; Pharmacia Biotech Novaspec ll could also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">light bulbs</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Home Depot</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">model # 451807; internet #205477895; store SKU #1001061538</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">6-8 bulbs required to provide light for the tank experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">pipette (Pipetman Classic P1000</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F123602</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">used to collect samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:216px;">37 % Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">258148</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Caution: Corrosive and toxic. Wear lab coat, safety glasses and acid-resistant gloves while using. Prepared to 4 N before use by dilution into deionized water in a chemical fumehood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Foam stopper (small)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Canlab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">T 1385</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Foam stopper (large)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Canlab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">T 1387</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Requires some intact stoppers and some with a single hole through the centre</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">30 &#176;C incubator/growth room with continuous illumination</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">70 % Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BP8201500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">30 mL&#160; required;Caution: Toxic and flammable. Wear lab coat and safety glasses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">hydrophobic air filter (Midisart 2000, 0.2 &#181;m)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sartorius</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">17805</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">clay (e.g. kaolin)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MFCD00062311</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">at least 50 g required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">microfuge tubes (2 mL, polypropylene)</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">72.695.500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comparable products may be used. At least 12 (will vary with time interval chosen)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1000 &#181;L pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">70.762</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 required</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

determination of the settling rate of clay/cyanobacterial floccules

Die Mechanismen für die Ablagerung von feinkörnigen, sind reich an organischen Sedimente noch weitgehend umstritten. Insbesondere wird die Auswirkungen der Interaktion von tonteilchen mit reaktiven, planktonischen Cyanobakterien Zellen in den sedimentären Datensatz unter untersucht. Diese Interaktion ist potenziell maßgeblich an Schiefer Ablagerungsbedingungen Modelle. In einer Laborumgebung können die Flockung und Sedimentation Preise dieser Materialien geprüft und in einer kontrollierten Umgebung gemessen werden. Hier zeigen wir ein Protokoll zur Messung der Sedimentation Rate von Cyanobakterien/Ton-Gemischen. Diese Methode wird durch die Beschreibung von zwei Probe-Experimenten demonstriert: die erste verwendet vorkommenden SP. PCC 7002 (ein marine kokkoiden Cyanobakterien) und Kaolin (eine trockene Form von Kaolinit) und die zweite Kaolin und Synechocystis SP. PCC 6803 (ein Süßwasser kokkoiden Cyanobakterien). Cyanobakterielle Kulturen werden mit unterschiedlichen Mengen Lehm in einen speziell entwickelten Panzer Apparat so optimiert, dass kontinuierliche, Echtzeit-Video und fotografische Aufzeichnung können gemischt. Die Stichprobenverfahren sind sowie ein Post-Sammlung-Protokoll zur präzisen Messung von Chlorophyll eine detaillierte aus denen die Konzentration von Cyanobakterien Zellen bleiben in der Schwebe bestimmt werden kann. Durch experimentelle Replikation ein Profil erstellt, die Sedimentation Rate zeigt.

Wenn Sie Ton ausgesetzt, werden Zellen Zellen aus Aussetzung22gebracht. Dies zeigt sich in die repräsentativen Ergebnisse hier gegeben. Preise, die Wirkung des Tones auf die Cyanobakterien Bevölkerung bestimmen und die Sedimentation zu beobachten, wurden zwei Experimente durchgeführt, bei denen vorkommenden und Synechocystis 50 g/L-Kaolin-Tonerde (Tabelle 5 – 6, ausgesetzt waren Abbildung 2<stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules at JoVE.com

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

Bestimmung der die Abrechnung bei Ton/Cyanobakterien Stapelfaser

Das Zusammenspiel und die Sedimentation von Ton und Bakterienzellen im marinen Bereich, beobachtet in natürlichen Umgebungen, können am besten in einer kontrollierten Laborumgebung untersucht werden. Hier beschreiben wir ein detailliertes Protokoll, das eine neuartige Methode zur Messung der Sedimentation Rate von Lehm und Cyanobakterien Stapelfaser skizziert.

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction ...

This method can help answer key questions in the field of sedimentology such as how organic rich, fine grain sediments can be deposited under oxygenated conditions. The main advantage of this technique is that both quantitative results and a visual record of sedimentation are produced. To begin, prepare Cyanobacterial cultures according to the text protocol.Then rinse one 250 milliliter and two one-liter heat resistant Erlenmeyer flasks with four molar hydrochloric acid solution followed by distilled water. Fill the three flasks with liquid media. Seal the flasks with gas permeable foam stoppers and cover the necks with aluminum foil.Then label and autoclave the flasks at 121 degrees Celsius and 100 kilopascals for 25 minutes. After this, allow them to cool to room temperature. To inoculate the media, flame sterilize an inoculation loop.Then use the loop to transfer the Cyanobacterial culture into the 250 milliliter flask that contains 50 milliliters of medium. After inoculation, resterilize the lip of the 250 milliliter flask and replace the foam stopper and aluminum foil. Next, prepare the growth chamber as outlined in the text.Transfer the inoculated 50 milliliter culture to the growth chamber and incubate with a maintained temperature of 30 degrees Celsius and agitation of 150 rpm. After successful culture growth, place the 50 milliliter culture and the one liter flask containing 400 milliliters of liquid medium in a laminar flow hood. Remove the foam stoppers and foil caps.Use a Bunsen burner to sterilize the rim of each flask. Pour the culture from the 250 milliliter flask into the one liter flask containing 400 milliliters of medium. Then resterilize the neck of the one liter flask and attach the bubbling apparatus.Finally, agitate the one liter flask at 30 degrees Celsius and 150 rpm with the bubbler apparatus attached to an air pump which circulates a humidified air mixture through the solution at the rate of 300 milliliters per minute. Incubate the culture for 120 to 168 hours at 30 degrees Celsius in the growth chamber. Using a graduated cylinder, transfer additional growth medium to the 400 milliliter culture until the final volume is one liter, thus diluting the culture.Add the solution to an acrylic tank. Label two milliliter microcentrifuge tubes and place them near the acrylic tank. Then weigh out 50 grams of kaolin clay.Use a camcorder to record the experiment. Pipette one milliliter of the Cyanobacterial sample into a labeled microcentrifuge tube. Use the sample to determine the Cyanobacterial cell count by measuring the optical density at 750 nanometers.Quickly the pour clay into the tank while vigorously stirring with a stirring stick for 10 to 15 seconds. Then use a P1000 pipette to extract one milliliter of the sample for chlorophyll a determination and record this time as T0.Take additional samples at appropriate time intervals as outlined in the text. Next, use the modified procedure outlined in the text to determine the chlorophyll a concentration in each cell sample.Use a microcentrifuge to pellet the cells from each sample at room temperature for three minutes at 13, 000 times gravity. Then use a P1000 pipette to remove the excess medium. Resuspend the cell pellet with one milliliter of 100%methanol.Incubate the samples at negative 20 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After centrifuging the samples again, use a spectrophotometer to determine the chlorophyll a concentration. This experiment illustrates the effect of clay on Cyanobacterial populations and their settling rates.Cultures of the Cyanobacteria Synechococcus that are mixed with kaolin clay are seen to have higher settling rates than the cultures containing only Cyanobacteria. After being exposed to the clay, Cyanobacterial cells settle out of suspension within 10 minutes. Cultures of the Cyanobacteria Synechocystis mixed with clay are also seen to have higher settling rates than cultures containing only Cyanobacteria.After being exposed to clay, these Cyanobacterial cells are also brought out of suspension in 10 minutes. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to measure sedimentation rates of Cyanobacteria and clay mixtures which can be used to inform depositional models of black shells.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Determination of Microbial Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Waters, Soils, and Sediments using High Throughput Microplate Assays

Bestimmung mikrobieller extrazelluläre Enzymaktivität in Wasser, Böden und Sedimente mit hohem Durchsatz Mikrotiterplatten-Assays

Much of the nutrient cycling and carbon  processing in natural environments occurs through the activity of extracellular  enzymes released by ...

Forschung

Umwelt

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters Homarus americanus

Eine nichtinvasive Methode zur<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Bestimmung des Gegen Erfolg im Frauen amerikanischen Hummer (<em&gt; Homarus americanus</em&gt;)

Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American ...

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Verbesserung des Anfangswachstumsrate von landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzen durch statische Magnetfelder

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in a Wide Range of Food Matrices using Hydride Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Bestimmung von anorganischem Arsen in einer breiten Palette Essen Matrizen mit Metallhydrid-Generation - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underlined in its Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food that in order to support a sound exposure assessment to ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Abwasser Bewässerung Auswirkungen auf Boden hydraulische Leitfähigkeit: Bereich Probenahme und Labor-Bestimmung der gesättigten hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit in Verbindung

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Optimierte Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Adsorption von Phosphonaten auf Granular Ferric Hydroxid mit einer miniaturisierten Phosphor Entschlossenheit Methode

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

Probenvorbereitungsmethode des Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskops für die Anhänge von Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates

Impedanz-Pneumographie zur minimalinvasiven Messung der Herzfrequenz bei Wirbellosen im Spätstadium

Temperatures in oceans are increasing rapidly as a consequence of widespread changes in world climates. As organismal physiology is heavily influenced by ...

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&ndash;Environment Interactions

A Telemetric, Gravimetric Platform for Real-Time Physiological Phenotyping of Plant&#8211;Environment Interactions

Eine telemetrische, gravimetrische Plattform für die physiologische Phänotypisierung von Pflanzen-Umwelt-Interaktionen in Echtzeit

Food security for the growing global population is a major concern. The data provided by genomic tools far exceeds the supply of phenotypic data, creating ...

Determination of Total Lipid and Lipid Classes in Marine Samples

Bestimmung von Gesamtlipid und Lipidklassen in marinen Proben

Lipids are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen and, therefore, provide a greater specific energy than other organic macromolecules in the sea. Being ...