Name: paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis
Uploaded: 2018-03-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Diese Arbeit wurde von NSF-Karriere-AWARD-1553023 und NIH/NIAID Award R01AI103369 unterstützt.

1. Wachstum von Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms Kolonie
<ol><li>Vorbereitung der Medium-Bilayer Platten<ol>
<li>Bereiten Sie eine Tryptone von 10 g/L, 10 g/L Agar (siehe Tabelle der Materialien) Lösung in entionisiertem Wasser.</li>
		<li>Autoklaven für 20 min. Abkühlen auf 50-60 ° C in einem Wasserbad.</li>
		<li>45 mL der Agar-Tryptone-Lösung in ein 100 x 100 mm quadratische Schale gießen (siehe Tabelle der Materialien) mit einem 50 mL konische Rohr. Ermöglichen das Agar zu fe...

<ol>
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Einbetten von Paraffin und dünn schneiden Gewebeproben ist eine klassische histologische Technik, die ermöglicht die Abbildung von Mikro-morphologische Strukturen und wird häufig auf eukaryotischen Geweben verwendet und mit einigem Erfolg auf mikrobielle Proben8 angewendet wurde ,9. Während Cryoembedding für die starke Bindung des endogenen und immunofluorescent Signals ermöglicht, ist Paraffin einbetten generell vorzuziehen, da sie besseren Schutz der Mor...

Die meisten Mikroben haben die Fähigkeit, Form Biofilme, zusammengehalten Gemeinschaften von Zellen durch selbst erstellte Matrizen. Biofilme können in vielen Arten von physischen Setups mit verschiedenen Regimen Nährstoff- und Substrat Bestimmung angebaut werden. Spezifischen Assays für die Biofilmbildung tendenziell reproduzierbare vielzellige Strukturen ergeben, und gemeinsame Architekturen für phylogenetisch Artenvielfalt auf der makroskopischen Ebene oder Gemeinschaft eingehalten werden. Wenn Mikroben als Kolonien auf festem Medium unter Atmosphäre gewachsen sind, makroskopische Morphologie vermittelt Informationen über die Kapazität für die Produktion von Matrix und oft korreliert mit anderen Eigenschaften 1,2,3. Die interne Architektur der mikrobiellen Kolonien liefern auch Hinweise auf Biofilm-spezifische Chemie und Physiologie, aber schwer zu charakterisieren. Aktuelle Anwendungen von Cryoembedding und Kryoschneiden Techniken zu Bakterienkolonien ermöglichten Bildgebung und Visualisierung von Besonderheiten in noch nie da gewesenen Auflösung 4,5,6. Studien mit tierischem Gewebe haben jedoch gezeigt, dass Paraffin einbetten bietet hervorragende Erhaltung der Morphologie im Vergleich zu Cryoembedding 7 und verwendet wurde, um Bakterien im Gewebe 8,9zu visualisieren. Deshalb haben wir ein Protokoll zur Fixierung, Paraffin einbetten und dünn schneiden von mikrobiellen Kolonie Biofilmen entwickelt. Hier beschreiben wir die Vorbereitung von Pseudomonas Aeruginosa PA14 Kolonie-Biofilm Dünnschliffe 10,11, aber wir haben diese Technik Biofilme bilden die Bakterien auch erfolgreich angewendet Pseudomonas Synxantha, Bacillus Subtilis, und Vibrio Cholerae12.
Der Prozess von Paraffin einbetten und dünn schneiden Biofilmen folgt einer einfachen Logik. Erstens sind die Biofilme in einer Schicht von Agar, Morphologie während der Verarbeitung zu bewahren umhüllt. Zweitens die eingehüllte Biofilme sind eingetaucht in ein Fixiermittel, Crosslink Makromoleküle und Mikromorphologie bewahren. Diese sind dann mit Alkohol dehydriert, mit einem nicht-polaren Lösungsmittel gelöscht und dann mit flüssigem Paraffin Wachs infiltriert. Sobald infiltriert, sind die Proben eingebettet in Wachs Blöcke für schneiden. Abschnitte sind geschnitten, montiert auf Folien und dann rehydriert um mehr nativen Zustand zurücksenden. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt können sie gebeizt oder in Eindeckmedium für die mikroskopische Analyse abgedeckt.
Dieses Protokoll produziert Dünnschliffe von mikrobiellen Biofilmen für histologische Analyse geeignet. Kolonie Biofilm Unterkonstruktionen sind sichtbar, wenn Dünnschliffe vorbereitet, mit dieser Methode durch Lichtmikroskopie abgebildet werden. Biofilme können auch auf Medien mit fluoreszierenden Flecken angebaut werden spezifisch für einzelne Features oder gebeizt Rehydratation Schritt unmittelbar vor der Montage (Schritte 9.5 9.6). Zu guter Letzt können Mikroben entwickelt werden, um fluoreszierende Proteine in einer konstitutiven oder regulierten Mode ermöglicht Berichten in Situ Zelle Verteilung oder Gen-Ausdrucks innerhalb dieser Gemeinschaften zu produzieren. Wir haben diese Methoden verwendet, um Kolonie Biofilm Tiefe, Zelle Verteilung Matrix Verteilung, Wachstumsmuster und raumzeitlichen Genexpression zu bestimmen.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Yeast extract</td>
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			<td style="width:161px;">Y9010</td>
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paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis

Über Paraffin einbetten-Schnitt ist eine weitgehend etablierte Methode in eukaryontischen Systemen. Hier bieten wir eine Methode zur Fixierung, einbetten und intakte mikrobielle Kolonie Biofilme mit perfundierten Paraffin-Wachs-Schnitt. Um diese Methode für den Einsatz auf Kolonie Biofilme anzupassen, wir entwickelten Techniken für die Pflege jedes Sample auf seine Wachstumssubstrat und mit einer Agar-Overlayer Laminieren und Lysin Fixativ Projektmappe hinzugefügt. Diese Optimierungen verbessern Probe Aufbewahrung und Erhaltung der mikromorphologischer Funktionen. Proben, die auf diese Weise zubereitet sind dünn schneiden und Bildgebung durch Licht, Fluoreszenz, und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie zugänglich. Wir haben diese Technik auf Kolonie Biofilmen von Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Pseudomonas Synxantha, Bacillus Subtilisund Vibrio Choleraeangewandt. Das hohe Niveau der Details sichtbar in Proben von dieser Methode generiert kombiniert mit Reporter Stamm Engineering oder die Verwendung von bestimmten Farbstoffen, bieten spannende Einblicke in die Physiologie und Entwicklung mikrobieller Gemeinschaften.

Diese Methode generiert Biofilm dünn-Abschnitte wobei morphologische Merkmale und Zonen der Genexpression durch DIC, Fluoreszenz-Mikroskopie und TEM abgebildet werden können. Während DIC Bildgebung mit einem 40 X Öl Immersion Ziel darzutun, einige morphologische Merkmale (Abb. 2E) sein kann, wir haben festgestellt, dass Fluoreszenz Mikroskopie Stämme entwickelt, um konstitutiv express fluoreszierendes Protein liefert verbesserte Visualisierung der Zelle ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Paraffin einbetten und dünn schneiden von mikrobiellen Kolonie Biofilmen für die mikroskopische Analyse

Wir beschreiben, Fixierung, Paraffin einbetten und dünne Stationspunkte Techniken für mikrobielle Kolonie Biofilmen. In vorbereiteten Proben können Biofilm Unterkonstruktion und Reporter Expressionsmuster von Mikroskopie visualisiert werden.

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate paraffin embedded biofilm sections that can be used to assess the distribution of gene expression as reported by fluorescent protein production within intact native morphologies. This method can help answer key questions in the study of microbial communities such how the expression of specific genes in the production of exopolymeric substances distributed in the context of native biofilm architecture. The main advantage of this technique is that is allows for analysis of gene expression within the preserved morphology of biofilm cross-sections while also being amenable to downstream treatments such as staining of distinct features and high-resolution imaging such confocal or electron microscopy.After preparing agar tryptone solution according to the text protocol, use a 50-milliliter conical tube to pour 45 milliliters of the solution into a 100-millimeter by 100 millimeter square dish. Allow the agar to solidify for approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Pour a second 15-millimeter layer on top of the first layer, then let it solidify overnight, and if necessary, use a lint-free tissue to remove condensation from the lids.Next, to spot colony biofilms, after growing an isolated single P.Aeruginosa colony from a frozen stock according to the text protocol, pipette 2.5 to 10 microliters of cell suspension onto a medium bi-layer plate. Colonies may be incubated in the dark at 25 degrees Celsius in 80 to 100%relative humidity for up to four days. Gently pour 15 milliliters of the agar solution over the growth medium and colony and allow the agar to form a gel at room temperature for five minutes.Then, use a sharp razor blade to cut a square, three-layered chuck with the colony laminated between the top two layers. If preparing multiple samples, ensure that each chuck is cut to a comparable size. Gently remove any excess agar from the colony containing chuck.Then, wet the flat head of a spatula in PBS or water and gently insert it between the top and bottom layers of agar. Immediately transfer the laminated colony into an embedding cassette labeled with a chemical-resistant marking pen. Place the embedding cassette into a glass slide mailer containing previously prepared fixative.Process the samples. Use 1X PBS to wash them twice for one hour each. For best results, automate reagent homogenization using the low setting on the spin function of an automatic tissue processor.To embed the samples, fill a wax mold with molten paraffin wax heated to 55 degrees Celsius, then use a heated flat spatula to quickly transfer the infiltrated chuck from the embedding cassette into the wax mold ensuring that the chuck rests parallel to the base of the mold. Allow the wax to solidify overnight at four degrees Celsius. Samples molded in solid wax may be stored indefinitely at this temperature.Once the wax has solidified, excise the sample from the mold and use a razor blade to trim excess wax from around the sample. Leave some wax extending from one end of the sample that can be used to clamp it into the microtome. It is important to trim the wax-embedded sample such that its shape facilitates the collection of smooth linear ribbons.Small imperfections in trimming can produce artifacts in the ribbon and compromise the integrity of the section. Next, heat a water bath to 42 degrees Celsius. Then, clamp the sample into the microtome with the surface of the colony oriented perpendicularly to the edge of the blade.Trim the sample in 50-micrometer intervals until the desired plane of the colony has been reached from which sections will be collected using a microtome set to a sectioning velocity of 75 to 80 RPM and a clearance angle of six to 10 degrees. Cut a ribbon of the desired number of 10-micrometer-thick sections. Then, use a fine-tipped paint brush to detach the ribbon from the blade.Now, with forceps or a drop of water at the tip of a Pasteur pipette, gently transfer the ribbon to the water bath. Immediately insert a slide into the water bath and position it below the ribbon at a 45-degree angle. Touch the narrow edge of the ribbon to the slide just below the frosted label.The ribbon should adhere. Pull the slide out of the water bath and adjust the angle so it's perpendicular to the surface of the water allowing the ribbon to lay flat against the slide along its length. Avoid trapping excess water beneath the ribbon.Gently stand the slide onto an absorbent lint-free tissue wicking excess water from the section. Then, lay the slide on a paper towel and allow it to dry in the dark at room temperature overnight. Heat a leveled hot plate to 45 degrees Celsius and place the slide on the plate for 30 to 60 minutes.The wax will become semi-molten and flatten against the slide. Gently lift the slide from the hot plate and lay it flat onto a smooth level room temperature surface for approximately one minute until the wax solidifies. Ensure that the molten wax does not pull to either side of the slide.With the samples inside a glass slide mailer, de-wax the slides in four washes of clearing agent for five minutes each. Use a Buchner aspirator to remove solution between washes. Use 100%ethanol to wash the slides three times for one minute each.Then, after rehydrating the slides according to the text protocol, immediately mount the sections in a tris-buffered mounting medium and apply a coverslip. The overlay agar around the section does not react with the fixative, so it does not adhere to the chard slide. This agar can dislodge during rehydration and damage the section, so care should be taken not to agitate the solution during rehydration.Allow the mounting medium to polymerize at room temperature overnight. Once polymerized, use clear nail polish to seal the coverslip to the slide. Finally, store the sealed slides indefinitely in the dark at four degrees Celsius.While DIC imaging using a 40 times oil immersion objective can be sufficient to show some morphological features of biofilm thin sections, fluorescence microscopy of strains engineered to constitutively express fluorescent proteins provides enhanced visualization of cellular distribution within the samples. As shown in these panels, images of individual sections can stitched together to generate a cross-section of the entire colony and provides context for the localization of structural features within the overall morphology at the macroscopic level. Using a strain engineered to express fluorescent protein under the control of a specific promoter enables the visualization of the distribution of gene expression.In addition, colonies can be grown on medium containing dyes, or dyes can be added post-sectioning to stains'specific polysaccharides. Finally, samples can also be prepared and imaged at higher resolution using transmission electron microscopy as presented here. It's important when attempting this procedure to be mindful of the samples'vagility and of the potential to introduce fluorescent and structural artifacts either through fixation, sectioning or rehydration which may influence your interpretation of the data.This procedure allows for a quantitative image analysis such as correlating the expression profiles of fluorescent reporters with morphological features and the Z-axis of a biofilm. This protocol can be applied to diverse species of biofilm-forming microbes with medical and industrial significance such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus subtilis. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to grow and prepare colony biofilms for sectioning via paraffin embedding.

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