Name: paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis
Uploaded: 2018-03-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue apoyado por NSF carrera Premio 1553023 y Premio de NIH/NIAID R01AI103369.

1. crecimiento de aeruginosa de los Pseudomonas Biofilms de Colonia
<ol><li>Preparación de placas de medio-bicapa<ol>
<li>Preparar un 10 G/l triptona, agar 10 g/L solución (véase Tabla de materiales) en agua desionizada.</li>
		<li>Autoclave durante 20 min enfriar a 50-60 ° C en un baño de agua.</li>
		<li>45 mL de la solución de agar triptona vierta un plato cuadrado de 100 x 100 mm (véase Tabla de materiales) utilizando un tubo cónico de 50 mL. Permitir que el agar se solidif...

<ol>
	<li>Ray, V. A., Morris, A. R., Visick, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+semi-quantitative+approach+to+assess+biofilm+formation+using+wrinkled+colony+development.">A semi-quantitative approach to assess biofilm formation using wrinkled colony development.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (64), e4035 (2012).</li><li>Friedman, L., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+involved+in+matrix+formation+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14+biofilms.">Genes involved in matrix formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms.</a> Mol. Microbiol. 51 (3), 675-690 (2004).</li><li>Okegbe, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron-shuttling+antibiotics+structure+bacterial+communities+by+modulating+cellular+levels+of+c-di-GMP.">Electron-shuttling antibiotics structure bacterial communities by modulating cellular levels of c-di-GMP.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 114 (26), E5236-E5245 (2017).</li><li>Vlamakis, H., Aguilar, C., Losick, R., Kolter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+cell+fate+by+the+formation+of+an+architecturally+complex+bacterial+community.">Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community.</a> Genes Dev. 22 (7), 945-953 (2008).</li><li>Serra, D. O., Richter, A. M., Klauck, G., Mika, F., Hengge, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microanatomy+at+cellular+resolution+and+spatial+order+of+physiological+differentiation+in+a+bacterial+biofilm.">Microanatomy at cellular resolution and spatial order of physiological differentiation in a bacterial biofilm.</a> MBio. 4 (2), e00103-e00113 (2013).</li><li>Serra, D. O., Richter, A. M., Hengge, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellulose+as+an+architectural+element+in+spatially+structured+Escherichia+coli+biofilms.">Cellulose as an architectural element in spatially structured Escherichia coli biofilms.</a> J. Bacteriol. 195 (24), 5540-5554 (2013).</li><li>McGlinn, E., Mansfield, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+gene+expression+in+mouse+embryos+and+tissue+sections.">Detection of gene expression in mouse embryos and tissue sections.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 770, 259-292 (2011).</li><li>Choi, Y. S., Kim, Y. C., Baek, K. J., Choi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Detection+of+Bacteria+within+Paraffin-embedded+Tissues+Using+a+Digoxin-labeled+DNA+Probe+Targeting+16S+rRNA.">In Situ Detection of Bacteria within Paraffin-embedded Tissues Using a Digoxin-labeled DNA Probe Targeting 16S rRNA.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (99), e52836 (2015).</li><li>James, G., Hunt, A. M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Biofilms+in+Tissue+Specimens.">Imaging Biofilms in Tissue Specimens.</a> Antibiofilm Agents. , 31-44 (2014).</li><li>Madsen, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facultative+control+of+matrix+production+optimizes+competitive+fitness+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+PA14+biofilm+models.">Facultative control of matrix production optimizes competitive fitness in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilm models.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81 (24), 8414-8426 (2015).</li><li>Jo, J., Cortez, K. L., Cornell, W. -. C., Price-Whelan, A., Dietrich, L. E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orphan+cbb3-type+cytochrome+oxidase+subunit+supports+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+growth+and+virulence.">An orphan cbb3-type cytochrome oxidase subunit supports Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth and virulence.</a> bioRxiv. , 171538 (2017).</li><li>Fong, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+dynamics+of+RbmA+governs+plasticity+of+Vibrio+cholerae+biofilms.">Structural dynamics of RbmA governs plasticity of Vibrio cholerae biofilms.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li><li>Bertani, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysogeny+at+mid-twentieth+century:+P1,+P2,+and+other+experimental+systems.">Lysogeny at mid-twentieth century: P1, P2, and other experimental systems.</a> J. Bacteriol. 186 (3), 595-600 (2004).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9 (7), 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Dietrich, L. E. P., Teal, T. K., Price-Whelan, A., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox-active+antibiotics+control+gene+expression+and+community+behavior+in+divergent+bacteria.">Redox-active antibiotics control gene expression and community behavior in divergent bacteria.</a> Science. 321 (5893), 1203-1206 (2008).</li><li>Zupan&#269;i&#269;, D., Ter&#269;elj, M., &#352;trus, B., Verani&#269;, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+obtain+good+morphology+and+antigen+detection+in+the+same+tissue+section?.">How to obtain good morphology and antigen detection in the same tissue section?.</a> Protoplasma. , (2017).</li><li>Priester, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+visualization+of+microbial+biofilms+by+staining+and+environmental+scanning+electron+microscopy.">Enhanced visualization of microbial biofilms by staining and environmental scanning electron microscopy.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 68 (3), 577-587 (2007).</li><li>Boyles, J., Anderson, L., Hutcherson, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+fixative+for+the+preservation+of+actin+filaments:+fixation+of+pure+actin+filament+pellets.">A new fixative for the preservation of actin filaments: fixation of pure actin filament pellets.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33 (11), 1116-1128 (1985).</li><li>Blackburn, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Examination+of+normal+and+abnormal+placentation+in+the+mouse.">Examination of normal and abnormal placentation in the mouse.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 136, 185-193 (2000).</li><li>Hoffman, E. A., Frey, B. L., Smith, L. M., Auble, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+crosslinking:+a+tool+for+the+study+of+chromatin+complexes.">Formaldehyde crosslinking: a tool for the study of chromatin complexes.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 290 (44), 26404-26411 (2015).</li><li>Jennings, L. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pel+is+a+cationic+exopolysaccharide+that+cross-links+extracellular+DNA+in+the+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+matrix.">Pel is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112 (36), 11353-11358 (2015).</li></ol>

Muestras de inclusión en parafina y secciones delgadas del tejido es una técnica histológica clásica que permite proyección de imagen de estructuras morfológicas micro se usa comúnmente en los tejidos eucarióticos y se ha aplicado con cierto éxito a muestras microbianas8 ,9. Mientras que crioinclusiones permite la fuerte retención de señal endógena e inmunofluorescente, inclusión en parafina es generalmente preferible ya que proporciona mejor preser...

La mayoría de microbios tienen la capacidad para forma biofilms, comunidades de células ligan por matrices de producción propia. Biofilms se puede cultivar en muchos tipos de configuraciones físicas, con diversos regímenes de suministro de nutrientes y sustrato. Ensayos específicos para la formación del biofilm tienden a producir estructuras multicelulares reproducibles, y arquitecturas comunes se observan especies filogenéticamente diversas a nivel macroscópico o comunidad. Cuando microbios crecen como colonias en medio sólido bajo una atmósfera, morfología macroscópica transmite información sobre la capacidad de producción de la matriz y a menudo se correlaciona con otros rasgos 1,2,3. La arquitectura interna de las colonias microbianas también puede proporcionar pistas sobre biofilm específica química y fisiología, pero ha sido difícil de caracterizar. Recientes aplicaciones de las técnicas de crioinclusiones y cryosectioning a colonias bacterianas han permitido la proyección de imagen y visualización de características específicas en la resolución sin precedentes 4,5,6. Sin embargo, estudios con tejidos animales han demostrado que inclusión en parafina proporciona superior conservación de la morfología comparada con crioinclusiones 7 y se ha utilizado para visualizar las bacterias en los tejidos 8,9. Por lo tanto hemos desarrollado un protocolo para la fijación, inclusión en parafina y finas secciones de biofilms microbianos de la Colonia. Aquí, describimos la preparación de secciones delgadas 10,11de Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 Colonia-biofilm, pero también con éxito hemos aplicado esta técnica a biofilms formados por las bacterias Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilis, y Vibrio cholerae12.
El proceso de inclusión en parafina y secciones delgadas de biopelículas sigue una simple lógica. En primer lugar, los biofilms están contenidos en una capa de agar para preservar la morfología durante el proceso. En segundo lugar, los biofilms encajonadas son sumergidos en un fijador para macromoléculas de la reticulación y preservar micromorfología. Estos son luego deshidratados con alcohol, limpiados con un solvente más polar y luego infiltrados con cera de parafina líquida. Una vez infiltrado, las muestras están incrustadas en bloques de cera para seccionamiento. Las secciones son corte montadas en portaobjetos y luego rehidratadas para volver a un estado más nativo. Desde este punto, pueden ser manchadas o cubiertas de medio de montaje para el análisis microscópico.
Este protocolo produce finas secciones de biofilms microbianos adecuados para análisis histológico. Subestructuras de biofilm de Colonia son accesibles cuando secciones delgadas preparadas utilizando este método son imágenes por microscopia ligera. Biofilms también puede ser crecidos en las manchas fluorescentes que contienen los medios de comunicación específicos para características individuales o manchados en la etapa de rehidratación, inmediatamente antes del montaje (pasos 9.5 9.6). Por último, microbios pueden ser diseñados para producir proteínas fluorescentes de manera constitutiva o regulada, lo que en situ informes de expresión de la distribución o gen de la célula dentro de estas comunidades. Hemos utilizado estos métodos para determinar la profundidad de biofilm de Colonia, distribución celular, distribución de la matriz, patrones de crecimiento y expresión génica espaciotemporal.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1205">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">5 3/4&#34; Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">13-678-6A</td>
			<td style="width:577px;">Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Agar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A7777</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Buchner Aspirator (Vacuum) Flask&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pyrex</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5340</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Chemically-resistant Marking Pen</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">103051-182</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Leica</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Clear Fingernail Polish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>Store bought</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Congo Red Indicator Grade</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AAAB24310-14</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Coomassie Blue&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EM-3340</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: EMD Millipore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">TRIS-buffered Mounting Medium (w/ DAPI)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50 247 04</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Embedding Mold&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>3D printed in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Embedding Mold (commercial)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">70182</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Ethanol 200P</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Decon Labs, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">2701</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Fine-tipped Brush</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">********</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">********</td>
			<td>Store bought, paint brush</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Glass Coverslips 60x22mm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12-519-21C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Glass Rehydration Mailer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ted Pella</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">21043</td>
			<td>20 slide mailer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Histoclear-II, orange oil-based clearing agent&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50 899 90150</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: National Diagnostics&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Histosette, Embedding Casette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15 182 701A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">L-lysine hydrochloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BP386 100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Low Profile Microtome Blades</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">22 210 048</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Sturkey&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Micropipette&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">89080-004</td>
			<td>Promo-pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Micropipette Tips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">See comments section</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">See comments section</td>
			<td>p10 (Fisher Scientific, 02 707 469), p200 (VWR, 89079-474), p1250 (VWR, 89079-486)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Microtome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">905200U/00016050</td>
			<td>Model: HM355S, Manufacturer: Microm, NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 905200U/00016050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Formaldehyde, 37% Aqueous (Formalin)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Ricca Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">RSOF0010-500A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Paraplast Xtra (paraffin wax)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15159-486</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: McCormick Scientific&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">Petri Dishes Square 100x100x15mm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Laboratory Disposable Products&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D210-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Potassium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">EMD Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PX1405-1</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Potassium phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">P380-500</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Razor Blades&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">55411-050</td>
			<td>Purchased from univeristy biostores&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Slide Warmer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NC0865259</td>
			<td>NON-CATALOG, Vendor Catalog # 12857D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sodium chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">0241-1KG</td>
			<td>Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sodium phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BDH9296.500</td>
			<td>,Component of phosphate buffered saline, prepared in-house&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Suprafrost Histology Slides&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">12-544-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Tissue Flotation Water Bath&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NC0815797</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: Ted Pella, Vendor Catalog # 28156-B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Automatic Tissue Processor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">813160U/Q#00009061</td>
			<td>Model: STP120 Tissue Processor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Tryptone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">T9012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Teknova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Y9010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

paraffin embedding and thin sectioning of microbial colony biofilms for microscopic analysis

Seccionamiento mediante inclusión en parafina es una técnica ampliamente establecida en sistemas eucarióticos. Aquí proporcionamos un método para la fijación, inclusión y secciones de biofilms intacto Colonia microbiana utilizando parafina perfundido. Para adaptar este método para el uso en Colonia biofilms, desarrollado técnicas para mantener cada muestra en su sustrato de crecimiento y laminar con un overlayer de agar y lisina ha añadido a la solución fijadora. Estas optimizaciones mejoran la retención de la muestra y la preservación de Características micromorfológicas. Muestras preparadas de esta manera son susceptibles de fino corte y proyección de imagen por microscopía de luz, fluorescencia y transmisión. Hemos aplicado esta técnica a biopelículas de la colonia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas synxantha, Bacillus subtilisy Vibrio cholerae. El alto nivel de detalle visible en las muestras generadas por este método, combinado con cepa reportero ingeniería o el uso de colorantes específicos, puede proporcionar ideas interesantes sobre la fisiología y el desarrollo de las comunidades microbianas.

Este método genera biofilm delgada-secciones en donde distintas características morfológicas y las zonas de la expresión génica pueden ser reflejadas por DIC, microscopía de fluorescencia y TEM. Mientras que la proyección de imagen DIC utilizando un 40 X objetivo de inmersión de aceite puede ser suficiente para mostrar algunos rasgos morfológicos (Figura 2E), hemos encontrado que la fluorescencia microscopía de variedades dirigido a proteína consti...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Paraffin Embedding and Thin Sectioning of Microbial Colony Biofilms for Microscopic Analysis

Inclusión en parafina y finas secciones de Biofilms microbianos Colonia para el análisis microscópico

Describimos a fijación, inclusión en parafina y finas técnicas seccionamiento de biofilms microbianos de la Colonia. En muestras preparadas, patrones de expresión de subestructura y reportero de biofilm pueden visualizarse por microscopía.

Sectioning via paraffin embedding is a broadly established technique in eukaryotic systems. Here we provide a method for the fixation, embedding, and ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate paraffin embedded biofilm sections that can be used to assess the distribution of gene expression as reported by fluorescent protein production within intact native morphologies. This method can help answer key questions in the study of microbial communities such how the expression of specific genes in the production of exopolymeric substances distributed in the context of native biofilm architecture. The main advantage of this technique is that is allows for analysis of gene expression within the preserved morphology of biofilm cross-sections while also being amenable to downstream treatments such as staining of distinct features and high-resolution imaging such confocal or electron microscopy.After preparing agar tryptone solution according to the text protocol, use a 50-milliliter conical tube to pour 45 milliliters of the solution into a 100-millimeter by 100 millimeter square dish. Allow the agar to solidify for approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Pour a second 15-millimeter layer on top of the first layer, then let it solidify overnight, and if necessary, use a lint-free tissue to remove condensation from the lids.Next, to spot colony biofilms, after growing an isolated single P.Aeruginosa colony from a frozen stock according to the text protocol, pipette 2.5 to 10 microliters of cell suspension onto a medium bi-layer plate. Colonies may be incubated in the dark at 25 degrees Celsius in 80 to 100%relative humidity for up to four days. Gently pour 15 milliliters of the agar solution over the growth medium and colony and allow the agar to form a gel at room temperature for five minutes.Then, use a sharp razor blade to cut a square, three-layered chuck with the colony laminated between the top two layers. If preparing multiple samples, ensure that each chuck is cut to a comparable size. Gently remove any excess agar from the colony containing chuck.Then, wet the flat head of a spatula in PBS or water and gently insert it between the top and bottom layers of agar. Immediately transfer the laminated colony into an embedding cassette labeled with a chemical-resistant marking pen. Place the embedding cassette into a glass slide mailer containing previously prepared fixative.Process the samples. Use 1X PBS to wash them twice for one hour each. For best results, automate reagent homogenization using the low setting on the spin function of an automatic tissue processor.To embed the samples, fill a wax mold with molten paraffin wax heated to 55 degrees Celsius, then use a heated flat spatula to quickly transfer the infiltrated chuck from the embedding cassette into the wax mold ensuring that the chuck rests parallel to the base of the mold. Allow the wax to solidify overnight at four degrees Celsius. Samples molded in solid wax may be stored indefinitely at this temperature.Once the wax has solidified, excise the sample from the mold and use a razor blade to trim excess wax from around the sample. Leave some wax extending from one end of the sample that can be used to clamp it into the microtome. It is important to trim the wax-embedded sample such that its shape facilitates the collection of smooth linear ribbons.Small imperfections in trimming can produce artifacts in the ribbon and compromise the integrity of the section. Next, heat a water bath to 42 degrees Celsius. Then, clamp the sample into the microtome with the surface of the colony oriented perpendicularly to the edge of the blade.Trim the sample in 50-micrometer intervals until the desired plane of the colony has been reached from which sections will be collected using a microtome set to a sectioning velocity of 75 to 80 RPM and a clearance angle of six to 10 degrees. Cut a ribbon of the desired number of 10-micrometer-thick sections. Then, use a fine-tipped paint brush to detach the ribbon from the blade.Now, with forceps or a drop of water at the tip of a Pasteur pipette, gently transfer the ribbon to the water bath. Immediately insert a slide into the water bath and position it below the ribbon at a 45-degree angle. Touch the narrow edge of the ribbon to the slide just below the frosted label.The ribbon should adhere. Pull the slide out of the water bath and adjust the angle so it's perpendicular to the surface of the water allowing the ribbon to lay flat against the slide along its length. Avoid trapping excess water beneath the ribbon.Gently stand the slide onto an absorbent lint-free tissue wicking excess water from the section. Then, lay the slide on a paper towel and allow it to dry in the dark at room temperature overnight. Heat a leveled hot plate to 45 degrees Celsius and place the slide on the plate for 30 to 60 minutes.The wax will become semi-molten and flatten against the slide. Gently lift the slide from the hot plate and lay it flat onto a smooth level room temperature surface for approximately one minute until the wax solidifies. Ensure that the molten wax does not pull to either side of the slide.With the samples inside a glass slide mailer, de-wax the slides in four washes of clearing agent for five minutes each. Use a Buchner aspirator to remove solution between washes. Use 100%ethanol to wash the slides three times for one minute each.Then, after rehydrating the slides according to the text protocol, immediately mount the sections in a tris-buffered mounting medium and apply a coverslip. The overlay agar around the section does not react with the fixative, so it does not adhere to the chard slide. This agar can dislodge during rehydration and damage the section, so care should be taken not to agitate the solution during rehydration.Allow the mounting medium to polymerize at room temperature overnight. Once polymerized, use clear nail polish to seal the coverslip to the slide. Finally, store the sealed slides indefinitely in the dark at four degrees Celsius.While DIC imaging using a 40 times oil immersion objective can be sufficient to show some morphological features of biofilm thin sections, fluorescence microscopy of strains engineered to constitutively express fluorescent proteins provides enhanced visualization of cellular distribution within the samples. As shown in these panels, images of individual sections can stitched together to generate a cross-section of the entire colony and provides context for the localization of structural features within the overall morphology at the macroscopic level. Using a strain engineered to express fluorescent protein under the control of a specific promoter enables the visualization of the distribution of gene expression.In addition, colonies can be grown on medium containing dyes, or dyes can be added post-sectioning to stains'specific polysaccharides. Finally, samples can also be prepared and imaged at higher resolution using transmission electron microscopy as presented here. It's important when attempting this procedure to be mindful of the samples'vagility and of the potential to introduce fluorescent and structural artifacts either through fixation, sectioning or rehydration which may influence your interpretation of the data.This procedure allows for a quantitative image analysis such as correlating the expression profiles of fluorescent reporters with morphological features and the Z-axis of a biofilm. This protocol can be applied to diverse species of biofilm-forming microbes with medical and industrial significance such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae and Bacillus subtilis. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to grow and prepare colony biofilms for sectioning via paraffin embedding.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Colony Forming Cell (CFC) Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

Colony Forming Cell CFC Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

La formación de colonias de células (CFC) para el ensayo de células hematopoyéticas humanas

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood and are used to study hematopoiesis and ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Single-cell Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Using Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry

Sola célula de análisis de Bacillus subtilis Las biopelículas mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y citometría de flujo

Biofilm formation is a general attribute to almost all bacteria 1-6. When bacteria form biofilms, cells are encased in extracellular matrix that is mostly ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Crecimiento de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Las biopelículas

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

Aislamiento y Análisis del Genoma de viriones individuales utilizando &quot;Genómica solo virus &#39;

Whole genome amplification and sequencing of single microbial cells enables genomic characterization without the need of cultivation 1-3. Viruses, which ...

Ratiometric Imaging of Extracellular pH in Dental Biofilms

Imaging radiométrica de pH extracelular en los biofilms dentales

The pH in bacterial biofilms on teeth is of central importance for dental caries, a disease with a high worldwide prevalence. Nutrients and metabolites ...

A New Method for Qualitative Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms on Filamentous Fungal Colonies Using Confocal and Electron Microscopy

Un nuevo método para el análisis cualitativo multi-escala de biopelículas bacterianas en filamentosa fúngica Colonias Utilizando microscopía confocal y electrónica

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic ...

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

Extraction of Hemocytes from Drosophila melanogaster Larvae for Microbial Infection and Analysis

Extracción de hemocitos de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster para infección microbiana y análisis

During the pathogenic infection of Drosophila melanogaster, hemocytes play an important role in the immune response throughout the infection. Thus, the ...

Complementary Use of Microscopic Techniques and Fluorescence Reading in Studying Cryptococcus-Amoeba Interactions

Complementary Use of Microscopic Techniques and Fluorescence Reading in Studying Cryptococcus-Amoeba Interactions

Uso complementario de técnicas microscópicas y lectura de fluorescencia en el estudio de las interacciones Cryptococcus-Amoeba

To simulate Cryptococcus infection, amoeba, which is the natural predator of cryptococcal cells in the environment, can be used as a model for ...

Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Applying Live Cell Imaging and Cryo-Electron Tomography to Resolve Spatiotemporal Features of the Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm Secretion System

Aplicación de imágenes de células vivas y tomografía crioelectrónica para resolver las características espaciotemporales del sistema de secreción de puntos de legionela pneumofilia/Icm

The Dot/Icm secretion system of Legionella pneumophila is a complex type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine that localizes at the bacterial pole and ...

Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography

Análisis de la composición lipídica de micobacterias por cromatografía de capa delgada

Mycobacteria species can differ from one another in the rate of growth, presence of pigmentation, the colony morphology displayed on solid media, as well ...