Name: generation of size-controlled poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate droplets via semi-3-dimensional flow focusing microfluidic devices
Uploaded: 2018-07-03T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Shenzhen fundamental research funding (Grant No. JCYJ 20150630170146829, JCYJ20160531195439665 and JCYJ20160317152359560). The authors would like to thank Prof. Y. Chen at the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for supports.

1. Mold Fabrication
<ol>
	<li>Design two photomasks using a drawing software. Describe the outline of microchannel structure and use two separate layers for mask 1 and 2 in the same drawing file, so ensure all connections between different channels. Print different layers independently to chrome plate on the glass by a vendor with 1 &#181;m resolution. Ensure that the photomasks are dark with transparent designed structures, as a negative polarity. 
	Note: The mask 1 contains the dispersed phase i...

<ol>
	<li>Teh, S. Y., Lin, R., Hung, L. H., Lee, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Droplet+microfluidics.">Droplet microfluidics.</a> Lab on a chip. 8, 198-220 (2008).</li><li>Xiao, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+multifunctional+NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+/PEGDA+hybrid+microspheres:+NIR-light-activated+photopolymerization+and+drug+delivery.">Novel multifunctional NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+/PEGDA hybrid microspheres: NIR-light-activated photopolymerization and drug delivery.</a> Chemical communications. 49, 1527-1529 (2013).</li><li>Pan, M., Kim, M., Blauch, L., Tang, S. K. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-functionalizable+amphiphilic+nanoparticles+for+pickering+emulsions+with+designer+fluid-fluid+interfaces.">Surface-functionalizable amphiphilic nanoparticles for pickering emulsions with designer fluid-fluid interfaces.</a> RSC Adv. 6, 39926-39932 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+synthesis+of+rigid+nanovesicles+for+hydrophilic+reagents+delivery.">Microfluidic synthesis of rigid nanovesicles for hydrophilic reagents delivery.</a> Angewandte Chemie. 54, 3952-3956 (2015).</li><li>Shembekar, N., Chaipan, C., Utharala, R., Merten, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Droplet-based+microfluidics+in+drug+discovery,+transcriptomics+and+high-throughput+molecular+genetics.">Droplet-based microfluidics in drug discovery, transcriptomics and high-throughput molecular genetics.</a> Lab on a chip. 16, 1314-1331 (2016).</li><li>Soh, G. Y., Yeoh, G. H., Timchenko, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+investigation+on+the+velocity+fields+during+droplet+formation+in+a+microfluidic+T-junction.">Numerical investigation on the velocity fields during droplet formation in a microfluidic T-junction.</a> Chemical Engineering Science. 139, 99-108 (2016).</li><li>Chiarello, E., Derzsi, L., Pierno, M., Mistura, G., Piccin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+Oil+Droplets+in+a+Non-Newtonian+Liquid+Using+a+Microfluidic+T-Junction.">Generation of Oil Droplets in a Non-Newtonian Liquid Using a Microfluidic T-Junction.</a> Micromachines. 6, 1825-1835 (2015).</li><li>Moyle, T. M., Walker, L. M., Anna, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+thread+formation+during+tipstreaming+through+an+active+feedback+control+loop.">Controlling thread formation during tipstreaming through an active feedback control loop.</a> Lab on a chip. 13, 4534-4541 (2013).</li><li>Moon, B. U., Abbasi, N., Jones, S. G., Hwang, D. K., Tsai, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water-in-Water+Droplets+by+Passive+Microfluidic+Flow+Focusing.">Water-in-Water Droplets by Passive Microfluidic Flow Focusing.</a> Analytical chemistry. 88, 3982-3989 (2016).</li><li>Zhu, P., Tang, X., Wang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Droplet+generation+in+co-flow+microfluidic+channels+with+vibration.">Droplet generation in co-flow microfluidic channels with vibration.</a> Microfluidics and Nanofluidics. , 20 (2016).</li><li>Kim, S. H., Kim, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+formation+of+double-emulsion+drops+in+sudden+expansion+channels.">Controlled formation of double-emulsion drops in sudden expansion channels.</a> Journal of colloid and interface science. 415, 26-31 (2014).</li><li>Jeong, W. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+generation+of+submicron+emulsion+droplets+via+highly+stable+tip-streaming+mode+in+microfluidic+devices.">Controlled generation of submicron emulsion droplets via highly stable tip-streaming mode in microfluidic devices.</a> Lab on a chip. 12, 1446-1453 (2012).</li><li>Peng, L., Yang, M., Guo, S. S., Liu, W., Zhao, X. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+interfacial+tension+on+droplet+formation+in+flow-focusing+microfluidic+device.">The effect of interfacial tension on droplet formation in flow-focusing microfluidic device.</a> Biomedical microdevices. 13, 559-564 (2011).</li><li>Nunes, J. K., Tsai, S. S., Wan, J., Stone, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dripping+and+jetting+in+microfluidic+multiphase+flows+applied+to+particle+and+fiber+synthesis.">Dripping and jetting in microfluidic multiphase flows applied to particle and fiber synthesis.</a> J Phys D Appl Phys. , 46 (2013).</li><li>Anna, S. L., Mayer, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+tipstreaming+in+a+microfluidic+flow+focusing+device.">Microscale tipstreaming in a microfluidic flow focusing device.</a> Physics of Fluids. 18, 121512 (2006).</li><li>Liu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+synthesis+of+QD-encoded+PEGDA+microspheres+for+suspension+assay.">Microfluidic synthesis of QD-encoded PEGDA microspheres for suspension assay.</a> J. Mater. Chem. B. 4, 482-488 (2016).</li><li>Richardson, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bayesian-based+iterative+method+of+image+restoration.">Bayesian-based iterative method of image restoration.</a> Journal of the Optical Society of America. 62, 55-59 (1972).</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, P., Chaudhuri, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+Hough+Transform.">A survey of Hough Transform.</a> Pattern Recognition. 48, 993-1010 (2015).</li><li>Ward, T., Faivre, M., Stone, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drop+production+and+tip-streaming+phenomenon+in+a+microfluidic+flow-focusing+device+via+an+interfacial+chemical+reaction.">Drop production and tip-streaming phenomenon in a microfluidic flow-focusing device via an interfacial chemical reaction.</a> Langmuir: the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids. 26, 9233-9239 (2010).</li><li>Anna, S. L., Bontoux, N., Stone, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+dispersions+using+"flow+focusing"+in+microchannels.">Formation of dispersions using "flow focusing" in microchannels.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 82, 364 (2003).</li><li>Kim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+production+of+emulsion+drops+using+an+electric+field+in+a+flow-focusing+microfluidic+device.">Controlled production of emulsion drops using an electric field in a flow-focusing microfluidic device.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 91, 133106 (2007).</li><li>Dangla, R., Gallaire, F., Baroud, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microchannel+deformations+due+to+solvent-induced+PDMS+swelling.">Microchannel deformations due to solvent-induced PDMS swelling.</a> Lab on a chip. 10, 2972-2978 (2010).</li><li>Chiu, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Universally+applicable+three-dimensional+hydrodynamic+microfluidic+flow+focusing.">Universally applicable three-dimensional hydrodynamic microfluidic flow focusing.</a> Lab on a chip. 13, 1803-1809 (2013).</li><li>Oh, K. W., Lee, K., Ahn, B., Furlani, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+pressure-driven+microfluidic+networks+using+electric+circuit+analogy.">Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy.</a> Lab on a chip. 12, 515-545 (2012).</li></ol>

The generation of droplets in the flow-focusing mode using 2D and semi-3D microfluidic device has previously been developed in a variety of reports8,9,15,19,20,21. In these systems, the aqueous liquid that could not be solidified was chosen as the dispersed phase, such as deionized water8,<s...

Droplet-based microfluidic systems have the ability to produce highly monodisperse droplets from nanometer to micrometer diameter range1 and hold great potential in the high-throughput drug discovery2, synthesis of biomolecules3,4, and the diagnostic testing5. Due to the unique advantages of smaller droplets, such as the greater surface area to volume ratio and the large-scale applications with consuming a few microliters of sample, the technology has attracted extensive interest in a broad range of fields. The emulsification of two immiscible liquids is one of the most typical methods to generate droplet. In previous reports in the field, researchers have developed a variety of different droplet formation geometries, including T-junction, flow-focusing and co-flowing geometries. In the T-junction geometry, the dispersed phase is delivered through a perpendicular channel into the main channel, in which the continuous phase flows6,7. In the typical two-dimensional (2D) flow-focusing8,9&#160;geometry, the dispersed phase flow is sheared from the lateral; and for the co-flowing geometry10,11, on the other hand, a capillary introducing the dispersed phase flow is placed co-axially inside a bigger capillary for co-flowing geometry, so that the dispersed phase flow is sheared from all directions.
The droplet size is controlled by adjusting channel size and flow rate ratio, and the minimum size produced by co-flowing or T-junction is limited to dozens of micrometers. For flow-focusing droplet formation system, three modes of droplet breakup form by adjusting the pressure ratio of two-phase and surfactant concentration, including the dripping regime, the jetting regime, and tip-streaming15. Tip-streaming mode is also called thread formation, and the appearance of a thin the thread drawing out from the tip of dispersed phase flow cone will be observed.Previous studies have demonstrated droplets less than a few micrometers could be generated though tip-streaming process in 2D or semi-3D flow-focusing device8,12. However, as an aqueous solution containing a very low concentration of PEGDA was used as the dispersed phase, the shrinkage ratio of PEGDA particles was about 60% of the original droplets in diameter after photo-polymerization, while PEGDA without dilution as the dispersed phase led to unstable tip-streaming mode12. Interfacial tension is an important parameter of emulsion process and it will decrease due to the addition of the surfactant into the continuous phase liquid,leading to decrease in droplet size, higher generation frequency13, highly curved tip, and preventing instability14. Furthermore, when the bulk surfactant concentration is much higher than the critical micelle concentration, the interfacial tension is approximately invariable in the saturated state13 and the tip-streaming mode can occur15.
Based on the above observations, in this paper, we developed a facile approach for PEGDA droplets generation using a semi-3D flow-focusing microfluidic device, fabricated by multi-layer soft lithography method. Different from the typical 2D flow-focusing device, the semi-3D flow-focusing device has a shallow dispersed phase channel and a deep continuous phase channel, so that the dispersed phase can be sheared from up and down beside lateral. This provides larger adjusting range for flow-focusing mode by reducing the energy and pressure required for droplet breakup. Different from the previous report12, the dispersed phase is pure PEGDAcontaining photo-initiator, making sure that the shrinkage ratio of PEGDA particles is lower than 10%16; and the continuous phase is the mixture of hexadecane dissolving with a high bulk concentration of the silicone-based nonionic surfactant. Size-controllable and uniform droplets were produced by adjusting the pressure ratio of two phases. The diameter of the droplets changes from 80 &#181;m to 1 &#181;m as the droplet breakup processes changes from the jetting mode to tip-streaming mode. In addition, the PEGDA particle was synthesized through photo-polymerization process under UV exposure. The droplet generation microfluidic system with ease of fabrication will provide more possibilities for biological applications.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:572px;" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">Silicon wafer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Huashi Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">SU-8 2025, 2100</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Microchem Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Y111069</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">SU-8 developer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Microchem Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Y020100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="91">
			<td height="91" style="height:91px;width:216px;">Chromium mask</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qingyi Precision Mask Making Co., Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sylgard 184</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">26570-48-9</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">2-hydroxy-40-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">TCI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H1361-5G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">photoinitiator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hexadecane</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">544-76- 3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ABIL EM 90</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">CHT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">144243-53-8</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">surfactants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rhodamine B</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Aladdin</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">81-88-9</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">fluorescent dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Spin Coater</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lithography machine</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Automatic ointment agitator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thinky</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ARV-310</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Oven</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BluePard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">OLYMPUS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX71</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Hamamatsu, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ORCA-flash</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:216px;">MAESFLO Microfluidic Fluid Control System</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FLUIGENT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MFCS-EZ</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">UV lamp</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FUTANSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">365 nm UV light, 8000 MW/CM2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of size-controlled poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate droplets via semi-3-dimensional flow focusing microfluidic devices

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. This paper proposes a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip was fabricated using the multi-layer soft lithography method. Hexadecane containing surfactant was used as the continuous phase, and PEGDA with the ultraviolet (UV) photo-initiator was the dispersed phase. Surfactants allowed the local surface tension to drop and formed a more cusped tip which promoted breaking into tiny micro-droplets. As the pressure of dispersed phase was constant, the size of droplets became smaller with increasing continuous phase pressure before dispersed phase flow was broken off. As a result, droplets with size variation from 1 &#181;m to 80 &#181;m in diameter could be selectively achieved by changing the pressure ratio in two inlet channels, and the average coefficient of variation was estimated to be below 7%. Furthermore, droplets could turn into micro-beads by UV exposure for photo-polymerization. Conjugating biomolecules on such micro-beads surface have many potential applications in the fields of biology and chemistry.

The semi-3D flow-focusing microfluidic chip was fabricated using multi-layer soft lithography techniques as described above. The fabrication process and results for master mold in the protocolare shown in Figure 2. The first layer, which provides a 65 &#181;m wide channel for introducing the dispersed phase and a 50 &#181;m wide orifice (Figure 2a), is 20 &#181;m in thickness. An addition 130 &#181;m thickness la...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present a protocol to illustrate the fabrication processes and verifying experiments of a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation.

Generation of Size-controlled Poly (ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging

In the field of fluid mechanics, the resolution of computational schemes has outpaced experimental methods and widened the gap between predicted and ...

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the prevailing building material to make microfluidic devices due to its ease of molding and bonding as well as its ...

Solvent Bonding for Fabrication of PMMA and COP Microfluidic Devices

Thermoplastic microfluidic devices offer many advantages over those made from silicone elastomers, but bonding procedures must be developed for each ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

It is well known that the flow field over a delta wing is dominated by a pair of counter rotating leading edge vortices (LEV). However, their mechanism is ...

Safe Experimentation in Optical Levitation of Charged Droplets Using Remote Labs

The work presents an experiment that allows the study of many fundamental physical processes, such as photon pressure, diffraction of light or the motion ...