Name: a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder
Uploaded: 2018-04-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

这一范式的发展得到了治疗性认知神经科学基金和本杰明和 Adith 米勒家族养老、老年痴呆症和自闭症研究的支持。

这里描述的所有方法都是由约翰霍普金斯大学的机构审查委员会批准的, 在那里进行了原始研究6 。
1.Creating 刺激
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创建一个初始列表的具体名词, 其中主要目标对将作出。
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<li>从选定的语料库 (如 Subtlex19) 中, 选择大约500个具体名词, 并为每个单词获取感兴趣的变量 (例如,频率, 长度, 具体值, imageability,等)...

<ol>
	<li>Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., Lord, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Language+and+communication+in+autism.">Language and communication in autism.</a> Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. , 335-364 (2005).</li><li>Kamio, Y., Robins, D., Kelley, E., Swainson, B., Fein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+Lexical/Semantic+Processing+in+High-Functioning+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders+without+Early+Language+Delay.">Atypical Lexical/Semantic Processing in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders without Early Language Delay.</a> Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 37, 1116-1122 (2007).</li><li>McCleery, J. P., Ceponiene, R., Burner, K. 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本文报道了在开发具有图像和文字刺激的语义启动 ERP 范式的关键步骤, 以探索具有 ASD 的个体的语义处理缺陷。主要步骤包括创建刺激, 规划任务, 并进行脑电图测试和分析。这个过程中最耗时的部分可能是刺激的产生, 因为这需要在刺激对、条件和模式之间仔细匹配, 例如长度、频率和语义关联。因此, 有必要进行大量的先导测试, 以确保最终的刺激方案是适当的。
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认知心理学的研究人员长期以来一直对人们如何理解语言的含义感兴趣。语言处理包括从字母和单词识别、语义处理到句法分析等一系列提高复杂性的步骤。语义处理指的是获取刺激的含义, 无论是单词、图片还是声音。在初始词识别的早期步骤之后, 词的意义或语义的访问是语言处理的关键步骤。语义集成是指将刺激的意义与理解它们的关系相结合的过程, 对更高层次的语言处理 (如理解句子) 至关重要。句子中每个单词的含义不仅需要被访问, 而且每个单词的含义都需要整合起来, 形成对句子意义或 "主旨" 的连贯理解。
患有自闭症频谱紊乱 (ASD) 的个体在语言理解上往往有显著的缺陷1。有证据表明, 这些困难源于语义处理和集成方面的缺陷2,3,4。然而, 其他研究表明, 在非语言的材料 (例如,视觉或听觉) 模式下3,5,6 中, 有 ASD 的个人不显示语义处理缺陷..这些发现表明, ASD 的语义处理缺陷可能限于语言 (即,书面或口语) 模式。因此, 对比不同模式的方法可以洞察语义处理缺陷是特定于域的, 还是表示普遍的处理方式。本文的目的是描述在并发电生理记录中使用语义启动任务来比较不同模式之间语义处理的方法。
语义启动范式在研究语义处理如何影响低级词汇识别7、8方面有着悠久的历史。在传统的语义启动任务中, 会出现一个质数 (例如, cat), 后跟一个与语义相关的目标词 (例如,狗) 或与素数无关的 (如书)。这样的任务通常是在词法决策任务的上下文中完成的, 这样, 参与者就会被要求确定目标单词是否为真词。其他范式可能让参与者对目标词执行语义分类任务, 或者判断这两种刺激是否相关。不管具体的任务是什么, 数十年的证据都证明, 反应时间 (RTs) 比那些与之无关的词在语义上与素数相关的单词更快。
这种 "语义启动效应" 归因于理论帐户中的许多机制7,8。其中, 启动效应是由语义网络中的自动传播激活引起的, 从而使素数词的词义检索激活了其他语义相关词的含义, 包括目标词。这样就减少了目标词的语义激活所需的时间。第二种理论机制是预期, 即在看到素数时, 参与者产生预期的潜在目标集。然后可以更快地识别包含在该集合中的目标词。最后, 还有人假设了语义匹配后词法机制的存在, 这就确立了素数和目标词之间的语义关系的存在。无论作用的具体机制如何, 语义启动都是语义处理和集成的一个有用的指标。这种范式也不限于词汇刺激, 也可以用来调查非语言刺激的语义启动, 如图片9以及跨模式语义启动 (例如,单词和图片之间的)3。
语义启动效应在心理语言学文献中得到了很好的研究, 并对素数目标关系的类型、素数和目标表示的时间以及许多其他操作8进行了研究。这一效应的电生理相关性也有很好的特点10。脑电图 (eeg) 是一种通过测量头皮上的电活动变化来记录神经活动的方法。EEG 是语义启动范式的一种有用的方法论选择, 因为它具有很好的时间分辨能力 (按毫秒顺序, ms), 因此, 即使在没有行为效应或反应。
事件相关电位 (ERPs) 是对特定刺激或行为产生的脑电图的时间锁定变化。根据响应的时间和极性, ERP 的不同部分反映了认知处理的不同方面。N400 组件是一个已建立良好的语义处理和语义集成的标记11,12 (虽然有几个其他解释存在10,13)。当语义集成更容易 (例如, 当语义启动范式中的素数和目标与语义相关时) 相比, N400 振幅减少 (如两个词无关)。重要的是, 相关和无关条件之间的振幅差异 (即"N400 效果") 不是特定于语言的。在非语言模式中也观察到 N400 效果, 例如响应对语义相关和无关的图片或环境声音14,15,16,17。因此, N400 是一种有用的 ERP 组件, 用于当前范式, 因为它可以作为语义处理和集成能力的一种独立于模式的估计。
与 ASD 的个人显示减少或缺席的语义启动效果和 N400 效果响应的语言刺激2,3,4, 建议在语义处理方面的障碍。在响应视觉语义和音频语义刺激3、5、6、支持对语言刺激有选择性地损害语义处理的断言时, 发现了这样的影响。然而, 以前的大多数研究比较模式都采用了交叉模式启动, 这样, 主要目标对包含了词汇刺激。考虑到 ASD 的个人在语言刺激的语义处理方面有缺陷, 这种交叉模式的刺激可能会影响结果。要真正研究语言的语义处理是否有选择性地削弱了 ASD 的个体, 必须使用内模对词法和非词汇刺激。在最近的一项研究中, Coderre et 。6提供了对内模词和图片语义启动的第一个直接比较, 用于调查与 ASD 有关的成人 (18-68 岁) 的语义处理缺陷。与 ASD 和典型开发 (TD) 的参与者观看了对图片和文字, 并被要求判断刺激是否相关。在这个语义启动任务, 他们的大脑活动记录使用脑电图。通过比较组和模式之间的 N400 效果, 该范式提供了对 ASD 个体语义处理性质的洞察。
本文的目的是描述 Coderre et所采用的语义启动 ERP 方法。6. 虽然这一范式最初是为了研究成人与 ASD 的语义处理, 但对于任何希望探索词汇语义和视觉语义处理的神经相关性的实验者来说, 都可能是有用的, 无论是在 TD个人或特定临床人群。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">EEG system</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Plastic bucket</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baby shampoo</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Johnson&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

自闭症患者 (ASD) 在理解语言的含义或语义处理方面具有典型的缺陷。然而, 一些证据表明, 非语言刺激的语义处理是完整的, 这表明语义缺陷可能是语言特有的。为了恰当地描述具有 ASD 的个人的语义处理缺陷, 需要对内模语言 (例如,书面词) 和非语言 (例如,图片) 进行比较。本文描述了在脑电图 (EEG) 数据并发记录过程中使用语义启动范式的方法。脑电图提供了一种动态测量的大脑活动, 这是非常适合描述微妙的差异, 在语义处理, 可能无法观察到的行为水平。语义启动范式提供了一个主要的图片或单词 (例如,狗), 后面跟着一个目标图片或与之相关的 (例如, cat) 或无关的 (例如,铅笔) 到素数的单词。因此, 这种范式可以用来评估不同模式下的语义处理, 并比较词汇的语义和视觉语义处理能力, 以及它们与 TD 个人之间的区别。讨论了在创造刺激、进行脑电图测试和分析脑电图数据方面所涉及的具体步骤。具有代表性的结果说明了与不相关的对相比, 与语义相关的素数目标对后, 事件相关电位 (ERP) 的 N400 分量如何减少。对条件、模式和组之间的 N400 的比较可以提供语义处理成功的估计, 从而可以用来描述患有 ASD 或其他临床人群的个体的语义缺陷。

如果刺激被适当地归类为相关的和不相关的条件, 则应该同时观察单词和图片刺激 (图 2) 的 N400 效果。与相关条件相比, 这在无关条件下可识别为较大的负振幅。对于 word 刺激, 该效果应发生在中央或中心壁头皮的 300–500 ms6,10。对于图片刺激, 效果可能略早或更正面分布9,<sup class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

本文介绍了一个语义启动 ERP 任务, 利用内模对图片和文字, 以调查语义处理的个体自闭症频谱障碍 (ASD)。

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动：对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

用心理生理学脚本驱动的图像实验研究边缘人格障碍的创伤相关离解

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...