Name: kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Særlig tak til Bo Johnels, Nasser Hosseini, Roy Tranberg og Patrik Almström for hjælp med indledningen af dette projekt. Forskningsdata præsenteret i denne protokol blev indsamlet på Sahlgrenska Sygehus.

Alle metoder, der beskrives her har været en del af de undersøgelser, der er godkendt af den regionale etiske Review Board i Göteborg, Sverige (318-04, 225-08).
1. opsætning af Motion Capture System
<ol><li>Montere 4 kameraer på væggen ca 1,5-3 m væk fra området måling på højden af 1,5-2,5 m vender området måling. Montere et kamera på loftet lige over området måling (figur 1). Start kamerasystem.</li>
	<li>Placere L-form kalibrering ramme på bor...

<ol>
	<li>Alt Murphy, M., H&#228;ger, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+upper+extremity+after+stroke+-+how+far+have+we+reached+and+what+have+we+grasped?.">Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity after stroke - how far have we reached and what have we grasped?.</a> Physical Therapy Reviews. 20 (3), 137-155 (2015).</li><li>Bustren, E. L., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+Kinematics+of+the+Ipsilesional+Upper+Extremity+in+Persons+With+Moderate+or+Mild+Stroke.">Movement Kinematics of the Ipsilesional Upper Extremity in Persons With Moderate or Mild Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (4), 376-386 (2017).</li><li>Sivan, M., O'Connor, R. J., Makower, S., Levesley, M., Bhakta, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+outcome+measures+used+in+the+evaluation+of+robot-assisted+upper+limb+exercise+in+stroke.">Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke.</a> J Rehabil Med. 43 (3), 181-189 (2011).</li><li>Demers, M., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Activity+Level+Outcome+Measures+Commonly+Used+in+Neurological+Practice+Assess+Upper-Limb+Movement+Quality?.">Do Activity Level Outcome Measures Commonly Used in Neurological Practice Assess Upper-Limb Movement Quality?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (7), 623-637 (2017).</li><li>Levin, M. F., Kleim, J. A., Wolf, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+motor+"recovery"+and+"compensation"+mean+in+patients+following+stroke?.">What do motor "recovery" and "compensation" mean in patients following stroke?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 23 (4), 313-319 (2009).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Upper+Extremity+Kinematic+Measures+and+Clinical+Improvement+During+the+First+Three+Months+After+Stroke.">Responsiveness of Upper Extremity Kinematic Measures and Clinical Improvement During the First Three Months After Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 27 (9), 844-853 (2013).</li><li>van Dokkum, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+kinematics+in+the+assessment+of+upper+limb+motor+recovery+early+after+stroke.">The contribution of kinematics in the assessment of upper limb motor recovery early after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 28 (1), 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+variables+quantifying+upper-extremity+performance+after+stroke+during+reaching+and+drinking+from+a+glass.">Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 25 (1), 71-80 (2011).</li><li>Subramanian, S. K., Yamanaka, J., Chilingaryan, G., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+movement+pattern+kinematics+as+measures+of+arm+motor+impairment+poststroke.">Validity of movement pattern kinematics as measures of arm motor impairment poststroke.</a> Stroke. 41 (10), 2303-2308 (2010).</li><li>Michaelsen, S. M., Dannenbaum, R., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-specific+training+with+trunk+restraint+on+arm+recovery+in+stroke:+randomized+control+trial.">Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial.</a> Stroke. 37 (1), 186-192 (2006).</li><li>Kwakkel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+measurement+of+sensorimotor+recovery+in+stroke+trials:+Consensus-based+core+recommendations+from+the+Stroke+Recovery+and+Rehabilitation+Roundtable.">Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.</a> Int J Stroke. 12 (5), 451-461 (2017).</li><li>Wagner, J. M., Lang, C. E., Sahrmann, S. A., Edwards, D. F., Dromerick, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+impairments+and+reaching+performance+in+subjects+with+poststroke+hemiparesis+during+the+first+few+months+of+recovery.">Sensorimotor impairments and reaching performance in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis during the first few months of recovery.</a> Phys Ther. 87 (6), 751-765 (2007).</li><li>van Kordelaar, J., van Wegen, E., Kwakkel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+time+on+quality+of+motor+control+of+the+paretic+upper+limb+after+stroke.">Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 95 (2), 338-344 (2014).</li><li>Thielman, G., Kaminski, T., Gentile, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitation+of+reaching+after+stroke:+comparing+2+training+protocols+utilizing+trunk+restraint.">Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: comparing 2 training protocols utilizing trunk restraint.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 22 (6), 697-705 (2008).</li><li>Armbruster, C., Spijkers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+planning+in+prehension:+do+intended+actions+influence+the+initial+reach+and+grasp+movement?.">Movement planning in prehension: do intended actions influence the initial reach and grasp movement?.</a> Motor Control. 10 (4), 311-329 (2006).</li><li>Qualisys. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Qualisys Track Manager user manual. , (2008).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Banina, M. C., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptuo-motor+planning+during+functional+reaching+after+stroke.">Perceptuo-motor planning during functional reaching after stroke.</a> Exp Brain Res. , (2017).</li><li>Sint Jan, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Color atlas of skeletal landmark definitions : guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations. , (2007).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Johnels, B., Willen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+motion+analysis+of+a+daily+activity+drinking+from+a+glass:+a+pilot+study.">Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3, 18 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+kinematics+during+a+drinking+task+are+associated+with+the+activity+capacity+level+after+stroke.">Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 26 (9), 1106-1115 (2012).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development and validation of upper extremity kinematic movement analysis for people with stroke. Reaching and drinking from a glass. , (2013).</li><li>Persson, H. C., Alt Murphy, M., Danielsson, A., Lundgren-Nilsson, A., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cohort+study+investigating+a+simple,+early+assessment+to+predict+upper+extremity+function+after+stroke+-+a+part+of+the+SALGOT+study.">A cohort study investigating a simple, early assessment to predict upper extremity function after stroke - a part of the SALGOT study.</a> BMC Neurol. 15, 92 (2015).</li><li>Hoonhorst, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Do+Fugl-Meyer+Arm+Motor+Scores+Relate+to+Dexterity+According+to+the+Action+Research+Arm+Test+at+6+Months+Poststroke?.">How Do Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scores Relate to Dexterity According to the Action Research Arm Test at 6 Months Poststroke?.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 96 (10), 1845-1849 (2015).</li><li>Pang, M. Y., Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+community-based+upper-extremity+group+exercise+program+improves+motor+function+and+performance+of+functional+activities+in+chronic+stroke:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 87 (1), 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SALGOT+-+Stroke+Arm+Longitudinal+study+at+the+University+of+Gothenburg,+prospective+cohort+study+protocol.">SALGOT - Stroke Arm Longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg, prospective cohort study protocol.</a> BMC Neurol. 11, 56 (2011).</li></ol>

Protokollen kan med succes bruges til at kvantificere bevægelse ydeevne og kvalitet hos personer med moderat og mild øvre ekstremiteter sensorimotor funktionshæmninger i alle faser efter slagtilfælde. Gennemførligheden af denne protokol har været vist i kliniske omgivelser så tidligt som 3 dage efter slagtilfælde, og viste, at systemet kan anvendes af uddannet sundhedsperson, uden særlige tekniske kvalifikationer. Tekniske ekspertise kræves dog, at skabe og udvikle et program til analyse af data. Fra dette aspe...

Kinematiske analyse beskriver bevægelser af kroppen gennem rum og tid, herunder lineær og kantede forskydninger, hastigheder og accelerationer. Optoelektroniske motion capture systemer bruger flere højhastigheds kameraer, der enten sende infrarød lys signaler til at fange refleksioner fra passiv markører placeret på kroppen eller overføre bevægelse data fra aktive markører indeholdende infrarød lysdioder. Disse systemer betragtes som guldstandarden for erhvervelse af kinematiske data1. Disse systemer er værdsat for deres høj præcision og fleksibilitet i målinger af forskelligartede opgaver. Kinematiske foranstaltninger har vist sig for at være effektive til at opfange mindre forandringer i bevægelse ydeevne og kvalitet, der kan være uopdaget med traditionelle kliniske skalaer2,3. Det er blevet foreslået, at kinematik bør anvendes til sondring mellem sande recovery (genoprettelse af premorbid bevægelse karakteristika) og anvendelse af kompenserende (alternative) bevægelsesmønstre under udførelsen af en opgave4, 5.
Øvre ekstremiteter bevægelser kan kvantificeres ved hjælp af end-point kinematik, generelt fremstillet af en hånd markør, og kantede kinematik fra leddene og segmenter (dvs., trunk). End-Point Kinematik indeholder oplysninger om baner, hastighed, temporale bevægelse strategier, præcision, rethed og glathed, mens kantede kinematik karakterisere bevægelsesmønstre tidsmæssige og rumlige joint og segment vinkler, kantede hastigheder, og interjoint koordinering. End-Point Kinematik, såsom bevægelse tid, hastighed og glathed er effektiv til at fange underskud og forbedringer i bevægelse ydeevne efter slagtilfælde6,7,8 og kantede kinematik Vis om de bevægelser af leddene og krop segmenter er optimal for en bestemt opgave. Kinematik fra mennesker med funktionsnedsættelser er ofte sammenlignet med bevægelse ydeevne i personer uden funktionsnedsættelse8,9. End-point og kantede kinematik er korreleret på en måde, at en bevægelse udføres med effektiv hastigheden, glathed, og præcision vil kræve god bevægelseskontrol, koordinering og brug af effektive og optimale bevægelsesmønstre. For eksempel, en patient med apopleksi, der bevæger sig langsomt normalt viser faldt også glathed (øget antal bevægelse enheder), lavere maksimale hastighed, og øget trunk forskydning8. På den anden side kan forbedringer i slutpunkt kinematik, såsom bevægelse hastighed og jævnhed opstå uafhængigt af ændringer af kompenserende bevægelse strategier af stammen og arm10. Det er blevet fastslået, at kinematiske analyse kan fastsætte yderligere og mere præcise oplysninger om, hvordan opgaven udføres efter en skade eller sygdom, som igen er afgørende for en individualiseret effektiv behandling at nå optimale motor opsving 11. kinematiske analyse er i stigende grad anvendes i kliniske studier til at beskrive bevægelser hos mennesker med øvre ekstremiteter funktionshæmninger efter slagtilfælde8,9, for at evaluere motor opsving7, 12,13 eller at bestemme effektiviteten af terapeutiske indgreb10,14.
Bevægelse opgaver ofte studerede i slagtilfælde peger og nå, selv om brugen af funktionelle opgaver, at indarbejde manipulation af virkelige dagligdags genstande stiger1. Da kinematik for at nå afhængige af de eksperimentelle begrænsninger såsom udvælgelse af objekter og målet med opgaven15, er det vigtigt at vurdere bevægelser under målrettet og funktionelle opgaver, hvor de virkelige vanskeligheder i individets daglige liv vil blive afspejlet nærmere.
Formålet med dette dokument er således at give en detaljeret beskrivelse af en simpel standardiseret protokol, der bruges til kinematiske analyse af en målrettet og funktionelle opgave, drikke opgave, anvendes til personer med øvre ekstremiteter funktionshæmninger i akut og kronisk stadier efter slagtilfælde. Resultater fra validering af denne protokol for personer med moderat og mild slagtilfælde værdiforringelse opsummeres.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">5 camera optoelectronic ProReflex Motion capture system (MCU 240 Hz)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Movement analysis system with passive retroreflective markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Markers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Retroleflective passive circular markers, diameter of 12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Calibration frame and wand</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">L-shape calibration frame (defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system); T-shape wand (300 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Qualisys Track Manager</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">3D Tracking software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Mathworks, Inc, Natick, Ca</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments

Kinematiske analyse er en kraftfuld metode til objektiv vurdering af øvre ekstremiteter bevægelser i en tre-dimensionelle (3D) rum. Tre-dimensionelle motion capture med en optoelektroniske kamerasystem betragtes som golden standard for kinematiske bevægelse analyse og bruges i stigende grad som resultat foranstaltning til at evaluere bevægelse ydeevne og kvalitet efter en skade eller sygdom der involverer øvre ekstremiteter bevægelser. I denne artikel beskrives en standardiseret protokol for kinematiske analyse af drikke opgave anvendes hos personer med øvre ekstremiteter funktionshæmninger efter slagtilfælde. De drikker opgave omfatter at nå, gribe og løfte en kop fra en tabel til at tage en drink, placere cup tilbage, og flytter hånden tilbage til kanten af bordet. Siddende stilling er standardiseret til den enkeltes kropsstørrelse og opgaven er udført i en komfortabel selvstyrede hastighed og kompensatoriske bevægelser er ikke begrænset. Hensigten er at holde opgaven naturlige og tæt på en virkelige liv situation til at forbedre den økologiske gyldighedsperioden for protokollen. En 5-kamera motion capture system bruges til at samle 3D koordinere positioner fra 9 Retrorefleksions markører placeret på anatomiske landemærker i arm, trunk og ansigt. En enkel enkelt markør placering bruges til at sikre muligheden for protokollen i klinisk indstillinger. Skræddersyede Matlab software giver automatisk og hurtigt analyser af bevægelse data. Tidsmæssige kinematik bevægelse tid, hastighed, peak hastighed, tidspunktet for peak hastighed og glathed (antal bevægelse enheder) sammen med rumlige kantede kinematik af skulder og albue fælles samt trunk bevægelser er beregnet. De drikker opgave er en gyldig vurdering for personer med moderat og mild øvre ekstremiteter værdiforringelse. Konstruktion, diskriminerende og samtidige gyldighed samt lydhørhed (sensitivity til at ændre) er der etableret med de kinematiske variabler fra drikke opgaven.

Den protokol, der er beskrevet i denne artikel er blevet anvendt til personer med slagtilfælde og raske kontrolpersoner2,6,8,19,20,21. I alt har været analyseret kinematiske data fra 111 personer med slagtilfælde og 55 raske kontrolpersoner i forskellige undersøgelser. Øvre ekstremiteter ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Denne protokol beskriver en objektiv metode til at vurdere bevægelse ydeevne og sensorimotor funktion af øvre ekstremiteter anvendes til personer med slagtilfælde og raske kontrolpersoner. En standardiseret procedure, kinematiske analyse og resultatet variabler for tre-dimensionelle motion capture af drikke opgave leveres.

Kinematiske analyse ved hjælp af 3D Motion Capture af drikke opgave i mennesker med og uden øvre ekstremiteter funktionsnedsættelse

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

The overall goal of this motion capture methodology is to provide an objective method to evaluate the movement performance quality and sensorimotor function of the upper extremity in individuals with stroke and in healthy controls. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neural rehabilitation, such as how does a stroke influence upper extremity movements and recovery and how this information can be used for selecting effective treatments. The main advantage of this technique is that specific movement deficits and recovery that might be undetected when using traditional clinical scales can be quantified in detail.Assisting us for the demonstration of the procedure today will be Ulla-Britt Bergstrom, who is a occupation therapist working at Neural Rehabilitation Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. To set the motion capture system, mount four cameras on the wall approximately one to three meters away from the measurement area at the height of 1.5 to 2.5 meters facing the measurement area. Mount one camera on the ceiling just above the measurement area.Placing one of the cameras on the ceiling with viewing angle over the entire measurement area was crucial for the data collection. This resulted in almost 100%successful data collection. Start the camera system.Next, place the L-shaped calibration frame on the table with the short axis in line with the edge of the table and the long axis pointing forward. Then, open the 3-D tracking in data acquisition software. Start calibration by selecting capture, then calibrate.Enter the calibration time of 30 seconds and click, okay. Move the wand in all directions throughout the entire measurement area above the chair and table to ensure that all five cameras capture the wand in as many orientations as possible. Accept calibration residuals below 0.5 millimeters.Now, direct the subject, wearing a sleeveless top, to sit on a height-adjustable chair with her back against the chair's back. The upper arm should be in neutral adducted position. Rest the arm on the table and align the wrist with the edge of the table.The knee, hip, and elbow angles should be approximately 90 degrees. Next, place the retro-reflective passive markers with double adhesive tape on the skeletal landmarks of the tested hand, wrist, elbow, right and left shoulder, thorax, and forehead. After that, place two markers on the cup.In this procedure, place a hard plastic cup with 100 milliliters of water 30 centimeters from the table edge in the midline of the subject. Ask the subject to perform the drinking task in a comfortable, self-paced speed by one, reaching and grasping the cup. Two, lifting the cup from the table towards her mouth.Three, taking as sip. Four, placing the cup back on the table behind a marked line. And five, returning to the initial position with the hand on the edge of the table.It is important to encourage the patient to do the task as naturally as possible and therefore, only the three middle trials will be used for calculation of the kinematics to ensure that the patient is familiar with the testing. Make sure the subject understands the instructions and can reach the cup comfortably with the less affected arm without leaning forward. Prior to each recording, ensure the start position is correct and ask the subject to be ready.Start the capture by selecting, start capture and give verbal instructions to tell her to start. When the subject finishes the task, stop the recording by selecting, stop. Record five trials with a short pause between each trial, starting with the less affected arm.Check if the data acquisition reaches 95 to 100%for each identified marker. When incomplete data are detected, perform extra trials after identifying the problem and adjusting the sitting or marker positions to ensure full visibility of the markers in order to obtain at least three successful trials. This figure shows the representative velocity profile of a healthy control performing the drinking task.A smooth bell-shaped velocity profile with one dominant peak can be seen for each movement phase, which is typical for normal movement. In contrary, this figure shows that a velocity profile of an individual with moderate stroke reveals a less smooth profile with increased number of velocity peaks. Also, the peak velocity in each movement phase is lower and the total movement time is longer.This is the animation of the drinking task performed by a healthy control recorded in real time. The markers on the head, trunk, left arm, and two markers on the drinking cup, along with the movement trajectories are displayed. This is the same animation of an individual with stroke.Notice the less smooth movement trajectories and increased forward movement of the trunk during the drinking task. This is an example of the same task performed by an individual with more severe motor impairment. This person also had spasticity.The visible sub-movements indicate repetitive accelerations and decelerations signifying deficits in movement smoothness. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 to 15 minutes by any trained professional without specific technical qualifications. Technical expertise is however, needed to create and develop a program for the data analysis.This procedure is particularly relevant for clinical studies due to a simple set-up with straight-forward data acquisition and analysis of an ecologically valid task. Using this method, we obtain valid, reliable, and responsive kinematics that quantify the key elements of the movement analysis in people with stroke. After it's development, this method paved the way for the researchers in the field of neural rehabilitation to explore upper extremity kinematics in general but also, specifically, during purposeful tasks such as drinking from a glass.The key variables identified in the drinking task for people with stroke, such as movement time, smoothness, elbow angle, velocity, and compensatory trunk displacement are also recognized as central for stroke in other tasks. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding how to set up and carry out a simple and clinically feasible kinematic analysis of an upper extremity task using an optical motion capture system.

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Unit 1

3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body

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