Name: kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Spesiell takk til Bo Johnels, Nasser Hosseini, Roy Tranberg og Patrik Almström hjelpen initiering av dette prosjektet. Forskningsdata presenteres i denne protokollen var samlet på Sahlgrenska Universitetssykehuset.

Alle metodene som er beskrevet her har vært en del av studiene som er godkjent av den regionale Ethical Review Board i Göteborg, Sverige (318-04, 225-08).
1. sette opp Motion Capture System
<ol><li>Montere 4 kamera på veggen omtrent 1,5-3 meter fra området måling på høyden av 1.5-2.5 m fasadeforkledning måling området. Montere et kamera på taket bare over området måling (figur 1). Starte Kamerasystemet.</li>
	<li>Plass L-form kalibrering rammen på b...

<ol>
	<li>Alt Murphy, M., H&#228;ger, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+upper+extremity+after+stroke+-+how+far+have+we+reached+and+what+have+we+grasped?.">Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity after stroke - how far have we reached and what have we grasped?.</a> Physical Therapy Reviews. 20 (3), 137-155 (2015).</li><li>Bustren, E. L., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+Kinematics+of+the+Ipsilesional+Upper+Extremity+in+Persons+With+Moderate+or+Mild+Stroke.">Movement Kinematics of the Ipsilesional Upper Extremity in Persons With Moderate or Mild Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (4), 376-386 (2017).</li><li>Sivan, M., O'Connor, R. J., Makower, S., Levesley, M., Bhakta, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+outcome+measures+used+in+the+evaluation+of+robot-assisted+upper+limb+exercise+in+stroke.">Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke.</a> J Rehabil Med. 43 (3), 181-189 (2011).</li><li>Demers, M., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Activity+Level+Outcome+Measures+Commonly+Used+in+Neurological+Practice+Assess+Upper-Limb+Movement+Quality?.">Do Activity Level Outcome Measures Commonly Used in Neurological Practice Assess Upper-Limb Movement Quality?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (7), 623-637 (2017).</li><li>Levin, M. F., Kleim, J. A., Wolf, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+motor+"recovery"+and+"compensation"+mean+in+patients+following+stroke?.">What do motor "recovery" and "compensation" mean in patients following stroke?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 23 (4), 313-319 (2009).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Upper+Extremity+Kinematic+Measures+and+Clinical+Improvement+During+the+First+Three+Months+After+Stroke.">Responsiveness of Upper Extremity Kinematic Measures and Clinical Improvement During the First Three Months After Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 27 (9), 844-853 (2013).</li><li>van Dokkum, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+kinematics+in+the+assessment+of+upper+limb+motor+recovery+early+after+stroke.">The contribution of kinematics in the assessment of upper limb motor recovery early after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 28 (1), 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+variables+quantifying+upper-extremity+performance+after+stroke+during+reaching+and+drinking+from+a+glass.">Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 25 (1), 71-80 (2011).</li><li>Subramanian, S. K., Yamanaka, J., Chilingaryan, G., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+movement+pattern+kinematics+as+measures+of+arm+motor+impairment+poststroke.">Validity of movement pattern kinematics as measures of arm motor impairment poststroke.</a> Stroke. 41 (10), 2303-2308 (2010).</li><li>Michaelsen, S. M., Dannenbaum, R., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-specific+training+with+trunk+restraint+on+arm+recovery+in+stroke:+randomized+control+trial.">Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial.</a> Stroke. 37 (1), 186-192 (2006).</li><li>Kwakkel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+measurement+of+sensorimotor+recovery+in+stroke+trials:+Consensus-based+core+recommendations+from+the+Stroke+Recovery+and+Rehabilitation+Roundtable.">Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.</a> Int J Stroke. 12 (5), 451-461 (2017).</li><li>Wagner, J. M., Lang, C. E., Sahrmann, S. A., Edwards, D. F., Dromerick, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+impairments+and+reaching+performance+in+subjects+with+poststroke+hemiparesis+during+the+first+few+months+of+recovery.">Sensorimotor impairments and reaching performance in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis during the first few months of recovery.</a> Phys Ther. 87 (6), 751-765 (2007).</li><li>van Kordelaar, J., van Wegen, E., Kwakkel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+time+on+quality+of+motor+control+of+the+paretic+upper+limb+after+stroke.">Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 95 (2), 338-344 (2014).</li><li>Thielman, G., Kaminski, T., Gentile, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitation+of+reaching+after+stroke:+comparing+2+training+protocols+utilizing+trunk+restraint.">Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: comparing 2 training protocols utilizing trunk restraint.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 22 (6), 697-705 (2008).</li><li>Armbruster, C., Spijkers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+planning+in+prehension:+do+intended+actions+influence+the+initial+reach+and+grasp+movement?.">Movement planning in prehension: do intended actions influence the initial reach and grasp movement?.</a> Motor Control. 10 (4), 311-329 (2006).</li><li>Qualisys. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Qualisys Track Manager user manual. , (2008).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Banina, M. C., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptuo-motor+planning+during+functional+reaching+after+stroke.">Perceptuo-motor planning during functional reaching after stroke.</a> Exp Brain Res. , (2017).</li><li>Sint Jan, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Color atlas of skeletal landmark definitions : guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations. , (2007).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Johnels, B., Willen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+motion+analysis+of+a+daily+activity+drinking+from+a+glass:+a+pilot+study.">Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3, 18 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+kinematics+during+a+drinking+task+are+associated+with+the+activity+capacity+level+after+stroke.">Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 26 (9), 1106-1115 (2012).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development and validation of upper extremity kinematic movement analysis for people with stroke. Reaching and drinking from a glass. , (2013).</li><li>Persson, H. C., Alt Murphy, M., Danielsson, A., Lundgren-Nilsson, A., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cohort+study+investigating+a+simple,+early+assessment+to+predict+upper+extremity+function+after+stroke+-+a+part+of+the+SALGOT+study.">A cohort study investigating a simple, early assessment to predict upper extremity function after stroke - a part of the SALGOT study.</a> BMC Neurol. 15, 92 (2015).</li><li>Hoonhorst, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Do+Fugl-Meyer+Arm+Motor+Scores+Relate+to+Dexterity+According+to+the+Action+Research+Arm+Test+at+6+Months+Poststroke?.">How Do Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scores Relate to Dexterity According to the Action Research Arm Test at 6 Months Poststroke?.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 96 (10), 1845-1849 (2015).</li><li>Pang, M. Y., Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+community-based+upper-extremity+group+exercise+program+improves+motor+function+and+performance+of+functional+activities+in+chronic+stroke:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 87 (1), 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SALGOT+-+Stroke+Arm+Longitudinal+study+at+the+University+of+Gothenburg,+prospective+cohort+study+protocol.">SALGOT - Stroke Arm Longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg, prospective cohort study protocol.</a> BMC Neurol. 11, 56 (2011).</li></ol>

Protokollen kan med hell brukes å kvantifisere bevegelse ytelse og kvalitet i personer med moderat og mild øvre ekstremitetene sensorimotor impairments i alle stadier etter hjerneslag. Muligheten for denne protokollen har vært vist i en klinisk setting så tidlig som 3 dager legge strek, og viste at systemet kan brukes av utdannet helsearbeider uten bestemte tekniske kvalifikasjoner. Teknisk ekspertise er imidlertid nødvendig å skape og utvikle et program for dataanalyse. Dette aspektet, øvre ekstremitetene motion ...

Kinematisk analyse beskriver bevegelser av kroppen gjennom rom og tid, inkludert lineære og kantete forskyvninger, fart og akselerasjoner. Optoelektronisk motion capture systemer bruker flere høyhastighets kameraer som sende ut infrarøde signaler å fange refleksjoner fra passiv markører plassert på kroppen eller datasending bevegelse fra aktive merkene som inneholder infrarød emitting diodes. Disse systemene blir betraktet som "gullstandarden' for oppkjøpet av Kinematisk data1. Disse systemene er verdsatt for sine høy nøyaktighet og fleksibilitet i målinger av ulike oppgaver. Kinematisk tiltak har vist seg for å være effektive i å ta mindre endringer i bevegelse ytelse og kvalitet som kan være usett med tradisjonelle klinisk skalerer2,3. Det har blitt foreslått at kinematikk skal brukes for skillet mellom ekte recovery (gjenoppretting av premorbid bevegelse egenskaper) og bruk av kompenserende (alternativ) bevegelsesmønstre under gjennomføringen av en oppgave4, 5.
Øvre ekstremitetene bevegelser kan kvantifiseres end-point kinematikk, vanligvis anskaffet fra en hånd markør, og kantete kinematikk fra ledd og segmenter (dvs., trunk). End-Point kinematikk gir informasjon om baner, hastighet, timelige bevegelse strategier, presisjon, rett linje og glatt, mens kantete kinematikk karakterisere bevegelsesmønstre timelige og romlig felles og segmentet vinkler, Angular fart og interjoint samordning. End-Point kinematikk, som, bevegelse tid, fart og glatthet er effektiv til å fange underskudd og forbedringer i bevegelse ytelse etter slag6,7,8 og kantete kinematikk show om den ledd og kroppen segmenter er optimale for en bestemt aktivitet. Kinematikken fra folk med nedsatt er ofte sammenlignet med bevegelse ytelse i enkeltpersoner uten impairments8,9. Sluttpunktet og kantete kinematikk er korrelert på en måte som en bevegelse utført med effektiv hastighet, glatt, og presisjon krever god bevegelse kontroll, koordinasjon og bruk av effektiv og optimal bevegelsesmønstre. For eksempel, en pasient med strek som beveger seg sakte vanligvis også viser redusert glatthet (økt antall bevegelse enheter), lavere maksimal hastighet, og økt bagasjerommet forskyvning8. På den annen side, kan forbedringer i endepunktet kinematikk, som bevegelsen fart og glatthet skje uavhengig av endringer av kompenserende bevegelse strategier av bagasjerommet og arm10. Det er konstatert at Kinematisk analyse kan gi mer og mer nøyaktig informasjon om hvor oppgaven utføres etter en skade eller sykdom, som igjen er avgjørende for individualisert effektiv behandling til optimal motor utvinning 11. Kinematisk analyse er vanligere i kliniske studier for å beskrive bevegelsene i folk øvre ekstremitetene brukere etter slag8,9, for å evaluere motor utvinning7, 12,13 eller effektiviteten av terapeutisk intervensjon10,14.
Bevegelse oppgaver ofte studerte i strøk er peker og nå, selv om bruken av funksjonelle oppgaver som innlemme manipulering av ekte bruksgjenstander er økende1. Siden kinematikk å nå avhenger av eksperimentelle begrensningene som valg av objekter og målet med oppgaven15, er det viktig å vurdere bevegelser under målrettet og funksjonelle oppgaver som ekte vanskelighetene i individuelle daglige liv gjenspeiles nærmere.
Dermed er målet med denne utredningen å gi en detaljert beskrivelse av en enkel standardisert protokollen som brukes for Kinematisk analyse av målrettet og funksjonelle aktiviteten drikke aktivitet på personer med øvre ekstremitetene impairments i akutte og kroniske stadier etter hjerneslag. Resultater fra valideringen av denne protokollen for personer med moderat og mild slag verdifall skal oppsummeres.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">5 camera optoelectronic ProReflex Motion capture system (MCU 240 Hz)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Movement analysis system with passive retroreflective markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Markers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Retroleflective passive circular markers, diameter of 12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Calibration frame and wand</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">L-shape calibration frame (defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system); T-shape wand (300 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Qualisys Track Manager</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">3D Tracking software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Mathworks, Inc, Natick, Ca</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments

Kinematisk er en kraftig metode for objektiv vurdering av øvre ekstremitetene bevegelser i en tredimensjonal (3D). Tredimensjonale motion capture-teknologi med en Optoelektronisk kamerasystem regnes som gyllen standard for Kinematisk bevegelse analyse og brukes stadig som resultat tiltaket for å evaluere bevegelse ytelse og kvalitet etter en skade eller sykdom involverer øvre ekstremitetene bevegelser. Denne artikkelen beskriver en standardisert protokoll for Kinematisk analyse av drikking oppgave brukt i personer med øvre ekstremitetene impairments etter slag. Drikking oppgaven har nå fatte og løfte en kopp fra en tabell til å ta en drink, plassere koppen tilbake, og flytte hånden tilbake til kanten av bordet. Sittende stilling er standardisert til individuelle kroppsstørrelse og oppgaven er utført i behagelig tempo hastighet og kompenserende bevegelser er ikke begrenset. Hensikten er å holde aktiviteten naturlig og virkelige situasjon å forbedre økologiske gyldigheten av protokollen. En 5-kameraet bevegelse systemet brukes til å samle 3D koordinere posisjoner fra 9 retroreflektive markører på anatomiske landemerker av armen, stammen og ansiktet. En enkel enkelt markør plassering brukes til å sikre muligheten av protokollen i klinisk innstillinger. Skreddersydd Matlab-programvare gir automatisert og rask analyser av bevegelsen data. Timelige kinematikk bevegelse tid, hastighet, topp hastighet, topp hastighet, og glatthet (antall bevegelse enheter) samt romlige kantete kinematikk skulder og albuen felles samt bagasjerommet bevegelser beregnes. Drikking oppgaven er en gyldig vurdering for personer med moderat og mild øvre ekstremitetene verdifall. Konstruksjon, discriminative og samtidige gyldighet sammen med hastighet (følsomhet endre) Kinematisk variablene fra aktiviteten drikking er etablert.

Protokollen beskrevet i denne artikkelen er utlignet til personer med slag og sunn kontroller2,6,8,19,20,21. Totalt er Kinematisk data fra 111 personer med slag og 55 sunn kontroller analysert i forskjellige studier. Øvre ekstremitetene verdifall etter slag ble definert som moderat (FMA-UE sc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Denne protokollen beskriver en mål metoden for å evaluere bevegelse ytelsen og sensorimotor funksjon av øvre enden på personer med slag og sunn kontroller. En standardisert testprosedyre, tilbys Kinematisk analyse og utfallet variabler for tredimensjonale motion capture-teknologi drikker oppgave.

Kinematisk analyse med 3D Motion Capture drikking aktiviteten i folk med og uten øvre ekstremitet Impairments

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

The overall goal of this motion capture methodology is to provide an objective method to evaluate the movement performance quality and sensorimotor function of the upper extremity in individuals with stroke and in healthy controls. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neural rehabilitation, such as how does a stroke influence upper extremity movements and recovery and how this information can be used for selecting effective treatments. The main advantage of this technique is that specific movement deficits and recovery that might be undetected when using traditional clinical scales can be quantified in detail.Assisting us for the demonstration of the procedure today will be Ulla-Britt Bergstrom, who is a occupation therapist working at Neural Rehabilitation Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. To set the motion capture system, mount four cameras on the wall approximately one to three meters away from the measurement area at the height of 1.5 to 2.5 meters facing the measurement area. Mount one camera on the ceiling just above the measurement area.Placing one of the cameras on the ceiling with viewing angle over the entire measurement area was crucial for the data collection. This resulted in almost 100%successful data collection. Start the camera system.Next, place the L-shaped calibration frame on the table with the short axis in line with the edge of the table and the long axis pointing forward. Then, open the 3-D tracking in data acquisition software. Start calibration by selecting capture, then calibrate.Enter the calibration time of 30 seconds and click, okay. Move the wand in all directions throughout the entire measurement area above the chair and table to ensure that all five cameras capture the wand in as many orientations as possible. Accept calibration residuals below 0.5 millimeters.Now, direct the subject, wearing a sleeveless top, to sit on a height-adjustable chair with her back against the chair's back. The upper arm should be in neutral adducted position. Rest the arm on the table and align the wrist with the edge of the table.The knee, hip, and elbow angles should be approximately 90 degrees. Next, place the retro-reflective passive markers with double adhesive tape on the skeletal landmarks of the tested hand, wrist, elbow, right and left shoulder, thorax, and forehead. After that, place two markers on the cup.In this procedure, place a hard plastic cup with 100 milliliters of water 30 centimeters from the table edge in the midline of the subject. Ask the subject to perform the drinking task in a comfortable, self-paced speed by one, reaching and grasping the cup. Two, lifting the cup from the table towards her mouth.Three, taking as sip. Four, placing the cup back on the table behind a marked line. And five, returning to the initial position with the hand on the edge of the table.It is important to encourage the patient to do the task as naturally as possible and therefore, only the three middle trials will be used for calculation of the kinematics to ensure that the patient is familiar with the testing. Make sure the subject understands the instructions and can reach the cup comfortably with the less affected arm without leaning forward. Prior to each recording, ensure the start position is correct and ask the subject to be ready.Start the capture by selecting, start capture and give verbal instructions to tell her to start. When the subject finishes the task, stop the recording by selecting, stop. Record five trials with a short pause between each trial, starting with the less affected arm.Check if the data acquisition reaches 95 to 100%for each identified marker. When incomplete data are detected, perform extra trials after identifying the problem and adjusting the sitting or marker positions to ensure full visibility of the markers in order to obtain at least three successful trials. This figure shows the representative velocity profile of a healthy control performing the drinking task.A smooth bell-shaped velocity profile with one dominant peak can be seen for each movement phase, which is typical for normal movement. In contrary, this figure shows that a velocity profile of an individual with moderate stroke reveals a less smooth profile with increased number of velocity peaks. Also, the peak velocity in each movement phase is lower and the total movement time is longer.This is the animation of the drinking task performed by a healthy control recorded in real time. The markers on the head, trunk, left arm, and two markers on the drinking cup, along with the movement trajectories are displayed. This is the same animation of an individual with stroke.Notice the less smooth movement trajectories and increased forward movement of the trunk during the drinking task. This is an example of the same task performed by an individual with more severe motor impairment. This person also had spasticity.The visible sub-movements indicate repetitive accelerations and decelerations signifying deficits in movement smoothness. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 to 15 minutes by any trained professional without specific technical qualifications. Technical expertise is however, needed to create and develop a program for the data analysis.This procedure is particularly relevant for clinical studies due to a simple set-up with straight-forward data acquisition and analysis of an ecologically valid task. Using this method, we obtain valid, reliable, and responsive kinematics that quantify the key elements of the movement analysis in people with stroke. After it's development, this method paved the way for the researchers in the field of neural rehabilitation to explore upper extremity kinematics in general but also, specifically, during purposeful tasks such as drinking from a glass.The key variables identified in the drinking task for people with stroke, such as movement time, smoothness, elbow angle, velocity, and compensatory trunk displacement are also recognized as central for stroke in other tasks. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding how to set up and carry out a simple and clinically feasible kinematic analysis of an upper extremity task using an optical motion capture system.

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Unit 1

3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body

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