Name: kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Agradecimento especial a Bo Johnels, Nasser Hosseini, Roy Tranberg e Patrik Almström para ajudar com o início deste projeto. Os dados da pesquisa apresentados neste protocolo foi recolhidos do Hospital Universitário Sahlgrenska.

Todos os métodos descritos aqui foram parte dos estudos aprovados pelo Conselho de revisão ética Regional, em Gotemburgo, Suécia (318 / 04, 225-08).
1. Configurando o sistema de captura de movimento
<ol><li>Monte 4 câmeras na parede aproximadamente 1,5-3 m longe da área de medição à altura de 1,5-2,5 m frente para a área de medição. Monte uma câmera no teto logo acima da área de medição (Figura 1). Inicie o sistema de câmera.</li>
	<li>Coloque a...

<ol>
	<li>Alt Murphy, M., H&#228;ger, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+upper+extremity+after+stroke+-+how+far+have+we+reached+and+what+have+we+grasped?.">Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity after stroke - how far have we reached and what have we grasped?.</a> Physical Therapy Reviews. 20 (3), 137-155 (2015).</li><li>Bustren, E. L., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+Kinematics+of+the+Ipsilesional+Upper+Extremity+in+Persons+With+Moderate+or+Mild+Stroke.">Movement Kinematics of the Ipsilesional Upper Extremity in Persons With Moderate or Mild Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (4), 376-386 (2017).</li><li>Sivan, M., O'Connor, R. J., Makower, S., Levesley, M., Bhakta, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+outcome+measures+used+in+the+evaluation+of+robot-assisted+upper+limb+exercise+in+stroke.">Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke.</a> J Rehabil Med. 43 (3), 181-189 (2011).</li><li>Demers, M., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Activity+Level+Outcome+Measures+Commonly+Used+in+Neurological+Practice+Assess+Upper-Limb+Movement+Quality?.">Do Activity Level Outcome Measures Commonly Used in Neurological Practice Assess Upper-Limb Movement Quality?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (7), 623-637 (2017).</li><li>Levin, M. F., Kleim, J. A., Wolf, S. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Upper+Extremity+Kinematic+Measures+and+Clinical+Improvement+During+the+First+Three+Months+After+Stroke.">Responsiveness of Upper Extremity Kinematic Measures and Clinical Improvement During the First Three Months After Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 27 (9), 844-853 (2013).</li><li>van Dokkum, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+kinematics+in+the+assessment+of+upper+limb+motor+recovery+early+after+stroke.">The contribution of kinematics in the assessment of upper limb motor recovery early after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 28 (1), 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+variables+quantifying+upper-extremity+performance+after+stroke+during+reaching+and+drinking+from+a+glass.">Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 25 (1), 71-80 (2011).</li><li>Subramanian, S. K., Yamanaka, J., Chilingaryan, G., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+movement+pattern+kinematics+as+measures+of+arm+motor+impairment+poststroke.">Validity of movement pattern kinematics as measures of arm motor impairment poststroke.</a> Stroke. 41 (10), 2303-2308 (2010).</li><li>Michaelsen, S. M., Dannenbaum, R., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-specific+training+with+trunk+restraint+on+arm+recovery+in+stroke:+randomized+control+trial.">Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial.</a> Stroke. 37 (1), 186-192 (2006).</li><li>Kwakkel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+measurement+of+sensorimotor+recovery+in+stroke+trials:+Consensus-based+core+recommendations+from+the+Stroke+Recovery+and+Rehabilitation+Roundtable.">Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.</a> Int J Stroke. 12 (5), 451-461 (2017).</li><li>Wagner, J. M., Lang, C. E., Sahrmann, S. A., Edwards, D. F., Dromerick, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+impairments+and+reaching+performance+in+subjects+with+poststroke+hemiparesis+during+the+first+few+months+of+recovery.">Sensorimotor impairments and reaching performance in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis during the first few months of recovery.</a> Phys Ther. 87 (6), 751-765 (2007).</li><li>van Kordelaar, J., van Wegen, E., Kwakkel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+time+on+quality+of+motor+control+of+the+paretic+upper+limb+after+stroke.">Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 95 (2), 338-344 (2014).</li><li>Thielman, G., Kaminski, T., Gentile, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitation+of+reaching+after+stroke:+comparing+2+training+protocols+utilizing+trunk+restraint.">Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: comparing 2 training protocols utilizing trunk restraint.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 22 (6), 697-705 (2008).</li><li>Armbruster, C., Spijkers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+planning+in+prehension:+do+intended+actions+influence+the+initial+reach+and+grasp+movement?.">Movement planning in prehension: do intended actions influence the initial reach and grasp movement?.</a> Motor Control. 10 (4), 311-329 (2006).</li><li>Qualisys. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Qualisys Track Manager user manual. , (2008).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Banina, M. C., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptuo-motor+planning+during+functional+reaching+after+stroke.">Perceptuo-motor planning during functional reaching after stroke.</a> Exp Brain Res. , (2017).</li><li>Sint Jan, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Color atlas of skeletal landmark definitions : guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations. , (2007).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Johnels, B., Willen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+motion+analysis+of+a+daily+activity+drinking+from+a+glass:+a+pilot+study.">Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3, 18 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+kinematics+during+a+drinking+task+are+associated+with+the+activity+capacity+level+after+stroke.">Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 26 (9), 1106-1115 (2012).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development and validation of upper extremity kinematic movement analysis for people with stroke. Reaching and drinking from a glass. , (2013).</li><li>Persson, H. C., Alt Murphy, M., Danielsson, A., Lundgren-Nilsson, A., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cohort+study+investigating+a+simple,+early+assessment+to+predict+upper+extremity+function+after+stroke+-+a+part+of+the+SALGOT+study.">A cohort study investigating a simple, early assessment to predict upper extremity function after stroke - a part of the SALGOT study.</a> BMC Neurol. 15, 92 (2015).</li><li>Hoonhorst, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Do+Fugl-Meyer+Arm+Motor+Scores+Relate+to+Dexterity+According+to+the+Action+Research+Arm+Test+at+6+Months+Poststroke?.">How Do Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scores Relate to Dexterity According to the Action Research Arm Test at 6 Months Poststroke?.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 96 (10), 1845-1849 (2015).</li><li>Pang, M. Y., Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+community-based+upper-extremity+group+exercise+program+improves+motor+function+and+performance+of+functional+activities+in+chronic+stroke:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 87 (1), 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SALGOT+-+Stroke+Arm+Longitudinal+study+at+the+University+of+Gothenburg,+prospective+cohort+study+protocol.">SALGOT - Stroke Arm Longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg, prospective cohort study protocol.</a> BMC Neurol. 11, 56 (2011).</li></ol>

O protocolo pode ser usado com sucesso para quantificar o movimento de desempenho e qualidade em indivíduos com deficiências sensório-motor da extremidade superior moderada e suave em todas as fases, após acidente vascular cerebral. A viabilidade deste protocolo foi provada em um ambiente clínico, já que 3 dias pós acidente vascular cerebral e mostrou que o sistema pode ser usado por profissionais de saúde treinados sem qualificações técnicas específicas. Conhecimento técnico é, no entanto, necessário para...

Análise cinemática descreve os movimentos do corpo através do espaço e tempo, incluindo acelerações, velocidades e deslocamentos lineares e angulares. Os sistemas de captura de movimento optoelectronic usam múltiplas câmeras de alta velocidade que também enviar sinais de luz infra-vermelho para capturar as reflexões de marcadores passivos colocado sobre o corpo ou transmitem os dados de movimento de marcadores ativos contendo infravermelho emitindo-se diodos. Estes sistemas são considerados como "padrão ouro" para a aquisição dos dados cinemáticos1. Estes sistemas são avaliados pela sua alta precisão e flexibilidade nas medições de diversas tarefas. Qualidade que pode ser detectada com tradicional clínica escalas2,3e cinemáticas medidas têm demonstrado para ser eficazes na captura de pequenas alterações no desempenho do movimento. Tem sido sugerido que cinemática deve ser utilizada para distinção entre recuperação verdadeira (restauração de características pré-mórbido movimento) e o uso de padrões de movimento compensatório (alternativo) durante a realização de uma tarefa4, 5.
Os movimentos da extremidade superior podem ser quantificados usando cinemática de ponto de extremidade, geralmente obtidos de um marcador de mão e cinemática angular das articulações e segmentos (i. e., porta-malas). Cinemática do ponto de extremidade fornecem informações sobre trajetórias, velocidade, estratégias de movimento temporal, precisão, linearidade e suavidade, enquanto cinemática angular caracterizar os padrões de movimento em termos de articulação temporal e espacial e ângulos de segmento, velocidades angulares e coordenação de interjoint. Cinemática do ponto de extremidade, tais como, tempo de movimento, velocidade e suavidade são eficazes para capturar os défices e melhorias no desempenho do movimento após acidente vascular cerebral6,7,8 e mostrar cinemática angular se o movimentos das articulações e segmentos corporais são ideais para uma tarefa específica. Cinemática de pessoas com deficiências são muitas vezes comparado com o desempenho de movimento em indivíduos sem deficiências8,9. Ponto de extremidade e cinemática angular são correlacionadas de forma que um movimento realizado com velocidade efetiva, suavidade, e precisão exigirá controle bom movimento, coordenação e utilização de padrões de movimento eficaz e ideal. Por exemplo, um paciente com acidente vascular cerebral, que se move lentamente geralmente também mostra diminuição da suavidade (aumento do número de unidades de movimento), diminuir a velocidade máxima e aumentou de deslocamento de tronco8. Por outro lado, melhorias na cinemática de ponto de extremidade, tais como a velocidade de movimento e suavidade podem ocorrer independentemente das mudanças de estratégias compensatórias movimento do tronco e braço10. Estabeleceu que a análise cinemática pode fornecer informações adicionais e mais precisas sobre como a tarefa é realizada após uma lesão ou doença, que por sua vez é essencial para um tratamento eficaz alcançar a recuperação motor ideal individualizado 11. análise cinemática é cada vez mais utilizado em estudos clínicos para descrever os movimentos de pessoas com deficiências de extremidade superior após acidente vascular cerebral8,9, para avaliar a recuperação motor7, 12,13 ou para determinar a eficácia das intervenções terapêuticas10,14.
As tarefas de movimento frequentemente estudadas em curso são apontando e atingindo, embora o uso de tarefas funcionais que incorporam a manipulação de objectos do quotidiano real é aumentar1. Desde cinemática de alcançar dependem as restrições experimentais como a seleção de objetos e o objetivo da tarefa15, é essencial para avaliar os movimentos durante tarefas propositais e funcionais, no qual as reais dificuldades do indivíduo vida diária será refletida mais de perto.
Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma descrição detalhada de um simples protocolo padronizado usado para análise cinemática de uma tarefa significativa e funcional, bebendo a tarefa, aplicada a indivíduos com deficiências de extremidade superior nas fases agudas e crônicas após acidente vascular cerebral. Resultados da validação do presente protocolo para indivíduos com comprometimento moderado e suave curso irão ser resumidos.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">5 camera optoelectronic ProReflex Motion capture system (MCU 240 Hz)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Movement analysis system with passive retroreflective markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Markers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Retroleflective passive circular markers, diameter of 12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Calibration frame and wand</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">L-shape calibration frame (defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system); T-shape wand (300 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Qualisys Track Manager</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">3D Tracking software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Mathworks, Inc, Natick, Ca</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments

Análise cinemática é um poderoso método para a avaliação objectiva dos movimentos da extremidade superior num espaço tridimensional (3D). Captura de movimento tridimensional com um sistema de câmera optoelectronic é considerada como padrão ouro para a análise cinemática do movimento e é cada vez mais usada como medida de resultado para avaliar o desempenho de movimento e qualidade após uma lesão ou doença envolvendo movimentos da extremidade superior. Este artigo descreve um protocolo padronizado para análise cinemática de beber tarefa aplicada em indivíduos com deficiências de extremidade superior após acidente vascular cerebral. A tarefa de beber incorpora alcançando, agarrar e levantar um copo de uma tabela para tomar uma bebida, colocando o copo de volta e voltar a mão para a borda da mesa. A posição sentada é padronizada para o tamanho do corpo do indivíduo e a tarefa é executada em uma velocidade confortável individualizada e movimentos compensatórios não são restringidos. A intenção é manter a tarefa natural e perto de uma situação de vida real para melhorar a validade ecológica do protocolo. Um sistema de captura de movimento 5-câmera é usado para reunir posições coordenadas 3D de 9 retroreflective marcadores posicionados em pontos anatômicos do braço, tronco e rosto. Uma colocação simples marcador único é usada para garantir a viabilidade do protocolo em situações clínicas. Feito por software Matlab fornece análises automatizadas e rápidas dos dados de movimento. Cinemática temporal do tempo de movimento, velocidade, velocidade de pico, tempo de pico de velocidade e suavidade (número de unidades de movimento), juntamente com a cinemática angular espacial de ombro e cotovelo conjunta, bem como os movimentos do tronco são calculados. A tarefa de beber é uma avaliação válida para indivíduos com comprometimento moderado e suave da extremidade superior. A construção, validade discriminativa e simultânea, juntamente com a capacidade de resposta (sensibilidade para mudar) das variáveis cinemáticas obtidas a partir da tarefa de beber se estabeleceram.

O protocolo descrito neste artigo foi aplicado aos indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral e controles saudáveis2,6,8,19,20,21. No total, foram analisados dados cinemáticos de 111 indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral e 55 controles saudáveis em diferentes estudos. O comprometimento...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Este protocolo descreve um método objetivo para avaliar o desempenho de movimento e função sensório-motor da extremidade superior, aplicada a indivíduos com acidente vascular cerebral e controles saudáveis. Um procedimento de teste padronizado, cinemáticas variáveis de análise e resultado para captura de movimento tridimensional de beber tarefa são fornecidas.

Análise cinemática usando 3D Motion Capture da tarefa bebendo em pessoas com e sem deficiências extremidade superior

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

The overall goal of this motion capture methodology is to provide an objective method to evaluate the movement performance quality and sensorimotor function of the upper extremity in individuals with stroke and in healthy controls. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neural rehabilitation, such as how does a stroke influence upper extremity movements and recovery and how this information can be used for selecting effective treatments. The main advantage of this technique is that specific movement deficits and recovery that might be undetected when using traditional clinical scales can be quantified in detail.Assisting us for the demonstration of the procedure today will be Ulla-Britt Bergstrom, who is a occupation therapist working at Neural Rehabilitation Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. To set the motion capture system, mount four cameras on the wall approximately one to three meters away from the measurement area at the height of 1.5 to 2.5 meters facing the measurement area. Mount one camera on the ceiling just above the measurement area.Placing one of the cameras on the ceiling with viewing angle over the entire measurement area was crucial for the data collection. This resulted in almost 100%successful data collection. Start the camera system.Next, place the L-shaped calibration frame on the table with the short axis in line with the edge of the table and the long axis pointing forward. Then, open the 3-D tracking in data acquisition software. Start calibration by selecting capture, then calibrate.Enter the calibration time of 30 seconds and click, okay. Move the wand in all directions throughout the entire measurement area above the chair and table to ensure that all five cameras capture the wand in as many orientations as possible. Accept calibration residuals below 0.5 millimeters.Now, direct the subject, wearing a sleeveless top, to sit on a height-adjustable chair with her back against the chair's back. The upper arm should be in neutral adducted position. Rest the arm on the table and align the wrist with the edge of the table.The knee, hip, and elbow angles should be approximately 90 degrees. Next, place the retro-reflective passive markers with double adhesive tape on the skeletal landmarks of the tested hand, wrist, elbow, right and left shoulder, thorax, and forehead. After that, place two markers on the cup.In this procedure, place a hard plastic cup with 100 milliliters of water 30 centimeters from the table edge in the midline of the subject. Ask the subject to perform the drinking task in a comfortable, self-paced speed by one, reaching and grasping the cup. Two, lifting the cup from the table towards her mouth.Three, taking as sip. Four, placing the cup back on the table behind a marked line. And five, returning to the initial position with the hand on the edge of the table.It is important to encourage the patient to do the task as naturally as possible and therefore, only the three middle trials will be used for calculation of the kinematics to ensure that the patient is familiar with the testing. Make sure the subject understands the instructions and can reach the cup comfortably with the less affected arm without leaning forward. Prior to each recording, ensure the start position is correct and ask the subject to be ready.Start the capture by selecting, start capture and give verbal instructions to tell her to start. When the subject finishes the task, stop the recording by selecting, stop. Record five trials with a short pause between each trial, starting with the less affected arm.Check if the data acquisition reaches 95 to 100%for each identified marker. When incomplete data are detected, perform extra trials after identifying the problem and adjusting the sitting or marker positions to ensure full visibility of the markers in order to obtain at least three successful trials. This figure shows the representative velocity profile of a healthy control performing the drinking task.A smooth bell-shaped velocity profile with one dominant peak can be seen for each movement phase, which is typical for normal movement. In contrary, this figure shows that a velocity profile of an individual with moderate stroke reveals a less smooth profile with increased number of velocity peaks. Also, the peak velocity in each movement phase is lower and the total movement time is longer.This is the animation of the drinking task performed by a healthy control recorded in real time. The markers on the head, trunk, left arm, and two markers on the drinking cup, along with the movement trajectories are displayed. This is the same animation of an individual with stroke.Notice the less smooth movement trajectories and increased forward movement of the trunk during the drinking task. This is an example of the same task performed by an individual with more severe motor impairment. This person also had spasticity.The visible sub-movements indicate repetitive accelerations and decelerations signifying deficits in movement smoothness. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 to 15 minutes by any trained professional without specific technical qualifications. Technical expertise is however, needed to create and develop a program for the data analysis.This procedure is particularly relevant for clinical studies due to a simple set-up with straight-forward data acquisition and analysis of an ecologically valid task. Using this method, we obtain valid, reliable, and responsive kinematics that quantify the key elements of the movement analysis in people with stroke. After it's development, this method paved the way for the researchers in the field of neural rehabilitation to explore upper extremity kinematics in general but also, specifically, during purposeful tasks such as drinking from a glass.The key variables identified in the drinking task for people with stroke, such as movement time, smoothness, elbow angle, velocity, and compensatory trunk displacement are also recognized as central for stroke in other tasks. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding how to set up and carry out a simple and clinically feasible kinematic analysis of an upper extremity task using an optical motion capture system.

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Unit 1

3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body

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