Name: kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments
Uploaded: 2018-03-28T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Bu proje başlatılması ile yardım için özel Bo Johnels, Nasır Hüseyni, Roy Tranberg ve Patrik Almström teşekkürler. Bu protokol için sunulan araştırma veri Sahlgrenska üniversite hastanesinde toplanmıştır.

Tüm yöntem tanımlamak burada Gothenburg, İsveç (318-04, 225 08) bölgesel etik Değerlendirme Komitesi tarafından onaylanmış çalışmalar parçası olmuştur.
1. hareket yakalama sistemi kurma
<ol><li>4 fotoğraf makinesi yaklaşık 1.5-3 metre yükseklikte ölçüm alanı 1,5-2,5 m ölçüm alanı karşı karşıya duvara monte. Bir kamera tavan hemen üzerinde ölçüm alanı (şekil 1) bağlama. Kamera sistemini başlatın.</li>
	<li>L Şekil kalibra...

<ol>
	<li>Alt Murphy, M., H&#228;ger, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analysis+of+the+upper+extremity+after+stroke+-+how+far+have+we+reached+and+what+have+we+grasped?.">Kinematic analysis of the upper extremity after stroke - how far have we reached and what have we grasped?.</a> Physical Therapy Reviews. 20 (3), 137-155 (2015).</li><li>Bustren, E. L., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+Kinematics+of+the+Ipsilesional+Upper+Extremity+in+Persons+With+Moderate+or+Mild+Stroke.">Movement Kinematics of the Ipsilesional Upper Extremity in Persons With Moderate or Mild Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (4), 376-386 (2017).</li><li>Sivan, M., O'Connor, R. J., Makower, S., Levesley, M., Bhakta, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+of+outcome+measures+used+in+the+evaluation+of+robot-assisted+upper+limb+exercise+in+stroke.">Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke.</a> J Rehabil Med. 43 (3), 181-189 (2011).</li><li>Demers, M., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Activity+Level+Outcome+Measures+Commonly+Used+in+Neurological+Practice+Assess+Upper-Limb+Movement+Quality?.">Do Activity Level Outcome Measures Commonly Used in Neurological Practice Assess Upper-Limb Movement Quality?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 31 (7), 623-637 (2017).</li><li>Levin, M. F., Kleim, J. A., Wolf, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+do+motor+"recovery"+and+"compensation"+mean+in+patients+following+stroke?.">What do motor "recovery" and "compensation" mean in patients following stroke?.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 23 (4), 313-319 (2009).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responsiveness+of+Upper+Extremity+Kinematic+Measures+and+Clinical+Improvement+During+the+First+Three+Months+After+Stroke.">Responsiveness of Upper Extremity Kinematic Measures and Clinical Improvement During the First Three Months After Stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 27 (9), 844-853 (2013).</li><li>van Dokkum, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+kinematics+in+the+assessment+of+upper+limb+motor+recovery+early+after+stroke.">The contribution of kinematics in the assessment of upper limb motor recovery early after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 28 (1), 4-12 (2014).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+variables+quantifying+upper-extremity+performance+after+stroke+during+reaching+and+drinking+from+a+glass.">Kinematic variables quantifying upper-extremity performance after stroke during reaching and drinking from a glass.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 25 (1), 71-80 (2011).</li><li>Subramanian, S. K., Yamanaka, J., Chilingaryan, G., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+movement+pattern+kinematics+as+measures+of+arm+motor+impairment+poststroke.">Validity of movement pattern kinematics as measures of arm motor impairment poststroke.</a> Stroke. 41 (10), 2303-2308 (2010).</li><li>Michaelsen, S. M., Dannenbaum, R., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Task-specific+training+with+trunk+restraint+on+arm+recovery+in+stroke:+randomized+control+trial.">Task-specific training with trunk restraint on arm recovery in stroke: randomized control trial.</a> Stroke. 37 (1), 186-192 (2006).</li><li>Kwakkel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+measurement+of+sensorimotor+recovery+in+stroke+trials:+Consensus-based+core+recommendations+from+the+Stroke+Recovery+and+Rehabilitation+Roundtable.">Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.</a> Int J Stroke. 12 (5), 451-461 (2017).</li><li>Wagner, J. M., Lang, C. E., Sahrmann, S. A., Edwards, D. F., Dromerick, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+impairments+and+reaching+performance+in+subjects+with+poststroke+hemiparesis+during+the+first+few+months+of+recovery.">Sensorimotor impairments and reaching performance in subjects with poststroke hemiparesis during the first few months of recovery.</a> Phys Ther. 87 (6), 751-765 (2007).</li><li>van Kordelaar, J., van Wegen, E., Kwakkel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+time+on+quality+of+motor+control+of+the+paretic+upper+limb+after+stroke.">Impact of time on quality of motor control of the paretic upper limb after stroke.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 95 (2), 338-344 (2014).</li><li>Thielman, G., Kaminski, T., Gentile, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitation+of+reaching+after+stroke:+comparing+2+training+protocols+utilizing+trunk+restraint.">Rehabilitation of reaching after stroke: comparing 2 training protocols utilizing trunk restraint.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 22 (6), 697-705 (2008).</li><li>Armbruster, C., Spijkers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+planning+in+prehension:+do+intended+actions+influence+the+initial+reach+and+grasp+movement?.">Movement planning in prehension: do intended actions influence the initial reach and grasp movement?.</a> Motor Control. 10 (4), 311-329 (2006).</li><li>Qualisys. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Qualisys Track Manager user manual. , (2008).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Banina, M. C., Levin, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptuo-motor+planning+during+functional+reaching+after+stroke.">Perceptuo-motor planning during functional reaching after stroke.</a> Exp Brain Res. , (2017).</li><li>Sint Jan, S. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Color atlas of skeletal landmark definitions : guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations. , (2007).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Sunnerhagen, K. S., Johnels, B., Willen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+kinematic+motion+analysis+of+a+daily+activity+drinking+from+a+glass:+a+pilot+study.">Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis of a daily activity drinking from a glass: a pilot study.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3, 18 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., Willen, C., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+kinematics+during+a+drinking+task+are+associated+with+the+activity+capacity+level+after+stroke.">Movement kinematics during a drinking task are associated with the activity capacity level after stroke.</a> Neurorehab Neural Re. 26 (9), 1106-1115 (2012).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development and validation of upper extremity kinematic movement analysis for people with stroke. Reaching and drinking from a glass. , (2013).</li><li>Persson, H. C., Alt Murphy, M., Danielsson, A., Lundgren-Nilsson, A., Sunnerhagen, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cohort+study+investigating+a+simple,+early+assessment+to+predict+upper+extremity+function+after+stroke+-+a+part+of+the+SALGOT+study.">A cohort study investigating a simple, early assessment to predict upper extremity function after stroke - a part of the SALGOT study.</a> BMC Neurol. 15, 92 (2015).</li><li>Hoonhorst, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Do+Fugl-Meyer+Arm+Motor+Scores+Relate+to+Dexterity+According+to+the+Action+Research+Arm+Test+at+6+Months+Poststroke?.">How Do Fugl-Meyer Arm Motor Scores Relate to Dexterity According to the Action Research Arm Test at 6 Months Poststroke?.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 96 (10), 1845-1849 (2015).</li><li>Pang, M. Y., Harris, J. E., Eng, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+community-based+upper-extremity+group+exercise+program+improves+motor+function+and+performance+of+functional+activities+in+chronic+stroke:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehab. 87 (1), 1-9 (2006).</li><li>Alt Murphy, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SALGOT+-+Stroke+Arm+Longitudinal+study+at+the+University+of+Gothenburg,+prospective+cohort+study+protocol.">SALGOT - Stroke Arm Longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg, prospective cohort study protocol.</a> BMC Neurol. 11, 56 (2011).</li></ol>

Protokolü başarılı bir şekilde hareket performans ve kalite orta ve hafif üst ekstremite sensorimotor bozukluğu olan kişilerde kalp krizi her aşamasında ölçmek için kullanılabilir. Bu protokol fizibilite bir klinik kontur 3 gün sonrası gibi erken ortamda kanıtladı ve sistem belirli teknik nitelikleri olmadan eğitimli sağlık profesyonel tarafından kullanılabileceğini gösterdi. Ancak, teknik uzmanlık oluşturmak ve veri analizi için bir program geliştirmek için gereklidir. Bu açıdan, yürüy?...

Kinematik analiz aracılığıyla uzay ve zaman, doğrusal ve açısal talebiyle, hızları ve ivmeler gibi vücut hareketleri açıklar. Opto-elektronik hareket yakalama sistemleri gönder pasif işaretleri yansımaları yakalamak için kızıl ötesi ışık sinyalleri vücuda yerleştirilen yüksek hızlı kameralar birden kullanın veya kızılötesi içeren etkin işaretleri üzerinden hareket veri iletimi yayan diyotlar. Bu sistemlerin kinematik veri1edinimi için 'altın standart' olarak kabul edilir. Bu sistemler yüksek doğruluk ve çeşitli görevleri ölçümleri esneklik için değerli. Kinematik önlemler hareket performans daha küçük değişiklikler yakalama etkili olduğu göstermiştir ve2,3ile geleneksel klinik tespit edilmemiş kalite ölçekler. O kinematik gerçek kurtarma (Restorasyon sakatlıkların hareket özellikleri) ve telafi edici (alternatif) hareket desenler kullanımı arasında ayrım için bir görev4başarı sırasında kullanılması gereken sürülmüştür, 5.
Üst ekstremite hareketlerini sayısal son nokta kinematik, genellikle bir el işaretleyiciden elde edilen ve eklem ve segmentleri açısal kinematik kullanarak (i.e., gövde). Son nokta kinematik açısal kinematik karakterize ederken hareket desenler zamansal ve mekansal ortak ve segment açıları açısından yörüngeleri, hız, zamansal hareketi stratejileri, hassasiyet, doğruluk ve pürüzsüzlük, hakkında bilgi sağlar, açısal hız ve interjoint koordinasyon. Son nokta kinematik, hareket zamanı, hız ve pürüzsüzlük açıkları ve hareket performans kontur6,7,8 ve açısal kinematik gösteri sonra gelişmeler olup yakalamak etkilidir, gibi eklem ve vücut parçaları hareketleri belirli bir görev için en iyi durumda. Kinematik bozukluğu olan kişiler üzerinden genellikle bireylerin bozuklukları8,9olmadan hareket performansı ile karşılaştırılır. Son nokta ve açısal kinematik bir şekilde bir hareket etkili hızıyla, pürüzsüzlük, gerçekleştirilen ve hassas iyi hareket kontrolü, koordinasyon ve etkili ve en uygun hareket modelleri kullanılmasını gerektirecektir correlated. Örneğin, yavaş yavaş genellikle de azalma gösterir pürüzsüzlük (hareket birim artan sayısı), hareket eden bir hasta inme ile maksimum hızı düşürebilir ve gövde Motor hacmi8arttı. Öte yandan, bitiş noktası kinematik, hareket hızı ve pürüzsüzlük gibi gelişmeler gövde telafi hareketi stratejileri değişikliklerden bağımsız olarak oluşur ve10donat. Kinematik analiz bir yaralanma veya hastalık, sırayla bireyselleştirilmiş etkili tedavi için en iyi motor kurtarma ulaşmak gerekli olan sonra görevi nasıl yapılır hakkında ek ve daha kesin bilgi sağlayabilir kurulmuştur 11. kinematik analiz giderek klinik çalışmalarda hareketleri üst ekstremite bozukluğu olan kişilerde inme8,9' dan sonra motor kurtarma7, değerlendirmek için tanımlamak için kullanılır 12,13 veya tedavi müdahaleler10,14etkinliğini belirlemek için.
Sık sık darbede okudu hareketi görevleri işaret ve ulaşan, gerçek günlük nesneler manipülasyon dahil fonksiyonel görevler kullanımı1artmasına rağmen. Kinematik ulaşma bağımlı yana seçtiğiniz bir grup nesneyi ve görev15amacı gibi deneysel sınırlamalar, hangi amaca hizmet edecek ve fonksiyonel görevleri sırasında hareketleri değerlendirmek önemlidir bireyin gerçek zorluklar günlük hayatta daha yakından yansıtılır.
Böylece, bu kağıt amacı, üst ekstremite bozukluğu olan bireyler için akut ve kronik dönemlerinde uygulanan görev, içme amaçlı ve işlevsel bir görev kinematik analiz için kullanılan basit bir standart protokol ayrıntılarıyla etmektir kalp krizi. Bu iletişim kuralı doğrulama orta ve hafif felç bozukluğu olan bireyler için sonuçları özetlenir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="665">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">5 camera optoelectronic ProReflex Motion capture system (MCU 240 Hz)</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Movement analysis system with passive retroreflective markers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Markers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Retroleflective passive circular markers, diameter of 12 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Calibration frame and wand</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">L-shape calibration frame (defines the origin and orientation of the coordinate system); T-shape wand (300 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Qualisys Track Manager</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Qualisys AB, Gthenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">3D Tracking software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:153px;">Mathworks, Inc, Natick, Ca</td>
			<td style="width:68px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Data analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

kinematic analysis using 3d motion capture of drinking task in people with and without upper-extremity impairments

Kinematik analiz bir üç boyutlu (3D) alanda üst ekstremite hareketlerinin objektif değerlendirmesi için güçlü bir yöntemdir. Bir opto-elektronik kamera sistemi ile üç boyutlu hareket yakalama kinematik hareket analizi için altın standart olarak kabul edilir ve giderek sonuç ölçü hareket performans ve kalite bir yaralanma veya hastalık sonra değerlendirmek için kullanılır üst ekstremite hareketleri içeren. Bu makalede, üst ekstremite bozukluğu olan kişilerde inme sonrası uygulanan görev içme kinematik analiz için standart bir protokol. İçme görev ulaşan, açgözlü ve bir fincan Kupası geri yerleştirerek ve el geri masanın kenarına doğru hareket bir içki almak için bir tablo kaldırma içerir. Oturma konumu bireyin vücut büyüklüğüne standartlaştırılmıştır ve görev içinde a konforlu kendi kendine öğreten hız gerçekleştirilir ve telafi edici hareketler değil sınırlıdır. Niyeti doğal ve ekolojik geçerlilik Protokolü'nün geliştirmek için bir gerçek durum yakın görev tutmaktır. 5-kamera hareket yakalama sistemi 3D koordinat pozisyonlar kol, gövde ve yüz anatomik yerlerinden yerleştirilmiş 9 retroreflective işaretleri toplamak için kullanılır. Bir basit tek işaret yerleşim klinik ayarları protokolünde fizibilite sağlamak için kullanılır. Özel yapım Matlab yazılım otomatik ve hızlı hareket veri analizlerini sağlar. Hareket zaman, hız, en yüksek hız, en yüksek hız ve pürüzsüzlük (hareket birim sayısı) ile birlikte kayma açısal kinematik omuz ve dirsek eklem hem de gövde hareketleri zaman zamansal kinematik hesaplanır. Orta ve hafif üst ekstremite bozukluğu olan bireyler için geçerli bir değerlendirme içme görevdir. Yapı, discriminative ve eşzamanlı geçerlilik yanıt (duyarlılık değiştirmek için) ile birlikte içki görevden alınan kinematik değişkenlerin kurduk.

Bu makalede açıklanan protokol kontur ve sağlıklı kontrol2,6,8,19,20,21olan bireyler için uygulanmıştır. Toplamda, 111 kişi kontur ve 55 sağlıklı kontrol ile kinematik verilerden farklı çalışmalarda analiz edilmiştir. Orta (FMA-UE Puan edinildi 32-57) olarak tanımlanan veya ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments at JoVE.com

Kinematic Analysis Using 3D Motion Capture of Drinking Task in People With and Without Upper-extremity Impairments

Bu iletişim kuralı vuruşlu ve sağlıklı kontrol bireylere uygulanan üst ekstremite sensorimotor işlevini ve hareket performans değerlendirmek için objektif bir yöntem açıklanır. Standart test yordamı görev içme üç boyutlu hareket yakalama için kinematik analiz ve sonuç değişkenleri sağlanır.

Kinematik analiz 3D hareket yakalama kişilerde içme görev ile ve üst ekstremite bozuklukları olmadan

Kinematic analysis is a powerful method for objective assessment of upper extremity movements in a three-dimensional (3D) space. Three-dimensional motion ...

The overall goal of this motion capture methodology is to provide an objective method to evaluate the movement performance quality and sensorimotor function of the upper extremity in individuals with stroke and in healthy controls. This method can help answer key questions in the field of neural rehabilitation, such as how does a stroke influence upper extremity movements and recovery and how this information can be used for selecting effective treatments. The main advantage of this technique is that specific movement deficits and recovery that might be undetected when using traditional clinical scales can be quantified in detail.Assisting us for the demonstration of the procedure today will be Ulla-Britt Bergstrom, who is a occupation therapist working at Neural Rehabilitation Clinic at Sahlgrenska University Hospital. To set the motion capture system, mount four cameras on the wall approximately one to three meters away from the measurement area at the height of 1.5 to 2.5 meters facing the measurement area. Mount one camera on the ceiling just above the measurement area.Placing one of the cameras on the ceiling with viewing angle over the entire measurement area was crucial for the data collection. This resulted in almost 100%successful data collection. Start the camera system.Next, place the L-shaped calibration frame on the table with the short axis in line with the edge of the table and the long axis pointing forward. Then, open the 3-D tracking in data acquisition software. Start calibration by selecting capture, then calibrate.Enter the calibration time of 30 seconds and click, okay. Move the wand in all directions throughout the entire measurement area above the chair and table to ensure that all five cameras capture the wand in as many orientations as possible. Accept calibration residuals below 0.5 millimeters.Now, direct the subject, wearing a sleeveless top, to sit on a height-adjustable chair with her back against the chair's back. The upper arm should be in neutral adducted position. Rest the arm on the table and align the wrist with the edge of the table.The knee, hip, and elbow angles should be approximately 90 degrees. Next, place the retro-reflective passive markers with double adhesive tape on the skeletal landmarks of the tested hand, wrist, elbow, right and left shoulder, thorax, and forehead. After that, place two markers on the cup.In this procedure, place a hard plastic cup with 100 milliliters of water 30 centimeters from the table edge in the midline of the subject. Ask the subject to perform the drinking task in a comfortable, self-paced speed by one, reaching and grasping the cup. Two, lifting the cup from the table towards her mouth.Three, taking as sip. Four, placing the cup back on the table behind a marked line. And five, returning to the initial position with the hand on the edge of the table.It is important to encourage the patient to do the task as naturally as possible and therefore, only the three middle trials will be used for calculation of the kinematics to ensure that the patient is familiar with the testing. Make sure the subject understands the instructions and can reach the cup comfortably with the less affected arm without leaning forward. Prior to each recording, ensure the start position is correct and ask the subject to be ready.Start the capture by selecting, start capture and give verbal instructions to tell her to start. When the subject finishes the task, stop the recording by selecting, stop. Record five trials with a short pause between each trial, starting with the less affected arm.Check if the data acquisition reaches 95 to 100%for each identified marker. When incomplete data are detected, perform extra trials after identifying the problem and adjusting the sitting or marker positions to ensure full visibility of the markers in order to obtain at least three successful trials. This figure shows the representative velocity profile of a healthy control performing the drinking task.A smooth bell-shaped velocity profile with one dominant peak can be seen for each movement phase, which is typical for normal movement. In contrary, this figure shows that a velocity profile of an individual with moderate stroke reveals a less smooth profile with increased number of velocity peaks. Also, the peak velocity in each movement phase is lower and the total movement time is longer.This is the animation of the drinking task performed by a healthy control recorded in real time. The markers on the head, trunk, left arm, and two markers on the drinking cup, along with the movement trajectories are displayed. This is the same animation of an individual with stroke.Notice the less smooth movement trajectories and increased forward movement of the trunk during the drinking task. This is an example of the same task performed by an individual with more severe motor impairment. This person also had spasticity.The visible sub-movements indicate repetitive accelerations and decelerations signifying deficits in movement smoothness. Once mastered, this technique can be done in 10 to 15 minutes by any trained professional without specific technical qualifications. Technical expertise is however, needed to create and develop a program for the data analysis.This procedure is particularly relevant for clinical studies due to a simple set-up with straight-forward data acquisition and analysis of an ecologically valid task. Using this method, we obtain valid, reliable, and responsive kinematics that quantify the key elements of the movement analysis in people with stroke. After it's development, this method paved the way for the researchers in the field of neural rehabilitation to explore upper extremity kinematics in general but also, specifically, during purposeful tasks such as drinking from a glass.The key variables identified in the drinking task for people with stroke, such as movement time, smoothness, elbow angle, velocity, and compensatory trunk displacement are also recognized as central for stroke in other tasks. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding how to set up and carry out a simple and clinically feasible kinematic analysis of an upper extremity task using an optical motion capture system.

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Unit 1

3-Dimensional Kinetics of a Rigid Body

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