Name: a rabbit model of durable transgene expression in jugular vein to common carotid artery interposition grafts
Uploaded: 2018-09-10T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts at JoVE.com

Alle dyr protokoller og studier ble godkjent av University of Washington Office of Animal Welfare.
1. før operasjon (for alle operasjoner)
<ol><li>Bedøve kaninen med 30 mg/kg ketamin og 1.5 mg/kg xylazine ved intramuskulær injeksjon (IM) i paraspinous muskler. Merk: Mat og vann er ikke begrenset før operasjonen.</li>
	<li>Mens du venter tilstrekkelig dybde av anestesi, definere tabellene i forberedelse rommet og operasjonsstuen (OR).<ol>
<li>Forberede forberedelse rommet for barbering...

<ol>
	<li>Libby, P., Bornfeldt, K. E., Tall, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atherosclerosis:+Successes,+Surprises,+and+Future+Challenges.">Atherosclerosis: Successes, Surprises, and Future Challenges.</a> Circ Res. 118, 531-534 (2016).</li><li>Fowkes, F. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+global+estimates+of+prevalence+and+risk+factors+for+peripheral+artery+disease+in+2000+and+2010:+a+systematic+review+and+analysis.">Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis.</a> Lancet. 382, 1329-1340 (2013).</li><li>Mohr, F. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coronary+artery+bypass+graft+surgery+versus+percutaneous+coronary+intervention+in+patients+with+three-vessel+disease+and+left+main+coronary+disease:+5-year+follow-up+of+the+randomised,+clinical+SYNTAX+trial.">Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial.</a> Lancet. 381, 629-638 (2013).</li><li>de Vries, M. R., Simons, K. H., Jukema, J. W., Braun, J., Quax, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vein+graft+failure:+from+pathophysiology+to+clinical+outcomes.">Vein graft failure: from pathophysiology to clinical outcomes.</a> Nat Rev Cardiol. 13 (8), 451-470 (2016).</li><li>Harskamp, R. E., Lopes, R. D., Baisden, C. E., de Winter, R. J., Alexander, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saphenous+vein+graft+failure+after+coronary+artery+bypass+surgery:+pathophysiology,+management,+and+future+directions.">Saphenous vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass surgery: pathophysiology, management, and future directions.</a> Ann Surg. 257, 824-833 (2013).</li><li>Sabik, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+saphenous+vein+graft+patency.">Understanding saphenous vein graft patency.</a> Circulation. 124 (3), 273-275 (2011).</li><li>Owens, C. D., Ho, K. J., Conte, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremity+vein+graft+failure:+a+translational+approach.">Lower extremity vein graft failure: a translational approach.</a> Vasc Med. 13, 63-74 (2008).</li><li>Robertson, K. E., McDonald, R. A., Oldroyd, K. G., Nicklin, S. A., Baker, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+coronary+in-stent+restenosis+and+vein+graft+failure:+does+vascular+gene+therapy+have+a+role.">Prevention of coronary in-stent restenosis and vein graft failure: does vascular gene therapy have a role.</a> Pharmacol Ther. 136, 23-34 (2012).</li><li>Yla-Herttuala, S., Baker, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+Gene+Therapy:+Past,+Present,+and+Future.">Cardiovascular Gene Therapy: Past, Present, and Future.</a> Mol Ther. 25, 1095-1106 (2017).</li><li>Schwartz, L. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenoviral-mediated+gene+transfer+of+a+constitutively+active+form+of+the+retinoblastoma+gene+product+attenuates+neointimal+thickening+in+experimental+vein+grafts.">Adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of a constitutively active form of the retinoblastoma gene product attenuates neointimal thickening in experimental vein grafts.</a> J Vasc Surg. 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E., Bruggeman, C. A., Stassen, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenoviral+activin+A+expression+prevents+vein+graft+intimal+hyperplasia+in+a+rat+model.">Adenoviral activin A expression prevents vein graft intimal hyperplasia in a rat model.</a> Interact Cardiov Th. 8, 31-34 (2009).</li><li>Eefting, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+urokinase+receptor-targeted+inhibitor+for+plasmin+and+matrix+metalloproteinases+suppresses+vein+graft+disease.">A novel urokinase receptor-targeted inhibitor for plasmin and matrix metalloproteinases suppresses vein graft disease.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 88, 367-375 (2010).</li><li>Eichstaedt, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+of+COX-1+improves+lumen+size+and+blood+flow+in+carotid+bypass+grafts.">Gene transfer of COX-1 improves lumen size and blood flow in carotid bypass grafts.</a> J Surg Res. 161, 162-167 (2010).</li><li>Kritz, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+modulation+of+Nogo-B+attenuates+neointima+formation.">In vivo modulation of Nogo-B attenuates neointima formation.</a> Mol Ther. 16 (11), 1798-1804 (2008).</li><li>Peroulis, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+ex-vivo+gene+therapy+of+vein+grafts+with+Egr-1+decoy+in+the+suppression+of+intimal+hyperplasia.">The role of ex-vivo gene therapy of vein grafts with Egr-1 decoy in the suppression of intimal hyperplasia.</a> Eur J Vasc Endovasc. 40, 216-223 (2010).</li><li>Kochanek, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+adenoviral+vector:+Replacement+of+all+viral+coding+sequences+with+28+kb+of+DNA+independently+expressing+both+full-length+dystrophin+and+b-galactosidase.">A new adenoviral vector: Replacement of all viral coding sequences with 28 kb of DNA independently expressing both full-length dystrophin and b-galactosidase.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93, 5731-5736 (1996).</li><li>Parks, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vascular+gene+transfer+with+a+helper-dependent+adenoviral+vector.">Improved vascular gene transfer with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector.</a> Circulation. 110, 1484-1491 (2004).</li><li>Du, L., Zhang, J., Clowes, A. W., Dichek, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+and+durable+transgene+expression+in+grafted+rabbit+veins.">Efficient gene transfer and durable transgene expression in grafted rabbit veins.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 26, 47-58 (2015).</li><li>Channon, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+adenoviral+gene+transfer+to+early+venous+bypass+grafts:+comparison+with+native+vessels.">Efficient adenoviral gene transfer to early venous bypass grafts: comparison with native vessels.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 35, 505-513 (1997).</li><li>Flynn, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+apolipoprotein+A-I+in+rabbit+carotid+endothelium+protects+against+atherosclerosis.">Expression of apolipoprotein A-I in rabbit carotid endothelium protects against atherosclerosis.</a> Mol Ther. 19, 1833-1841 (2011).</li><li>George, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+Reduction+of+Vein+Graft+Neointima+Formation+by+Ex+Vivo+TIMP-3+Gene+Therapy.">Sustained Reduction of Vein Graft Neointima Formation by Ex Vivo TIMP-3 Gene Therapy.</a> Circulation. 124, 135-142 (2011).</li><li>Chiu-Pinheiro, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+to+coronary+artery+bypass+conduits.">Gene transfer to coronary artery bypass conduits.</a> Ann Thorac Surg. 74, 1161-1166 (2002).</li><li>Byrom, M. J., Bannon, P. G., White, G. H., Ng, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+the+assessment+of+novel+vascular+conduits.">Animal models for the assessment of novel vascular conduits.</a> J Vasc Surg. 52, 176-195 (2010).</li><li>Ribichini, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+oral+prednisone+after+stenting+in+a+rabbit+model+of+established+atherosclerosis.">Effects of oral prednisone after stenting in a rabbit model of established atherosclerosis.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 50, 176-185 (2007).</li><li>Langheinrich, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+in-stent+restenosis+parameters+in+rabbits+by+Micro-CT.">Quantification of in-stent restenosis parameters in rabbits by Micro-CT.</a> Rofo. 177 (4), 501-506 (2005).</li><li>Wacker, B. K., Dronadula, N., Zhang, J., Dichek, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+Vascular+Gene+Therapy+With+Apolipoprotein+A-I+to+Promote+Regression+of+Atherosclerosis.">Local Vascular Gene Therapy With Apolipoprotein A-I to Promote Regression of Atherosclerosis.</a> Arterioscler Thromb. 37, 316-327 (2017).</li><li>Zwolak, R. M., Kirkman, T. R., Clowes, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atherosclerosis+in+rabbit+vein+grafts.">Atherosclerosis in rabbit vein grafts.</a> Arteriosclerosis. 9, 374-379 (1989).</li><li>Qiang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statin+therapy+prevents+expansive+remodeling+in+venous+bypass+grafts.">Statin therapy prevents expansive remodeling in venous bypass grafts.</a> Atherosclerosis. 223, 106-113 (2012).</li><li>Casa, L. D. C., Ku, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrombus+Formation+at+High+Shear+Rates.">Thrombus Formation at High Shear Rates.</a> Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 19, 415-433 (2017).</li><li>Chen, C., Coyle, K. A., Hughes, J. D., Lumsden, A. B., Ku, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+blood+flow+accelerates+intimal+hyperplasia+in+endarterectomized+canine+arteries.">Reduced blood flow accelerates intimal hyperplasia in endarterectomized canine arteries.</a> Cardiovasc Surg. 5 (2), 161-168 (1997).</li><li>Binns, R. L., Ku, D. N., Stewart, M. T., Ansley, J. P., Coyle, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+graft+diameter:+effect+of+wall+shear+stress+on+vascular+healing.">Optimal graft diameter: effect of wall shear stress on vascular healing.</a> J Vasc Surg. 10, 326-337 (1989).</li><li>Oka, K., Mullins, C. E., Kushwaha, R. S., Leen, A. 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Avgjørende skritt i denne protokollen inkluderer håndtering av anestesi, anticoagulation, kirurgisk manipulasjon av arterien/podet venen og hemodynamic målinger av podet venen. Riktig håndtering av anestesi er avgjørende i denne flere overleve kirurgi modellen som inkluderer to relativt lang operasjoner (vanligvis 3-3,5 t for bilaterale blodåre pode og 1.5-2.5 h for bilaterale pode signaltransduksjon). Vi har administrert anestesi både via en nosecone og endotracheal intubasjon og fant at intubasjon bedre overleve...

Atherosclerosis er en kronisk inflammatorisk sykdom som lipid akkumulering og betennelser i blod fartøyet veggen føre til innsnevring av fartøyet lumen, hjerteinfarkt, slag og tap av lemmer1,2. PCI tiltak (f.eks., angioplasty og stenting) og medisinsk behandling (f.eks., statiner og antiplatelet) er nyttig behandlinger for aterosklerose; de er imidlertid ofte ineffektive i behandle alvorlig obstruktiv sykdom både i koronar og eksterne rundskriv. Omkjøringsvei pode, bruker gjestfrihet blodåre segmenter, er en vanlig prosedyre for å behandle pasienter med alvorlig, diffus koronar og perifer vaskulær sykdom3,4. Imidlertid vene graftene i både koronar og eksterne rundskriv har dårlige langsiktige patency priser. I koronar sirkulasjon, er ca 10-20% av blodåre grafts er okkludert ved 1 år og 50% okkludert av 10 år5,6. I perifere blodsirkulasjonen er vene pode feilrater 30-50% på 5 år7.
Genterapi er en attraktiv tilnærming for forebygging av blodåre pode feil fordi det kan levere en terapeutisk gene produktet nettopp på stedet av sykdommen. Følgelig har mange prekliniske studier testet blodåre pode gene terapi8,9. Men har egentlig alle disse studiene undersøkt effekten tidlig tid poeng (2-12 uker)10,11,12,13,14,15, 16 , 17. vi kjenner til ingen bevis for at genterapi intervensjoner kan gi holdbar (år) beskyttelse mot slutten blodåre pode svikt som vanligvis resultatene fra neointimal hyperplasia og aterosklerose4. Vi utviklet en metode som gjør holdbar transgene uttrykk i podet årer, og dermed gjør testing av genterapi intervensjoner på slutten, samt tidlig tidspunkt. For å oppnå varig transgene uttrykk, omfatter metoden HDAd vektorer og en forsinket signaltransduksjon strategi. HDAd vektorer gir langvarig transgene uttrykket fordi de mangler viral gener, hindrer de anerkjennelse (og avvisning) av transduced celler av immunsystemet18,19,20, 21. forsinket signaltransduksjon (utført 28 dager etter pode plassering) hindrer tap av transduced celler under av arterialization som oppstår tidlig etter at pode22.
Andre metoder som oppnå terapeutiske transgene uttrykk i vene pode veggen stole på Albin på blodåre graftet ved pode plassering10,11,12,15,16 ,17. Når målte serielt, avtar transgene uttrykk bruker denne tilnærmingen raskt etter signaltransduksjon22,23. Følgelig har studier med denne tilnærmingen ikke undersøkt effekten utover 12 uker etter venen pode, med mest ikke vurdere effekten utover 4 uker. Derimot vår metoden oppnår blodåre pode transgene uttrykk som vedvarer stabilt i minst 24 uker og-basert på lignende studier utført i arteriene sannsynlig fortsetter langt lengre22,24. Vi kjenner ingen andre blodåre pode gene terapi intervensjon som oppnår stabil transgene uttrykk for denne varigheten.
Vi brukte en kanin modell for å utvikle vår metode. Andre har brukt gnagere, kaniner, eller større dyrene å teste blodåre pode gene terapi10,11,12,15,16,17,25, 26. Sammenlignet med gnager modeller, kaniner er dyrere og er underlagt strengere krav. Men sammenlignet med større dyr (f.eks., griser og hunder), kanin er langt billigere å kjøpe og huset og mye lettere å håndtere. Videre kanin fartøy ligner menneskelige fartøy fysiologisk27, de er store nok at de kan brukes til testing PCI intervensjoner28,29, og de gir tilstrekkelig vev som flere endepunkt (f.eks., histology, protein, RNA) kan undersøkes ved hjelp av en enkelt blodkar prøven22,30. I tillegg når kaninene med blodåre grafts fôres med en høy-fett diett, utvikler de blodåre pode aterosklerose31,32, som er en vanlig årsak til Koronar bypass blodåre pode feil4,5 . Disse aterosklerotisk kanin blodåre grafts kan tjene som et medium for å teste genterapi intervensjoner leveres med denne metoden. Den angitte protokollen kan hjelpe etterforskerne å mestre de tekniske ferdighetene som kreves for å oppnå varig transgene uttrykk i kanin blodåre grafts.

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			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">3mL syringe with 24G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309571</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x for vein graft surgery; 2x for gene transfer&#160; surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">1 mL syringe with 27G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309623</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x for vein graft surgery, 5x for gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="40" rowspan="2" style="height:40px;width:215px;">19G needle</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td rowspan="2">305187</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">20 mL syringe, luer lock</td>
			<td>Nipro Medical Corp</td>
			<td>JD+20L</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Catheters, 24Ga x 3/4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Terumo Medical Products</td>
			<td>SROX2419V</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">21G needle</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305165</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery and for 20 mL syringe of saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Gauze 4&#8221; x 4&#8221;</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3242</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">~10-15 per surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">3-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-244</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">5-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>S-182</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">7-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>8703P</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Vein graft surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">7-0 polypropylene suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>8648P</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">5-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>421A</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">3-0 polyglycolic acid suture</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>398A</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Alcohol swabs</td>
			<td>Covidien Ltd.</td>
			<td>6818</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">For the placement of I.V. line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Catheter plug</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td>411498</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Ketamine HCl, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Vedco Inc.</td>
			<td>5098916106</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Xylazine, 100 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Akorn Inc.</td>
			<td>4821</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Lidocaine, 20 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>409427702</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Marcaine 0.5%</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>409161050</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Beuthanasia D-Special</td>
			<td>Intervet Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 00061047305</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Harvest surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Buprenorphine HCl, 0.3 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>12496075705</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Saline IV bag, 0.9% sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1309</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Heparin&#160; (5000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>NDC 63323-047-10</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Papaverine (3.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>American Reagent Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 0517-4002-25</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Diluted from 30mg/mL stock; Use 1 mL maximum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Fentanyl patch, 25 mcg/h</td>
			<td>Apotex Corp.</td>
			<td>NDC 60505-7006-2</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">&#160;Viral vector</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Gene transfer surgery only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Metzenbaum needle holder 7&#34; straight</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7900</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Operating scissors 6.5&#34; straight blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6828</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Needle holder /w suture scissors</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8-14-IMC</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Castroviejo scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5658</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Castroviejo needle holder, 5.75&#34; straight with lock</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6412</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Stevens scissors 4.25&#34; curved blunt/blunt</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5943</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Alm retractor 4&#34; 4X4 5mm blunt prongs</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6514</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Backhaus towel clamp 3.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;">4x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Micro clip setting forceps 4.75&#34;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-6496</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Micro vascular clips, 11 mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surg-I-Loop</td>
			<td>Scanlan International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1001-81M</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">5 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:215px;">Bonaccolto forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long longitudinal serrations, cross serrated tip, 1.2mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5210</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Dumont #3 forceps Inox tip size .17 &#215; .10 mm</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5042</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Graefe forceps, 4&#8221; (10 cm) long serrated straight, 0.8 mm tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5280</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; straight, 1.3 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7110</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Halstead mosquito forceps,&#160; 5&#34; curved, 1.3mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7111</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:215px;">Jacobson mosquito forceps 5&#34; curved extra delicate, 0.9 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7117</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Kantrowitz forceps, 7.25&#34; 90 degree delicate, 1.7 mm tips</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-7305</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Tissue forceps 5&#34;, 1X2 teeth, 2 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-8162</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Allis-Baby forceps, 12 cm, 4x5 teeth, 3 mm tip width</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11092-12</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">2x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Adson forceps, 12 cm, serrated, straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11006-12</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Veterinary electrosurgery handpiece and electrode</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HPAC-1; R-F11</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Surgical Suite Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Circulating warm water blanket and pump</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Bair hugger warming unit</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 505</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">IV infusion pump</td>
			<td>Heska</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Vet IV 2.2</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Isoflurane vaporizer and scavenger</td>
			<td>Multiple vendors</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog number not available</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:215px;">Veterinary multi-parameter monitor</td>
			<td>Surgivet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Surgivet Advisor</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:215px;">Veterinary electrosurgery unit</td>
			<td>MACAN Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MV-9</td>
			<td style="width:207px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:215px;">Surgical microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">D.F. Vasconcellos</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M900</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">25X magnification for vein graft surgery; 16X magnification for gene transfer surgery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a rabbit model of durable transgene expression in jugular vein to common carotid artery interposition grafts

Vene pode bypasskirurgi er en felles behandling for occlusive arterial sykdom; men er langsiktig suksess begrenset av pode dårlig på grunn av tromboser intimal hyperplasia og åreforkalkning. Målet med denne artikkelen er å demonstrere en metode for å plassere bilaterale venøs interposition graftene i en kanin, så transducing graftene med en genet overføring vektor som oppnår holdbar transgene uttrykk. Metoden gjør etterforskningen av biologiske rollene gener og deres protein produkter i normal blodåre pode homeostase. Det kan også testing av effekter av transgener for aktiviteter som kan hindre blodåre pode feil, f.eks., om uttrykk for en transgene hindrer neointimal vekst, reduserer vaskulær betennelse eller reduserer aterosklerose i kaniner matet med en høy-fett diett. Under en innledende overleve kirurgi, er delene av høyre og venstre ytre vena jugularis forbrukeravgift og plassert bilateralt som motsatt ende-til-side felles arteria carotis interposition grafts. Under en andre overleve kirurgi, utført 28 dager senere graftene er isolert fra sirkulasjonen med vaskulær klipp og lumen er fylt (via en arteriotomy) med en løsning som inneholder en hjelper-avhengige adenoviral (HDAd) vektor. Etter en 20 minutters inkubering, vektor løsningen er pustende, arteriotomy er reparert, og strømmen er gjenopprettet. Venene høstes ved tidspunkt diktert av personlige eksperimentelle protokoller. Den 28-dagers forsinkelsen mellom pode plasseringen og signaltransduksjon er nødvendig for å sikre tilpasning av blodåre graftet til arterial sirkulasjon. Denne tilpasningen unngår rask tap av transgene uttrykk som forekommer i blodåre grafts transduced før eller umiddelbart etter pode. Metoden er unik i sin evne til å oppnå varig, stabil transgene uttrykk i podet årer. Sammenlignet med andre store dyr blodåre pode modeller, har kanin fordelene med lave kostnader og enkel håndtering. Sammenlignet med gnager blodåre pode modeller, har kanin større og lettere å manipulere blodårene som gir rikelig vev for analyse.

Teknisk ferdighet av en ny operatør må valideres før operatøren kan bruke denne metoden til å generere eksperimentelle data. Den første milesteinen som en ny operatør må oppnå er konsekvent blodåre pode patency etter både første vene-pode kirurgi og etterfølgende forsinket signaltransduksjon kirurgi. Over 90% patency etter alle operasjoner er ønskelig og oppnåelig. Patency kan vurderes ikke-invasively ved hjelp av transkutan ultralyd, som vi utfører vanligvis postoperativ ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts at JoVE.com

A Rabbit Model of Durable Transgene Expression in Jugular Vein to Common Carotid Artery Interposition Grafts

En kanin modell av slitesterk Transgene uttrykk i vena jugularis til vanlige arteria carotis Interposition Grafts

Denne metoden beskriver plasseringen av interposition blodåre graftene i kaniner, signaltransduksjon av graftene og oppnåelse av slitesterk transgene uttrykk. Dette gjør at etterforskningen av fysiologiske og patologiske roller effekter av transgener og deres protein produkter i podet årer og testing av gen-terapi for blodåre pode sykdom.

Vein graft bypass surgery is a common treatment for occlusive arterial disease; however, long-term success is limited by graft failure due to thrombosis, ...

This method can answer key questions about the pathogenesis of vein graft failure. For example, it could identify mediators of graft failure and test strategies aimed at preventing graft failure. The main advantage of this technique is its ability to achieve durable, stable transgene expression in the vein graft endothelium.After anesthetizing a rabbit according to the text protocol, shave the animal from the sternal notch to the edge of the mandible. Upon completion of the surgical setup use electrocautery to cut the skin along the midline between the sternal notch and the mandible, approximately seven to nine centimeters in length. Then attach towel clamps to hold open the incision.Bluntly dissect under the fascia along the entire midline. Then use electrocautery to cut through the dissected fascial layer along the midline. Next, beginning on the right side, dissect between the sternal hyoid muscle overlying the trachea and the sternoephalic muscle to expose the common carotid artery.Then carefully dissect a four to five centimeter segment of the common carotid artery and its larger branches free from surrounding tissues. Use 5-0 silk sutures to ligate the larger branches of the common carotid artery before cutting each branch distal to the suture. After repeating the dissection on the left common carotid, use tissue holding forceps to temporarily close the subcutaneous tissue layer.Then dissect the superficial fascia from the skin on the right side until the external jugular vein is exposed. Dissect a four to five centimeter segment of the external jugular vein and free its branches from the surrounding tissue. Use 5-0 silk sutures to ligate the branches, then cut the branches.Next ligate the isolated vein at both ends, cut the cranial end, and flush the lumen with heparinized saline. To carry out vein grafting, use a vascular clip to clamp the right common carotid artery at the cranial end of the isolated segment. Then place a vascular clip on the caudal end.Now perform a caudal arteriotomy just cranial to the caudal clamp equal in length to the diameter of the cranial end of the vein segment. Then insert an IV catheter connected to a syringe of heparinized normal saline through the caudal arteriotomy and flush the carotid artery lumen. The fluid will exit via the arteriotomy.Returning to the jugular vein, excise the vein and lay it next to the carotic artery. Using single stitches of 7-0 polypropylene suture the caudal end of the caudal arteriotomy to the cranial end of the vein segment. Then place a second stitch 180 degrees from the first stitch to suture the cranial edge of the caudal arteriotomy to the cranial end of the vein segment.Place a third stitch at a point equidistant from the first two stitches on the lateral side of the anastomosis. Then place a fourth stitch on the medial side of the anastomosis equidistant from the first two stitches and across from the third stitch. Place four additional stitches between each of stitches one through four.Perform the cranial arteriotomy on the caudal side of the distal clip. The distance between the cranial end of the cranial arteriotomy and the caudal end of the caudal arteriotomy should be the same as the length of the vein segment. The length of the cranial arteriotomy is equal to the diameter of the caudal end of the vein segment.With the vein extended cranially from the anastomosis along the carotid, ensure the vein is not twisted. Then use heparinized normal saline to flush the carotid artery and vein via the cranial arteriotomy. Next place a first stitch to suture the caudal end of the cranial arteriotomy to the caudal end of the vein segment.Then place a second stitch 180 degrees from the first stitch to suture the cranial edge of the cranial arteriotomy to the caudal end of the vein segment. Complete the anastomosis as demonstrated earlier in the video. Temporarily release the cranial clip to allow the vein graft to fill with blood and apply gentle pressure with dry gauze to stop any bleeding.Repeat this step until the anastomosis no longer bleeds. Then remove both the cranial and caudal clips. Use gauze to stop any additional bleeding at the anastomoses.Use a 3-0 silk suture to ligate both ends of the common carotid artery segment between the anastomoses. Then divide the carotid halfway between the ligatures. Brisk pulsations should be seen in the vein graft.Repeat the vein graft placement on the left side. With a 5-0 PGA suture, close the subcutaneous tissue with a continuous pattern. Then use a 3-0 PGA suture to close the skin with a intradermal pattern and bury the knots on both ends.Carry out post operative care and transcutaneous ultrasound according to the text protocol. To perform gene transfer surgery, carefully isolate the right vein graft including 1.5 to two centimeters of the carotid artery adjacent to the graft on both the cranial and caudal sides. Repeat the dissection on the left side in the same manner.Use normal saline to fill the surgical wound cavity on the right side to enable the transmission of sound waves. Connect a two millimeter perivascular flow probe to a volume flow meter and immerse the probe in the saline in the wound cavity. Set the flow rate to zero.Place the flow probe around the carotid artery either caudal or cranial to the vein graft. Then use an electronic data acquisition system to record data from the flow probe. After injecting heparin into the rabbit via the the IV catheter and flushing it with saline, use a vascular clip to clamp the common carotid artery at the cranial end of the vein graft.And then apply a second clip to the carotid approximately 10 millimeters caudal to the caudal anastomosis to leave room for the arteriotomy. Then place two silk ties loosely around the carotid artery just caudal to the vein graft. Next using a previously prepared bent 21 gauge needle, puncture the carotid caudal to the graft and just cranial to the caudal vascular clip.Advance the needle into the lumen back and forth twice to ensure that the lumen is clear. Then carefully withdraw the needle. After preparing a syringe and IV catheter with DMEM according to the text protocol, insert it into the common carotid arteriotomy up to the bend point and wash the vein graft lumen by filling it with 0.5 milliliters of DMEM two times.Remove the DMEM from the graft by using a gloved finger to lightly press at the cranial end of the graft. Then carefully slide the finger along the graft toward the caudal end of the graft to flush the luminal contents out via the arteriotomy. Remove the DMEM syringe from the catheter leaving the catheter in the vessel.Connect the syringe containing the virus solution making sure that no air enters the catheter. Move the loosely knotted silk ties down the artery until they are around the catheter tip but do not tighten them. Infuse 0.03 milliliters of virus solution to push the remaining DMEM out of the catheter.Then using a finger, remove all fluid from the vein graft lumen pressing gently from cranial to caudal. Tighten the two ties around the artery and catheter tip to seal the lumen. Then infuse the virus solution until the vein is distended.Gently lay the syringe down on a nest of gauze. After 20 minutes, use an empty syringe to gently aspirate the virus containing solution from the graft until the vessel collapses. Remove the syringe leaving the catheter in place.Then cut and untie the silk sutures and withdraw the catheter from the vessel. Now use 7-0 polypropylene suture in an X pattern to close the arteriotomy. Then gently pull the suture ends and tie them together with two square knots.After restoring blood flow in the right vein graft as described in the text protocol, repeat the virus infusion on the left side. To harvest the transduced grafts, dissect free the vein grafts and common carotid arteries and make flow measurements on both the left and right sides as demonstrated earlier. Use 3-0 silk suture to ligate the right common carotid artery cranial to the graft.Then use 3-0 silk suture to ligate the carotid caudal to the graft. Excise the right vein graft by dividing the adjacent carotid artery between each of the ligations and the adjacent anastomosis. Then remove the vein graft from the rabbit and use saline to flush the lumen.The first milestone that a new operator must achieve is consistent vein graft patency after both the initial vein grafting surgery and the subsequent delayed transduction surgery. When a vein graft is patent, the ultrasound exam will reveal a large blood vessel with brisk caudal to cranial blood flow. The grafts were harvested three days after the transduction, cut into sections and stained with X-gal.En-face imaging of the luminal surfaces showed vein grafts with efficient transduction and poor transduction. As shown in this plot, the levels of beta galactosidase mRNA in vein grafts transduced by the new operator, were not significantly different from the levels of beta galactosidase mRNA in vein grafts transduced by an experienced operator. When performing this protocol, it is important to remember to reverse the vein graft cranial to caudal before contracting the anastomosis.This is necessary to avoid obstruction of blood flow by venous bolus. Once mastered these surgeries can be completed in about three hours for the vein grafting procedure, two hours for the vein graft gene transfer procedure and 45 minutes for the harvest procedure. Don't forget that because this protocol requires working with viral vectors and sharp objects, proper biosafety and sharps procedures must be followed.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Training a Sophisticated Microsurgical Technique: Interposition of External Jugular Vein Graft in the Common Carotid Artery in Rats

Trene en sofistikert mikrokirurgisk teknikk: interposition av ekstern halsvene Graft i Common carotisar i rotter

Neointimal hyperplasia is one the primary causes of stenosis in arterialized veins that are of great importance in arterial coronary bypass surgery, in ...

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia

Bilateral Common Carotisar Okklusjon som en Tilstrekkelig preconditioning Stimulus å bevege Tidlig iskemisk Toleranse for Focal Cerebral iskemi

There is accumulating evidence, that ischemic preconditioning - a non-damaging ischemic challenge to the brain - confers a transient protection to a ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

Adult Mouse venøs hypertensjon Modell: arteria carotis communis til ekstern jugularvenen Anastomose.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

Kateterisering av halspulsåren og halsvenen å utføre Hemodynamiske Tiltak, infusjoner og blodprøvetaking i en bevisst Rat Modell

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

Carotisar infusjoner for farmakokinetiske og farmakodynamiske Analyse av Taxaner i Mus

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Performing Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral with Common Carotid Artery Occlusion in Aged Rats to Study Cortical Ischemia with Sustained Disability

Utføre Permanent Distal Middle Cerebral med arteria carotis communis okklusjon i eldre rotter å studere kortikal iskemi med vedvarende Disability

Stroke typically occurs in elderly people with a range of comorbidities including carotid (or other arterial) atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, ...

Vein Interposition Model: A Suitable Model to Study Bypass Graft Patency

Vein Interposisjon Modell: En passende modell for å studere Bypass Graft åpenhet

Bypass grafting is an established treatment method for coronary artery disease. Graft patency continues to be the Achilles heel of saphenous vein grafts. ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

In Vivo Gene Transfer to the Rabbit Common Carotid Artery Endothelium

I Vivo Genoverføring til kaninen felles arteria carotis endotelet

The goal of this method is to introduce a transgene into the endothelium of isolated segments of both rabbit common carotid arteries. The method achieves ...

Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Rat Common Carotid Artery

Fase kontrast magnetisk resonans Imaging i rotte carotis communis

Phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a noninvasive approach that can quantify flow-related parameters such as blood flow. Previous ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Canine Carotid Artery Thrombosis: A Large Animal Model of Vascular Injury

Ferric Chloride-indusert hjørnetann arteria carotis trombose: En stor dyr modell av vaskulære skader

Occlusive arterial thrombosis leading to cerebral ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction contributes to ~13 million deaths every year globally. Here, ...