Name: methods of pairing and pair maintenance of new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) via behavioral ethogram, monitoring, and interventions
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作者要感谢 M U 的多实验室, 利用兔子模型来慷慨地利用他们的殖民地, 特别是在尤金博士实验室和先进的转化科学和治疗模式中心 (CAMTraST) 队。同时也感谢乌拉姆畜牧队的 U, 珍妮琼斯为浓缩协调和凯蒂 Wearsch 为协助与配对。

本议定书遵循了密歇根大学 (乌拉姆) 实验室动物医学单位开发和使用的护理标准, 该单元接受 IACUC 对所有动物护理程序和方法的批准和监督。IACUC 完全符合指南的第八版.所有的兔子都被安置在笼子里, 每个笼子的最小值为. 46 米2 , 超过了指南的最低要求。
1. 从未由供应商预先配对的新来的兔子中创建女性对的方法。
<ol><li>在配对之前收集以下所有材料:<ol>
<li...

<ol>
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兔子社会住房计划面临的最困难的挑战之一是物种典型的攻击性或沟通行为与有问题的战斗行为之间的区别。对正常家兔社会行为的深入和广泛的认识需要所有的畜牧和兽医工作人员监测配对过程, 因为许多行为, 似乎是一个战斗行为实际上是必要的层次建立行为这通常不会造成伤害。例如, 追逐和逃离是常见的, 在稳定层次结构中用于增强等级629的日常...

有关实验动物护理的条例提供了关于兔子社会住房的明确的建议。AAALAC 国际用于评估动物保育和使用计划的三项主要标准中有两项描述了适合于物种的畜牧业和住房的准则。这些指导资源中的第一个, 8 个th版本的《实验室动物护理和使用指南》1 (指南) 指出, 像兔子这样的社会物种只应单独设为例外, 单一住房不应是房屋标准。第二, 《欧洲保护脊椎动物公约》用于实验和其他科学目的2, 指出兔子是一种固有的社会物种, 应安置在一致的社会情况下, 与资格兽医或研究相关的原因例外。实验动物福利厅 (OLAW) 还规定, 只有在有科学依据的情况下, 由机构动物照料和使用委员会 (IACUC) 评估和批准的单一住房才合适, 这些动物是不兼容或兽医人员有健康或福利问题3。
除了符合法规遵从性, 同行评议的文献提供了许多例子的物理和心理效益的一对住房 NZW 兔。为了提供尽可能高的动物福利标准, 必须在满足研究人员的具体目标的前提下提供适合物种的住房。社会上居住的 NZW 兔子从事更积极的行为4, 显示扩增的健身和显示减少水平的胃肠道停滞由于增加的运动行为5。对于实验家兔来说, 身体活动尤其重要, 因为在笼子环境中, 他们容易患上骨质疏松症4 。除了社会住房的有形利益外, 还有无数的心理利益。双住 NZW 兔显示增加的物种特定活动6, 从社会刺激中获得丰富的好处4, 显示自我舒缓活动的增加率7以及 affiliative 行为, 如allogrooming8并展示了一种增强的能力来管理来自新刺激的焦虑, 即压力缓冲5。另外, 与社会上隔绝的 NZW 兔子相比, 社会上居住的 NZW 兔在免疫功能上没有不同9或抗体生产10, 然而, 单独被安置的兔子有更高的心率11并且增加了与社会上居住的兔子相比, 白血球计数为10 。
正如社会住房的好处在文献中有很好的记载一样, 社会隔离的危害也是如此。单一住房的社会物种可以导致生理指标的压力12。单独安置的 NZW 兔子花费增加的时间是不活跃和执行异常行为4和刻板行为指示挫折13,14,15。常见的定型观念包括: 咀嚼金属, 如笼条或送料器/饮水, 过度的自动梳理, 舔笼子和自我造成的消极行为16。如果他们必须单独安置, 应进一步注意平衡社会隔离的压力。该指南建议提供额外的住房空间, 仅在尽可能少的时间内单独居住, 允许在更大的住房情况下偶尔有时间, 例如一支落地笔, 并提供额外和多样的浓缩机会。在可能的情况下, 包括与其他兔子的互动1。AAALAC 国际还建议提供受保护的访问, 使动物可以有视觉, 听觉和嗅觉接触其他动物17。
考虑到选择, 兔子更喜欢和其他兔子在一起。偏好测试表明, 雌性 NZW 兔对有限的社交接触的工作几乎和他们为食物18一样努力。另外多项研究表明, 配对的兔子, 当给予选择时, 在物理接触中观察到对方4,8,19,20。这些研究突出了家兔对 conspecifics 社会化的重要价值。有趣的是, 这些结果只适用于雌性兔子。当提供一个改进的笼分流器, 这是半不透明, 半明确的小孔钻入明确的部分, 以允许加强但保护社会准入, 雄性 NZW 兔子花了更多的时间在笼子里, 提供了最多的访问相邻的男性比男性在笼子里没有改良的分隔线。男性 NZW 兔与受保护的社会准入明显更活跃, 花更多的时间在活动和休息的行为, 少对维护行为, 如美容, 这是与无聊和社会剥夺。有改进的分流器的男性也较少害怕不熟悉的职员, 减少延迟接近不熟悉的手比男性与标准分频器;可能是由于与合作伙伴的交互的社会缓冲效果21。此外, 经改良的分切器的雄性兔活动和其余部分的昼夜节律与黄昏模式同步, 与野兔相似, 而社会上孤立的兔子在模式上差异很大。的活动和 rest21。文献表明, 雄性兔子不是理想的社会住房候选人由于侵略后性成熟度14,22,23,24。在野生人口中, 女性比男性更合群6而且多位女性经常共享一个生存空间, 而男性往往保持较大的距离在其他男性之间, 这可能导致更多的侵略时, 放置男性在有限的空间实验室笼子15,25。一些研究试图在一个较大的钢笔设置与混合结果14,22,26,27,在社会上的男性家庭。一项研究试图在笼子设置中配对雄性, 导致所有三对被分离为侵略性的14。下面的协议是作者的第一个知识, 允许男性与兄弟姐妹在笼子里成功地进入成年。由于该群体的研究用途, 不相关的男性或成年男性没有配对, 因为可能发生侵略, 也没有男性/女性配对。
对兔子社会住房的第一步是建立新的对。本文介绍了在建立新的雌性对和用于结构化监测的 ethogram 的机构中, 允许取得最大成功的方法。该协议利用诸如尿标记6、28、应力连接、提供中性区域和保证不强制资源共享等方法。在野兔群中, 占主导地位的降压小便在他的繁殖组 (包括包、幼仔和做) 的兔子身上, 从而嗅到了属于他的社会组29的兔子的气味。这个想法已经被转化为实验室设置, 通过应用新收集的尿从一只雄性兔子的额头上配对的雌性。这赋予的女性有一个共同的气味, 向他们表明, 他们是在同一育种组, 他们不需要积极竞争。在创建新的母兔对尿标记的研究发现, 无标记对更具侵略性, 表现出较少的 affiliative 行为比对标记与降压尿6。应力结合也被证明是一个有效的方法配对在同伴兔社区通过创造一个轻度紧张的情况, 两个兔子相互接触, 以鼓励结合30。这通常是通过乘坐汽车或在承运人中散步来实现的。一项理论认为, 兔子将会在这个紧张的时间内拥有一个合作伙伴, 使他们在未来的结合体验中获得安全感, 因此, 他们将更有可能形成一个成功的对31。配对新到达的兔子, 已经经历了来自供应商的运输压力创造了一个自然的压力结合经验, 可以资本化, 以协助配对。一旦对建立, 必须实施有效的监测程序, 跟踪对行为的时间, 以便在必要时进行干预。本文重点介绍了行为 ethogram 的发展, 使全面了解兔的社会行为和方法, 对维护。由于缺乏综合的文献描述标准兔子社会互动和他们可能表明, 对维护经常是困难的点在设施。兔子对往往是分开的互动, 似乎是战斗行为, 但实际上是正常的社会互动, 可以监测和缓和与适当的干预。本文旨在通过提供一系列可跟踪的行为和它们可能指示的内容来缓解这一问题。此外, 利用环境富集干预来预防配对失败。充分的环境浓缩可以减少可怕的行为, 并允许更好地应对压力1, 减少异常行为24,32, 提供必要的生理要求的机会33和整体增加福利34。此前在该机构进行的调查结果表明, 增加环境富集通过减少在性成熟年龄附近出现的侵略行为 (12-17 周), 促进了对住房的更大成功35.该方法具有两倍优势;这种浓缩会使人分心, 防止打斗, 以及通过物种典型的行为进行积极的互动。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Euro Rabbit Housing</td>
			<td>Allentown, Inc.</td>
			<td>RBEURO-06</td>
			<td>Middle divider removed 
			http://www.allentowninc.com/large-animal-housing/rabbit-ferret/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R-Suite Enriched Rabbit Housing</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2 attached single cages with middle divider removed 
			http://www.tecniplast.it/en/product/r-suite-rabbit-housing-rack.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Animal Marker - Standard Tip</td>
			<td>Ketchum Manufacturing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Blue 
			http://www.ketchum.ca/products/lab-animal/animal-markers/1313/animal-markers-standard-tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Timothy Hay&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxbow Animal Health&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.oxbowanimalhealth.com/products/type/detail?object=1530</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray Bottles</td>
			<td>Uline</td>
			<td>S-18404BLU</td>
			<td>https://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/S-18404BLU/Spray-Bottles/24-oz-Blue-Spray-Bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit liners</td>
			<td>Blue Ridge Tissue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom Versa-Pak T.1503 30&#39;&#39; X 30&#39;&#39; 
			http://www.blueridgetissue.com/products/#versa_pak</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Premium Full Leather Glove</td>
			<td>Wells Lamont</td>
			<td>0-53300-07006-8</td>
			<td>https://www.wellslamont.com/catalog/product/premium-full-leather-glove/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various Enrichment Toys</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>https://www.bio-serv.com/category/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fruit and Veggie Medley Dried Treats</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>F7227</td>
			<td>https://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Treats/FVM.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Noise Machine</td>
			<td>HoMedics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/HoMedics-SS-2000G-Relaxation-Machine-Nature/dp/B00A2JBMRE/ref=redir_mobile_desktop/134-0048439-0235364?_encoding=UTF8&#38;keywords=white%20noise%20machine&#38;qid=1503569413&#38;ref_=mp_s_a_1_6_a_it&#38;sr=8-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safari Soft Bristle Cat Brush&#160;</td>
			<td>Safari&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Safari-Soft-Bristle-Brush-Cats/dp/B0002RJMB4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crink-l&#39;Nest</td>
			<td>The Andersons Lab Bedding</td>
			<td>CNK</td>
			<td>http://www.andersonslabbedding.com/irradiated/crink-lnest/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manzanita Wood Gnawing Sticks</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>W0016</td>
			<td>http://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices/W0016.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wood Gnawing Blocks Certified</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv</td>
			<td>K3511</td>
			<td>Small 
			http://www.bio-serv.com/Rabbit_Enrichment_Devices/Wood_Blocks.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper Bags</td>
			<td>Duro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sack Lunch Bags 
			https://www.amazon.com/Duro-Paper-Lunch-Brown-Count/dp/B01N0AS7QO/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&#38;qid=1511194982&#38;sr=8-9&#38;keywords=paper+bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Various Sources of Cardboard</td>
			<td>Recycled supply boxes from the vivarium&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>All cardboard is autoclaved prior to use</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods of pairing and pair maintenance of new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) via behavioral ethogram, monitoring, and interventions

新西兰白 (NZW) 实验兔子 (穴兔家兔), 以及他们的祖先欧洲兔子, 是一个社会物种, 展示了许多好处, 因此被安置。虽然这些兔子天生是群居的, 但在圈养时仍会出现某些行为, 如果不加以控制, 可能会混淆研究结果或导致伤人, 在极端情况下可能会严重。为了防止这些问题, 必须有一个结构完善的计划来监测和维护配对实验兔。本议定书的目的是提出建立新配对 NZW 兔的有效程序以及成功维护的方法。已测试了多种方法, 以创建新配对的母兔从供应商, 但最有效的技术强调利用从运输, 尿标记, 配对在中性笼中的应力结合, 没有强迫分享资源和监测和干预系统。为了确定标准锁定环境中的配对家兔的最佳方法, 收集了数据以产生行为 ethogram。然后, 将行为量化为正值、中性或负数, 并在对的生命周期中进行跟踪, 以确定哪些行为表示对成功或失败。随着对社会安置实验室 NZW 兔行为的新认识, 运用浓缩干预来减轻攻击, 防止伤人, 从而导致成功配对的比例更高。通过几年的试行不同的配对方法, ethogram 的发展和由此而产生的浓缩干预, 对主宰着兔子行为的高度复杂的社会结构的理解已经戏剧性地增加和允许提供更多的物种具体照顾和提高福利标准。

在12月期间, 根据上述议定书, 维持了 172 NZW 实验兔对 (62% 名女性, 38% 名男性)。在这些对中, 只有20% 的雄性对和1% 的雌性对必须分开战斗, 如图 5所示。为战斗行为分离的对是平均18.5 星期老分开。大多数男女的总对 (63%) 是分离的研究目的, 这是没有关系的配对, 29% 对仍然在一起, 只有8% 的总对必须分开为侵略。
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions at JoVE.com

Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus Cuniculus Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

虽然欧洲的兔子是一个社会物种, 但在社会上居住他们可能会有挑战性。因此, 对实验家兔的行为和社会结构必须有透彻的了解。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 以确定配对方法, 物种-典型的层次建立行为和行为, 值得适当的干预。

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Methods of Pairing and Pair Maintenance of New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Via Behavioral Ethogram, Monitoring, and Interventions

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