Name: lab-scale model to evaluate odor and gas concentrations emitted by deep bedded pack manure
Uploaded: 2018-07-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure at JoVE.com

作者希望承认艾伦-克鲁格, 托德博蔓, 香农 Ostdiek, 伊莱恩浆果, 和 Ferouz Ayadi 谁协助数据收集使用模拟层包。撰文人还认识到泰咪-Brandl 和戴尔 Janssen 协助维持环境分庭的情况。

这项研究的目的是在42天内进行每周数据收集。所有的动物程序都是由美国肉类动物研究中心机构动物护理和使用委员会审查和批准的。
1. 构建模拟层包
<ol><li>开始与塑料圆筒容器是 0.42 m 高与 0.38 m 直径。 注: 在这项研究中, 使用了一个特定的10加仑商业垃圾箱 (见材料表), 但其他类似大小的塑料容器是合适的。</li>
	<li>钻六1厘米孔均匀地间隔在塑料容器的圆?...

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volatilization+of+ammonia+in+deep-litter+systems+with+different+bedding+materials+for+young+cattle.">Volatilization of ammonia in deep-litter systems with different bedding materials for young cattle.</a> J. Agric. Engng. Res. 73, 49-57 (1999).</li><li>Powell, J. M., Misselbrook, T. H., Casler, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Season+and+bedding+impacts+on+ammonia+emissions+from+tie-stall+dairy+barns.">Season and bedding impacts on ammonia emissions from tie-stall dairy barns.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 37, 7-15 (2008).</li><li>Gilhespy, S. L., Webb, J., Chadwick, D. R., Misselbrook, T. H., Kay, R., Camp, V., Retter, A. L., Bason, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Will+additional+straw+bedding+in+buildings+housing+cattle+and+pigs+reduce+ammonia+emissions.">Will additional straw bedding in buildings housing cattle and pigs reduce ammonia emissions.</a> Biosystems Engng. , 180-189 (2009).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Woodbury, B. L., Doran, B. E., Eigenberg, R. A., Kohl, K. D., Varel, V. H., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+conditions+in+beef+deep-bedded+mono-slope+facilities:+A+descriptive+study.">Environmental conditions in beef deep-bedded mono-slope facilities: A descriptive study.</a> Trans ASABE. 54, 663-673 (2011).</li><li>Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Doran, B. E., Al Mamun, M. R. H., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Kohl, K. D., Pohl, S., Stowell, R., Nicolai, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentration and emission patterns for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. , (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Holt, G. A., Kohl, K. D., Doran, B. E., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Al Mamun, M. R., Pohl, S., Nicolai, R., Stowell, R., Parker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particulate+matter+concentration+for+mono-slope+beef+cattle+facilities+in+the+Northern+Great+Plains.">Particulate matter concentration for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains.</a> Trans. ASABE. 57, 1831-1837 (2014).</li><li>Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia+and+greenhouse+gas+concentrations+at+surfaces+of+simulated+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Ammonia and greenhouse gas concentrations at surfaces of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> Trans. ASABE. 58, 783-795 (2015).</li><li>Ayadi, F. Y., Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical,+chemical,+and+biological+properties+of+simulated+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Physical, chemical, and biological properties of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> Trans. ASABE. 58, 797-811 (2015).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bedding+materials+on+concentration+of+odorous+compounds+and+Escherichia+coli+in+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Effect of bedding materials on concentration of odorous compounds and Escherichia coli in beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 42, 65-75 (2013).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+1.+Effect+on+ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfide,+and+greenhouse+gas+concentrations.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 1. Effect on ammonia, total reduced sulfide, and greenhouse gas concentrations.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1187-1194 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+2.+Effect+on+odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+odor+activity+value,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentration.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentration.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1195-1206 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfides,+and+greenhouse+gases+of+pine+chip+and+corn+stover+bedding+packs.">Ammonia, total reduced sulfides, and greenhouse gases of pine chip and corn stover bedding packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 45, 630-637 (2016).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Brown-Brandl, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentrations+when+kiln-dried+pine+chips+and+corn+stover+bedding+are+used+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs.">Odorous volatile organic compounds, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations when kiln-dried pine chips and corn stover bedding are used in beef bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 46, 722-732 (2017).</li><li>Herbert, S., Hashemi, M., Chickering-Sears, C., Weis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bedding options for livestock and equine. , (2008).</li><li>Effects of bedding on pig performance. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/">https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/</a> (2012)</li><li>Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+and+humidity+control+in+indirect+calorimeter+chambers.">Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers.</a> Trans. ASABE. 54, 685-692 (2011).</li><li>Abney, C. S., Vasconcelos, J. T., McMeniman, J. P., Keyser, S. A., Wilson, K. R., Vogel, G. J., Galyean, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ractophamine+hydrochlodride+on+performance,+rate+and+variation+in+feed+intake,+and+acid-base+balance+in+feedlot+cattle.">Effects of ractophamine hydrochlodride on performance, rate and variation in feed intake, and acid-base balance in feedlot cattle.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 85, 3090-3098 (2007).</li><li>Miller, D. N., Woodbury, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+solid-phase+microextraction+chamber+method+for+analysis+of+manure+volatiles.">A solid-phase microextraction chamber method for analysis of manure volatiles.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 35, 2383-2394 (2006).</li><li>Woodbury, B. L., Miller, D. N., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inexpensive+laboratory+and+field+chamber+for+manure+volatile+gas+flux+analysis.">An inexpensive laboratory and field chamber for manure volatile gas flux analysis.</a> Trans. ASABE. 49, 767-772 (2006).</li><li>Koziel, J. A., Spinhirne, J. P., Lloyd, J. D., Parker, D. B., Wright, D. W., Kuhrt, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+sample+recovery+of+malodorous+livestock+gases+from+air+sampling+bags,+solid-phase+microextraction+fibers,+Tenax+TA+sorbent+tubes,+and+sampling+canisters.">Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters.</a> J. Air Waste Manag. Assn. 55, 1147-1157 (2005).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Gilley, J., Woodbury, B., Kim, K., Galvin, G., Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., Li, X., Snow, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+VOC+emission+following+land+application+of+swine+manure+slurry.">Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry.</a> Atmos. Environ. 66, 91-100 (2013).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Koziel, J. A., Cai, L., Jacobson, L. D., Akdeniz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+and+odorous+chemical+emissions+from+animal+buildings:+Part+6.+Odor+activity+value.">Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 6. Odor activity value.</a> Trans. ASABE. 55, 2357-2368 (2012).</li><li>Watson, M., Wolf, A., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+nitrogen.">Total nitrogen.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 18-24 (2003).</li><li>Wolf, A., Watson, M., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digestion+and+dissolution+methods+for+P,+K,+Ca,+Mg,+and+trace+elements.">Digestion and dissolution methods for P, K, Ca, Mg, and trace elements.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 30-38 (2003).</li><li>Euken, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+manure+characteristics+from+bedded+confinement+buildings+for+feedlot+beef+productions:+Progress+report.">A survey of manure characteristics from bedded confinement buildings for feedlot beef productions: Progress report.</a> Animal Industry Report. , (2009).</li><li>Li, L., Li, Q. -. F., Wang, K., Bogan, B. W., Ni, J. -. Q., Cortus, E. L., Heber, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+National+Air+Emission+Monitoring+Study's+southeast+layer+site:+Part+I.+Site+characteristics+and+monitoring+methodology.">The National Air Emission Monitoring Study's southeast layer site: Part I. Site characteristics and monitoring methodology.</a> Trans. ASABE. 56, 1157-1171 (2013).</li></ol>

经常增加尿和粪便对层状的包是一个关键步骤。我们试验了一次添加尿和粪便, 只是每周一次, 但发现, 该层包开发了一个地壳, 其中捕获的气体包内, 并没有代表的商业设施。在研究开始时使用新鲜粪便可确保所用的层状包接种在牛设施中发现的常见细菌种群。当添加尿液时, 要记住调整 ph 值到生理 ph 值, 然后再添加到层状包中也是很重要的。有一次, 出现了一个错误, 并将低 pH 值的尿液添加到层?...

在中西部和上大平原, 肉牛禁闭设施是一种受欢迎的住房选择。在这个地区, 禁闭设施比南部平原更常见, 因为该地区每年都会有更多的降水, 从而造成更多的饲养场径流, 必须加以遏制。许多生产者选择为肉牛建造单坡谷仓。生产者选择单一斜坡设施的主要原因是能够安排人工和粪便的去除, 并且比开放地段饲养场1的性能改善。大多数牛生产者 (72.2%) 使用单坡谷仓维持一个层状包为一轮牛或更长的, 使用一个深床上用品管理系统的床上用品和废料1。最常见的床上用品材料是玉米秸秆, 虽然生产者报告使用大豆茬, 小麦秸秆, 玉米棒子, 木屑1。由于区域对玉米秸秆床上用品的需求, 许多生产者对可用于单坡设施的替代床上用品材料感兴趣。除了经济和动物的舒适性, 生产者还质疑床上用品材料将如何影响设施的环境, 包括恶臭气体的产生, 由此产生的肥料/寝具的营养成分, 以及病原体的存在。
很少有研究用于测量家畜住房中不同的床上用品材料所产生的空气质量, 大多数只集中在氨水上。以往对空气质量的评价大多包括在2、3、4、5对每种治疗进行一次或两个实验单位的农场数据收集。实验单位数量有限, 需要多次重复研究, 从而增加了诸如天气条件、动物生产年龄、产期等附加变量, 以及不同生长季节生产的床上用品材料。.
由于没有已知的实验室尺度模型来研究影响到牛肉深层单坡设施的肥料/床上用品混合物的空气质量和营养成分的因素, 研究人员首先试图利用商业牛设施深层系统6,7,8。在18月的6期间, 用静态通量室测量了单坡深层牛设施表面的 NH3浓度。测量了两个谷仓的两支钢笔。切碎玉米秸秆是首选的床上用品材料, 但小麦秸秆和大豆秸秆也用于床上用品在这个项目的短暂时期。床上用品的使用范围从每只动物每天 1.95-3.37 公斤不等, 笔密度从每只动物的 3.22-6.13 米2不等。随后的研究测量了谷仓7的氨和硫化氢排放量, 以及谷仓外的微粒物质浓度8。这些研究是在2年期间使用了四个谷仓地点进行的。农场数据收集面临的挑战是研究对系统缺乏控制。生产者改变牛的饮食, 把动物从钢笔转移到钢笔, 使用不同来源的床上用品, 清洁和重新床笔, 因为他们的生产和劳动力允许, 从而混淆了许多变数。农场的研究还涉及旅行费用和大量的实验性治疗 (如床上用品材料)。该项目的目的是建立一个实验室规模模型, 可用于研究影响到牛深层单坡设施的空气质量和营养管理的因素。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 gallon plastic cylinder containers</td>
			<td>Rubbermaid</td>
			<td>Model 2610</td>
			<td>Other similar-sized plastic containers are suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass balance</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Capable of measuring 0.1 gram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric drill with 1 cm bit</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methane analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 55i Methane/Non-methane Analyzer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen sulfide analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 450i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 17i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide analyzer</td>
			<td>California Analytical</td>
			<td>Model 1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrous oxide analyzer</td>
			<td>California Analytical</td>
			<td>Model 1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Programmable Logic Relay</td>
			<td>TECO</td>
			<td>Model SG2-020VR-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel flux chambers</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed using the parts list and directions cited at Woodbury et al., 2006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber skits</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed from flexible rubber material. Cut into squares (61 cm x 61 cm) with 22.9 cm diameter hole in center.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum Technologies</td>
			<td>IQ150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thermometer</td>
			<td>Spectrum Technologies</td>
			<td>IQ150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruler or tape measure</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Capable of measuring in cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorbent tubes</td>
			<td>Markes International</td>
			<td>Tenax TA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pocket pumps</td>
			<td>SKC Inc.</td>
			<td>Series 210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inert sampling line</td>
			<td>Teflon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.64 cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump</td>
			<td>Thomas</td>
			<td>107 series</td>
			<td>Used to flush air through sample lines</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lab-scale model to evaluate odor and gas concentrations emitted by deep bedded pack manure

为了研究牛单坡设施中深层包层的空气质量和营养成分, 建立了实验室规模的模拟层包模型。该协议已被用来有效地评估许多不同的床上用品材料, 环境变量 (温度, 湿度) 和潜在的缓解措施, 可以改善空气质量的商业深层单坡设施。该模型是动态的, 让研究人员可以很容易地收集许多化学和物理测量的层状包。每周测量, 收集在六至七周的过程中, 可以有足够的时间看到空气质量测量随着时间的推移, 随着层状包装的成熟。从模拟的层状包收集的数据是在以前测量的商业深层单坡设施的浓度范围内。过去的研究表明, 每项治疗的 8-10 实验单位都足以发现模拟的层状包之间的统计差异。这些层状的包很容易维护, 每层包每周需要少于10分钟的人工添加尿液、粪便和寝具。根据收集的测量结果, 使用气体取样系统采集样品需要每层包 20-30 分钟。利用实验室规模的层状包, 研究者可以控制在研究或商业设施中难以或不可能控制的温度、湿度和床上用品来源等变量。虽然不是一个完美的模拟 "真实世界" 的条件, 模拟的层状包作为一个良好的模型, 研究人员用来检查治疗差异的包间。一些实验室规模的研究可以进行, 以消除可能的治疗之前, 尝试在研究或商业规模的设施。

到目前为止, 已有七项研究报告发表在9、10、11、12、13、14、15 、使用本程序, 并进行了修改和调整以改进模型和反映具体实验的目标。该程序已被用来评估许多床上用品材料和环境温度对气味和气?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure at JoVE.com

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度

制定了一项议定书, 用于测量实验室规模的粪便包中的气体、气味和营养成分, 可用于研究利用深层粪袋改善商业牲畜设施空气质量的方法。

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

This method can help answer key questions related to air quality in livestock facilities including the effect of bedding, humidity, temperature, or amendments that are used in bedded livestock facilities. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows factors to be evaluated in a controlled environment and eliminates less effective treatments before conducting research at commercial-sized facilities. Demonstrating the procedure will be Alan Kruger, a technician from my laboratory.For simulator chambers, use plastic cylindrical containers that are 0.42 meters tall and 0.38 meters in diameter which match some 10 gallon trash containers. Start with drilling out six one-centimeter holes around the circumference of the container approximately five centimeters from the top. Space the holes out equally.Then clean out the container and load it with 320 grams of bedding material, followed by 320 grams of fresh cattle feces, and 320 grams of fresh cattle urine. Then stir the mixture together using a five centimeter circumference rod for about 30 seconds. After stirring, wipe the rod clean using an antiseptic disposal wipe or warm soapy water to prevent cross-contamination of microbes.Then record the final mass of the container's contents. Next, place the plastic container in the environmental chamber set to an ambient temperature of 18 to 20 degrees Celsius with a dew point of 12 degrees Celsius. Three times a week, perform maintenance on the bedding packs.For this task, first adjust the pH of thawed urine to 7.4 using sodium hydroxide and keep the urine container capped as often as possible. Next, weigh and record the mass of the bedded pack. Then weigh out 320 grams of thawed cattle feces and 320 grams of thawed urine and add both to the bedded pack.Once per week, also add 320 grams of fresh bedding. Always stir up the mixture for 30 seconds like when it was initially setup before returning the bedded pack simulator to the environmental chamber. Collect samples from the simulated bedded packs weekly prior to maintenance.First, measure the distance from the top of the simulated bedded pack to the top of the plastic container holding the simulated bedded pack. Next, push a metal stake about five centimeters into the middle of the bedded pack. Then thread 0.64 centimeter outer diameter tubing through one of the holes at the top of the simulated bedded pack container.Then inside the simulator, attach a 12.5 centimeter metal stake to the tubing so that the tubing is 1.3 centimeters above the bedded pack surface. Next, place rubber skirts with 22.9 centimeter diameter holes onto the static flux chambers. The skirt functions as a seal.Place the static flux chambers with skirt onto the bedded pack simulators. Now connect the 0.64 centimeter inert tubing to the flux chambers using inert compression fittings. The flux chamber performs the gas sampling and is controlled by a programmable logic relay that controls the solenoid valves, thus the gas flow.To finish preparing the setup, use the pump to flush ambient air through the tubing at a rate of five liters per minute for 30 minutes. To take gas measurements, first open the stopcock on the sample line to draw ambient air from the room into the inert sample lines connected to gas sampling manifold. Now program the relay to pull in ambient air and record measurements for 20 minutes.After 20 minutes, close the stopcock to end the sampling period. Next, program the relay to sample air from the lines connected to the simulators for 20 minutes. Meanwhile, measure the volatile organics in the simulator head space.First, remove the brass storage cap on a preconditioned, stainless steel sorbent tube. Then attach the sorbent tube onto the inlet port on the flux chamber using flexible rubber tubing and attach the other end of the sorbent tube to a vacuum pump. Then pull air into the sorbent tube from the simulator for five minutes for a total sample volume of 0.375 liters.Later, turn off the pump and put away the sorbent tube. Immediately before analyzing the sorbent tube on the gas analysis system, replace the brass storage caps with PTFE analytical caps. Then proceed with the analysis of volatile organics according to the text protocol.This procedure has been used to evaluate the effect of numerous bedding materials in ambient temperature on odor and gas production as well as amendments that can be added to control ammonia emissions. Chemical and physical properties of the bedded packs have been measured in commercial barns as well as in the simulated bedded packs. The procedure produces comparable results to commercial facilities and also has good repeatability amongst the simulated bedded pack studies.To determine if the protocol was a suitable model to supplement expensive on-farm research trials, air quality data was collected from commercial facilities and simulated bedded packs using the described method and older, labor-intensive methods such as the acid trap method. Overall, the measurements were very similar, supporting the use of the described labor-saving method. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use this lab-scaled model to study factors affecting air quality and nutrient management in livestock facilities using bedding.Following this procedure, you can create lab-scaled models to evaluate many different materials, environmental variables, and mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial livestock facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect useful measurements.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

优化烟气设置通过电脑模拟来促进微藻生长的光生物反应器中

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

科研

环境科学

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。第三部分。病毒检测用RT-qPCR的

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

h的测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S在原油和原油顶空用多维气相色谱法，院长交换和选择性硫检测

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees

推挽议定书蜜蜂会影响家禽的殖民化巢箱

Introduction of the invasive Africanized honey bee (AHB) into the Neotropics is a serious problem for many cavity nesting birds, specifically parrots. ...

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

协议测量过冷的合成砂水 - 气 - 甲烷水合物样品的热性能

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

生物毒理学方法与海洋细菌<em&gt;鳗弧菌</em&gt;评估环境污染物的急性毒性

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

在煅烧炉中使用高氧浓度的 25 KWth钙循环试验装置的操作

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...