Name: lab-scale model to evaluate odor and gas concentrations emitted by deep bedded pack manure
Uploaded: 2018-07-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure at JoVE.com

Forfatteren ønsker å erkjenne Alan Kruger, Todd Boman, Shannon Ostdiek, Elaine Berry og Ferouz Ayadi som hjalp med datainnsamling ved hjelp av simulert sengs pakkene. Forfatteren gjenkjenner også Tami Brown-Brandl og Dale Janssen for deres hjelp opprettholde miljømessige kamrene.

Studien er utformet for å bli utført over 42 dager med ukentlige datainnsamling. Alle dyr prosedyrer blir gjennomgått og godkjent av oss kjøtt dyr Research Center institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk komiteen.
1. opprette simulert senger pakker
<ol><li>Begynne med plastsylinder beholdere som er 0.42 meter høyt 0.38 m diameter. Merk: I denne studien, en bestemt 10 gallon kommersielle søppel beholder ble brukt (se Tabell for materiale), men andre tilsvarende størrelse...

<ol>
	<li>Doran, B., Euken, R., Spiehs, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hoops+and+mono-slopes:+What+we+have+learned+about+management+and+performance.">Hoops and mono-slopes: What we have learned about management and performance.</a> Feedlot Forum 2010. , 8-16 (2010).</li><li>Andersson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+bedding+materials+in+affecting+ammonia+emissions+from+pig+manure.">Performance of bedding materials in affecting ammonia emissions from pig manure.</a> J. Agric. Engng. Res. 65, 213-222 (1996).</li><li>Jeppsson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volatilization+of+ammonia+in+deep-litter+systems+with+different+bedding+materials+for+young+cattle.">Volatilization of ammonia in deep-litter systems with different bedding materials for young cattle.</a> J. Agric. Engng. Res. 73, 49-57 (1999).</li><li>Powell, J. M., Misselbrook, T. H., Casler, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Season+and+bedding+impacts+on+ammonia+emissions+from+tie-stall+dairy+barns.">Season and bedding impacts on ammonia emissions from tie-stall dairy barns.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 37, 7-15 (2008).</li><li>Gilhespy, S. L., Webb, J., Chadwick, D. R., Misselbrook, T. H., Kay, R., Camp, V., Retter, A. L., Bason, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Will+additional+straw+bedding+in+buildings+housing+cattle+and+pigs+reduce+ammonia+emissions.">Will additional straw bedding in buildings housing cattle and pigs reduce ammonia emissions.</a> Biosystems Engng. , 180-189 (2009).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Woodbury, B. L., Doran, B. E., Eigenberg, R. A., Kohl, K. D., Varel, V. H., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+conditions+in+beef+deep-bedded+mono-slope+facilities:+A+descriptive+study.">Environmental conditions in beef deep-bedded mono-slope facilities: A descriptive study.</a> Trans ASABE. 54, 663-673 (2011).</li><li>Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Doran, B. E., Al Mamun, M. R. H., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Kohl, K. D., Pohl, S., Stowell, R., Nicolai, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentration and emission patterns for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains. , (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Holt, G. A., Kohl, K. D., Doran, B. E., Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, S. D., Al Mamun, M. R., Pohl, S., Nicolai, R., Stowell, R., Parker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particulate+matter+concentration+for+mono-slope+beef+cattle+facilities+in+the+Northern+Great+Plains.">Particulate matter concentration for mono-slope beef cattle facilities in the Northern Great Plains.</a> Trans. ASABE. 57, 1831-1837 (2014).</li><li>Ayadi, F. Y., Cortus, E. L., Spiehs, M. J., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia+and+greenhouse+gas+concentrations+at+surfaces+of+simulated+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Ammonia and greenhouse gas concentrations at surfaces of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> Trans. ASABE. 58, 783-795 (2015).</li><li>Ayadi, F. Y., Spiehs, M. J., Cortus, E. L., Miller, D. N., Djira, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical,+chemical,+and+biological+properties+of+simulated+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Physical, chemical, and biological properties of simulated beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> Trans. ASABE. 58, 797-811 (2015).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+bedding+materials+on+concentration+of+odorous+compounds+and+Escherichia+coli+in+beef+cattle+bedded+manure+packs.">Effect of bedding materials on concentration of odorous compounds and Escherichia coli in beef cattle bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 42, 65-75 (2013).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+1.+Effect+on+ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfide,+and+greenhouse+gas+concentrations.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 1. Effect on ammonia, total reduced sulfide, and greenhouse gas concentrations.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1187-1194 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Jaderborg, J. P., Diconstanzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+wood-based+materials+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs:+2.+Effect+on+odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+odor+activity+value,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentration.">Use of wood-based materials in beef bedded manure packs: 2. Effect on odorous volatile organic compounds, odor activity value, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentration.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 43, 1195-1206 (2014).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Brown-Brandl, T. M., Parker, D. B., Miller, D. N., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ammonia,+total+reduced+sulfides,+and+greenhouse+gases+of+pine+chip+and+corn+stover+bedding+packs.">Ammonia, total reduced sulfides, and greenhouse gases of pine chip and corn stover bedding packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 45, 630-637 (2016).</li><li>Spiehs, M. J., Berry, E. D., Wells, J. E., Parker, D. B., Brown-Brandl, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+volatile+organic+compounds,+Escherichia+coli,+and+nutrient+concentrations+when+kiln-dried+pine+chips+and+corn+stover+bedding+are+used+in+beef+bedded+manure+packs.">Odorous volatile organic compounds, Escherichia coli, and nutrient concentrations when kiln-dried pine chips and corn stover bedding are used in beef bedded manure packs.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 46, 722-732 (2017).</li><li>Herbert, S., Hashemi, M., Chickering-Sears, C., Weis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bedding options for livestock and equine. , (2008).</li><li>Effects of bedding on pig performance. Iowa State Research Farm Progress Reports Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/">https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/farms_reports/134/</a> (2012)</li><li>Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature+and+humidity+control+in+indirect+calorimeter+chambers.">Temperature and humidity control in indirect calorimeter chambers.</a> Trans. ASABE. 54, 685-692 (2011).</li><li>Abney, C. S., Vasconcelos, J. T., McMeniman, J. P., Keyser, S. A., Wilson, K. R., Vogel, G. J., Galyean, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ractophamine+hydrochlodride+on+performance,+rate+and+variation+in+feed+intake,+and+acid-base+balance+in+feedlot+cattle.">Effects of ractophamine hydrochlodride on performance, rate and variation in feed intake, and acid-base balance in feedlot cattle.</a> J. Anim. Sci. 85, 3090-3098 (2007).</li><li>Miller, D. N., Woodbury, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+solid-phase+microextraction+chamber+method+for+analysis+of+manure+volatiles.">A solid-phase microextraction chamber method for analysis of manure volatiles.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 35, 2383-2394 (2006).</li><li>Woodbury, B. L., Miller, D. N., Eigenberg, R. A., Nienaber, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inexpensive+laboratory+and+field+chamber+for+manure+volatile+gas+flux+analysis.">An inexpensive laboratory and field chamber for manure volatile gas flux analysis.</a> Trans. ASABE. 49, 767-772 (2006).</li><li>Koziel, J. A., Spinhirne, J. P., Lloyd, J. D., Parker, D. B., Wright, D. W., Kuhrt, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+sample+recovery+of+malodorous+livestock+gases+from+air+sampling+bags,+solid-phase+microextraction+fibers,+Tenax+TA+sorbent+tubes,+and+sampling+canisters.">Evaluation of sample recovery of malodorous livestock gases from air sampling bags, solid-phase microextraction fibers, Tenax TA sorbent tubes, and sampling canisters.</a> J. Air Waste Manag. Assn. 55, 1147-1157 (2005).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Gilley, J., Woodbury, B., Kim, K., Galvin, G., Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., Li, X., Snow, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odorous+VOC+emission+following+land+application+of+swine+manure+slurry.">Odorous VOC emission following land application of swine manure slurry.</a> Atmos. Environ. 66, 91-100 (2013).</li><li>Parker, D. B., Koziel, J. A., Cai, L., Jacobson, L. D., Akdeniz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odor+and+odorous+chemical+emissions+from+animal+buildings:+Part+6.+Odor+activity+value.">Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings: Part 6. Odor activity value.</a> Trans. ASABE. 55, 2357-2368 (2012).</li><li>Watson, M., Wolf, A., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+nitrogen.">Total nitrogen.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 18-24 (2003).</li><li>Wolf, A., Watson, M., Wolf, N., Peters, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digestion+and+dissolution+methods+for+P,+K,+Ca,+Mg,+and+trace+elements.">Digestion and dissolution methods for P, K, Ca, Mg, and trace elements.</a> Recommended methods of manure analysis. , 30-38 (2003).</li><li>Euken, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+manure+characteristics+from+bedded+confinement+buildings+for+feedlot+beef+productions:+Progress+report.">A survey of manure characteristics from bedded confinement buildings for feedlot beef productions: Progress report.</a> Animal Industry Report. , (2009).</li><li>Li, L., Li, Q. -. F., Wang, K., Bogan, B. W., Ni, J. -. Q., Cortus, E. L., Heber, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+National+Air+Emission+Monitoring+Study's+southeast+layer+site:+Part+I.+Site+characteristics+and+monitoring+methodology.">The National Air Emission Monitoring Study's southeast layer site: Part I. Site characteristics and monitoring methodology.</a> Trans. ASABE. 56, 1157-1171 (2013).</li></ol>

Hyppige tillegg av urin og avføring til sengs pakker er avgjørende. Vi eksperimenterte med urin og avføring bare når ukentlig, men fant at sengs pakken utviklet en skorpe, som fanget gasser i pakken og var ikke representative for kommersielle anlegg. Bruk av fersk avføring i begynnelsen av studien sikrer at sengs pakkene er inokulert med vanlige bakterielle bestander i storfe fasiliteter. Det er også viktig, når du legger til urin, å huske å justere pH til fysiologisk pH før du legger til sengs pakkene. Ved en ...

Storfe er confinement et populært bolig alternativ i Midtvesten og øvre Great Plains. Confinement fasiliteter er mer vanlig i denne regionen enn sørlige slettene fordi regionen mottar mer nedbør, som skaper mer feedlot avrenning som må finnes. Mange produsenter valgte å bygge mono-skråningen låvene for storfe. De viktigste grunnene sitert av produsenter for å velge en mono-skråningen anlegget var muligheten til å planlegge arbeid og gjødsel fjerning og forbedret ytelse sammenlignet med åpne mye feedlots1. Et flertall av storfe produsenter (72.2%) ved hjelp av mono-skråningen barns opprettholde en sengs pakke for en sving av storfe eller lengre, med en dyp-sengetøy styringssystem for sengetøy og avfall1. Vanligste sengetøy materialet som brukes er mais stover, selv om produsenter rapport med soyabønner skjeggstubbene, hvete strå, mais cobs og sagmugg1. På grunn av den regionale etterspørselen etter mais stover sengetøy var mange produsenter interessert i alternative sengetøy materialer som kan brukes i mono-skråningen fasiliteter. Økonomi og dyr komfort spurte produsenter hvordan sengetøy materialet ville påvirke miljøet av anlegget, inkludert produksjon av illeluktende gasser, Nærings sammensetningen av resulterende gjødsel/sengetøy og tilstedeværelse av patogener.
Noen studier har vært gjennomført for å måle luftkvalitet skyldes ulike sengetøy materialer husdyr boliger, med de fleste fokuserer bare på ammoniakk. De fleste av tidligere evalueringene av luftkvalitet har på gården datainnsamling med en eller to eksperimentell enheter per behandlinger blir analysert samtidig2,3,4,5. Har begrenset antall eksperimentelle enheter krever studien gjentas flere ganger, dermed legge til flere variabler som værforhold, alder eller stadium av produksjon av dyr, og kanskje sengetøy materialer produsert i ulike vekst sesonger .
Med ingen kjente lab-skalert modell å studere faktorer som påvirker luftkvalitet og næringsstoffer sammensetningen av gjødsel/sengetøy blanding som følge av biff dyp-sengs mono-skråningen fasiliteter, forskere først forsøkte å benytte kommersielle storfe fasiliteter med en Deep-sengs system6,7,8. Statisk flux chambers ble brukt til å måle NH3 konsentrasjoner på overflaten av mono-skråningen dyp sengs storfe over en 18 måneders periode6. To penner i hver av to barns ble målt. Hakkede korn stilker var foretrukket sengetøy materialet, men hvete strå og soyabønner stilker ble også brukt for sengetøy kort perioder av dette prosjektet. Sengetøy bruk varierte fra 1,95-3.37 kg per dyr per dag og penn tetthet varierte fra 3,22-6.13 m2 per dyr. Studier målt ammoniakk og hydrogensulfid utslipp fra barn7og svevestøv konsentrasjoner utenfor barn8. Disse studiene ble utført på en 2 års periode ved hjelp av to til fire barn plasseringer. Utfordringen med på gården innsamling er mangelen på kontroll som forskningen har over systemet. Produsenter endre storfe dietter, flytte dyr fra penn til pennen, bruker bedding materiale fra ulike kilder og feilfri og re seng penner som produksjon og arbeidskraft kan, dermed forvirrer mange variabler. På gården forskning også innebærer reiseutgifter og store mengder eksperimentell behandling (for eksempel bedding materiale). Målet med dette prosjektet var å utvikle en lab-skala modell som kunne brukes til å studere faktorer som påvirker luftkvalitet og næringsstoffer ledelse i storfe dyp-sengs mono-skråningen fasiliteter.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 gallon plastic cylinder containers</td>
			<td>Rubbermaid</td>
			<td>Model 2610</td>
			<td>Other similar-sized plastic containers are suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass balance</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Capable of measuring 0.1 gram</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric drill with 1 cm bit</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methane analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 55i Methane/Non-methane Analyzer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrogen sulfide analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 450i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia analyzer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 17i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide analyzer</td>
			<td>California Analytical</td>
			<td>Model 1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrous oxide analyzer</td>
			<td>California Analytical</td>
			<td>Model 1412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Programmable Logic Relay</td>
			<td>TECO</td>
			<td>Model SG2-020VR-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel flux chambers</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed using the parts list and directions cited at Woodbury et al., 2006</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber skits</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Constructed from flexible rubber material. Cut into squares (61 cm x 61 cm) with 22.9 cm diameter hole in center.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH meter</td>
			<td>Spectrum Technologies</td>
			<td>IQ150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thermometer</td>
			<td>Spectrum Technologies</td>
			<td>IQ150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruler or tape measure</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Capable of measuring in cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorbent tubes</td>
			<td>Markes International</td>
			<td>Tenax TA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pocket pumps</td>
			<td>SKC Inc.</td>
			<td>Series 210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inert sampling line</td>
			<td>Teflon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.64 cm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump</td>
			<td>Thomas</td>
			<td>107 series</td>
			<td>Used to flush air through sample lines</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lab-scale model to evaluate odor and gas concentrations emitted by deep bedded pack manure

En lab-skalert simulert sengs pack-modellen ble utviklet for å studere luftkvalitet og næringsstoffer sammensetningen av dyp-sengs pakker brukes i storfe mono-skråningen fasiliteter. Denne protokollen er brukt til å effektivt vurdere mange forskjellige sengetøy materialer, miljøvariabler (temperatur, fuktighet) og potensialet klimatiltak behandlinger som kan forbedre luftkvalitet i kommersielle dyp-sengs mono-skråningen fasiliteter. Modellen er dynamisk og tillater forskere å enkelt samle mange kjemiske og fysiske målinger fra sengs pack. Ukentlige målinger, samlet i løpet av seks til syv uker, kan tilstrekkelig tid til å se endringer i luften kvalitet målinger over tid som sengs pakken modnes. Data samlet fra simulert sengs pakkene er innenfor området for tidligere målt i kommersielle dyp-sengs mono-skråningen fasiliteter. Tidligere studier har vist at 8-10 eksperimentelle enheter per behandling er tilstrekkelig til å oppdage statistiske forskjeller simulert sengs pakkene. Sengs pakkene er enkle å vedlikeholde, krever mindre enn 10 minutter av arbeidskraft per sengs pakker per uke til urin, avføring og sengetøy. Prøvetaking ved hjelp av gass prøvetaking systemet krever 20-30 minutter per sengs pack, avhengig av målingene blir samlet inn. Bruken av lab-skalert sengs pakker kan forskeren til kontroll variabler som temperatur, fuktighet og sengetøy kilde som er vanskelig eller umulig å kontrollere i forskning eller kommersielle anlegg. Mens ikke en perfekt simulering av "virkelige" forhold, den simulerte senger tjene pakker som en god modell for forskere å bruke undersøke behandling forskjeller sengs pakker. Flere lab-skala studier kan utføres for å eliminere mulige behandlinger før du prøver dem i forskning eller kommersiell størrelse anlegget.

Hittil har syv forskningen studier har blitt publisert9,10,11,12,13,14,15 bruke denne prosedyren med endringer og endringer å forbedre modellen og reflektere målene for bestemte eksperimenter. Denne fremgangsmåten er brukt til å vurdere effekten av mange ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure at JoVE.com

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

Lab-skala modell å evaluere lukt og konsentrasjoner slippes ut av dyp senger Pack gjødsel

En protokoll som er utviklet for å måle gasser, lukt og næringsstoffer komposisjon i lab-skalert sengs gjødsel emballere, hvilke kan brukes å studere måter å forbedre luftkvaliteten i kommersielle storfe fasiliteter med dyp-sengs gjødsel pakker.

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

This method can help answer key questions related to air quality in livestock facilities including the effect of bedding, humidity, temperature, or amendments that are used in bedded livestock facilities. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows factors to be evaluated in a controlled environment and eliminates less effective treatments before conducting research at commercial-sized facilities. Demonstrating the procedure will be Alan Kruger, a technician from my laboratory.For simulator chambers, use plastic cylindrical containers that are 0.42 meters tall and 0.38 meters in diameter which match some 10 gallon trash containers. Start with drilling out six one-centimeter holes around the circumference of the container approximately five centimeters from the top. Space the holes out equally.Then clean out the container and load it with 320 grams of bedding material, followed by 320 grams of fresh cattle feces, and 320 grams of fresh cattle urine. Then stir the mixture together using a five centimeter circumference rod for about 30 seconds. After stirring, wipe the rod clean using an antiseptic disposal wipe or warm soapy water to prevent cross-contamination of microbes.Then record the final mass of the container's contents. Next, place the plastic container in the environmental chamber set to an ambient temperature of 18 to 20 degrees Celsius with a dew point of 12 degrees Celsius. Three times a week, perform maintenance on the bedding packs.For this task, first adjust the pH of thawed urine to 7.4 using sodium hydroxide and keep the urine container capped as often as possible. Next, weigh and record the mass of the bedded pack. Then weigh out 320 grams of thawed cattle feces and 320 grams of thawed urine and add both to the bedded pack.Once per week, also add 320 grams of fresh bedding. Always stir up the mixture for 30 seconds like when it was initially setup before returning the bedded pack simulator to the environmental chamber. Collect samples from the simulated bedded packs weekly prior to maintenance.First, measure the distance from the top of the simulated bedded pack to the top of the plastic container holding the simulated bedded pack. Next, push a metal stake about five centimeters into the middle of the bedded pack. Then thread 0.64 centimeter outer diameter tubing through one of the holes at the top of the simulated bedded pack container.Then inside the simulator, attach a 12.5 centimeter metal stake to the tubing so that the tubing is 1.3 centimeters above the bedded pack surface. Next, place rubber skirts with 22.9 centimeter diameter holes onto the static flux chambers. The skirt functions as a seal.Place the static flux chambers with skirt onto the bedded pack simulators. Now connect the 0.64 centimeter inert tubing to the flux chambers using inert compression fittings. The flux chamber performs the gas sampling and is controlled by a programmable logic relay that controls the solenoid valves, thus the gas flow.To finish preparing the setup, use the pump to flush ambient air through the tubing at a rate of five liters per minute for 30 minutes. To take gas measurements, first open the stopcock on the sample line to draw ambient air from the room into the inert sample lines connected to gas sampling manifold. Now program the relay to pull in ambient air and record measurements for 20 minutes.After 20 minutes, close the stopcock to end the sampling period. Next, program the relay to sample air from the lines connected to the simulators for 20 minutes. Meanwhile, measure the volatile organics in the simulator head space.First, remove the brass storage cap on a preconditioned, stainless steel sorbent tube. Then attach the sorbent tube onto the inlet port on the flux chamber using flexible rubber tubing and attach the other end of the sorbent tube to a vacuum pump. Then pull air into the sorbent tube from the simulator for five minutes for a total sample volume of 0.375 liters.Later, turn off the pump and put away the sorbent tube. Immediately before analyzing the sorbent tube on the gas analysis system, replace the brass storage caps with PTFE analytical caps. Then proceed with the analysis of volatile organics according to the text protocol.This procedure has been used to evaluate the effect of numerous bedding materials in ambient temperature on odor and gas production as well as amendments that can be added to control ammonia emissions. Chemical and physical properties of the bedded packs have been measured in commercial barns as well as in the simulated bedded packs. The procedure produces comparable results to commercial facilities and also has good repeatability amongst the simulated bedded pack studies.To determine if the protocol was a suitable model to supplement expensive on-farm research trials, air quality data was collected from commercial facilities and simulated bedded packs using the described method and older, labor-intensive methods such as the acid trap method. Overall, the measurements were very similar, supporting the use of the described labor-saving method. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use this lab-scaled model to study factors affecting air quality and nutrient management in livestock facilities using bedding.Following this procedure, you can create lab-scaled models to evaluate many different materials, environmental variables, and mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial livestock facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect useful measurements.

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Optimalisere Røykgass Innstillinger for å fremme Mikroalger Vekst i fotobioreaktorer via datasimulering

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Måling av klimagass Flux fra jordbruksjord bruke statiske Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615. Måling av Enterovirus og Norovirus Forekomst i Water av Kultur- og RT-qPCR. Del III. Virus Detection ved RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

Måling av H<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S i Crude Oil og Crude Oil Headspace Bruke flerdimensjonale gasskromatografi, Deans Bytte og Svovel-selektive Detection

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

A Push-pull Protocol to Reduce Colonization of Bird Nest Boxes by Honey Bees

En Push-pull-protokollen for å redusere kolonisering av Bird Nest Esker av Honey Bees

Introduction of the invasive Africanized honey bee (AHB) into the Neotropics is a serious problem for many cavity nesting birds, specifically parrots. ...

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Protokoll for Måling termiske egenskaper en underkjølt syntetisk Sand-vann-gass-metan hydrat Sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Metoder for Soil Omsampling å overvåke endringer i den kjemiske Konsentrasjoner av skogsjord

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Økotoksikologisk metode med marine bakterier<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt; Å vurdere den akutte toksisiteten av miljøforurensninger

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Måle og kartlegge jorderosjon og deponering relatert til jord Carbonate konsentrasjoner Under landbruks forvaltningen

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner

Drift av et 25 KWth kalsium Looping Pilot-anlegg med høye Oksygenkonsentrasjoner i Calciner

Calcium looping (CaL) is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology that is suitable for retrofitting existing power plants. The CaL process uses limestone ...